Protozoa III
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The document summarizes information about the malaria parasite Plasmodium and its life cycle. It notes that Plasmodium infects 300-500 million people worldwide annually and kills 1 person every 12 seconds. It then describes the complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells, and how this perpetuates the spread of malaria from human to mosquito to human.
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Malaria- Introduction and life cycle of plasmodium
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. The malaria lifecycle involves two stages: a sexual stage in mosquitoes and an asexual stage in humans. In humans, sporozoites from mosquito bites infect liver cells and then rupture, releasing merozoites that infect red blood cells. The merozoites multiply via schizogony, rupturing cells and causing fevers. Some merozoites develop into gametocytes that, if a mosquito bites the human, undergo sexual reproduction in the mosquito's gut to form sporozoites that spread the parasite.
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This document discusses methods for cultivating viruses using cell culture. It explains that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot grow outside of living host cells. There are three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, or tissue culture. Tissue culture involves removing cells from an animal or plant and growing them in an artificial environment conducive to growth. The key steps are preparing a monolayer of cells, developing a clonal cell line, and then infecting the cells with the virus to be cultivated. Different cell types support growth of different viruses. Primary cultures, cell strains, and cell lines are discussed as classes of culture cells. Culture vessels and conditions are also outlined.
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Viruses, viroids, and prions are infectious agents. Viruses contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and infect all domains of life. Viroids are small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants and require a host RNA polymerase for replication. Prions are composed primarily of misfolded protein and cause neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals by inducing normal protein molecules to take on their abnormal shape.
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The document discusses methods for cultivating viruses. It states that viruses require living host cells to support their replication, as they are obligate intracellular parasites. The primary purposes of cultivating viruses are to isolate and identify viruses, demonstrate viral presence for diagnosis, and allow research on viral structure and effects. Common cultivation methods discussed include cell lines, embryonated eggs, and experimental animals. Specific tissues or sites within eggs are used depending on the virus. Cytopathic effects and other indicators help identify viruses grown through cultivation.
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Viruses must infect living cells in order to replicate and be grown in culture. There are several methods for culturing and isolating viruses, including animal inoculation, embryonated eggs, and various types of cell culture. The primary purposes of virus cultivation are to isolate and identify viruses from clinical samples, study viral structure and replication, and produce viruses for vaccines. Viruses can be grown in experimental animals, embryonated eggs, or different types of cell cultures, including primary cell cultures, diploid cell strains, and continuous cell lines. Growth of viruses in cell cultures can be detected by observing cytopathic effects, hemadsorption, or heterologous interference.
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- HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS in humans. It has two copies of RNA, enzymes, and proteins enclosed in a lipid envelope. HIV infects and destroys CD4+ immune cells. The virus attaches and enters cells using glycoprotein spikes on its envelope.
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Definition of virus
General properties of virus
Size
Structure
Classification
Morphology and
Multiplication 0f viruses
Cultivation of virus
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3. Symptoms of malaria in humans include fever, chills, and flu-like illness, and differ depending on the Plasmodium species. P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for the vast majority of malaria deaths.
Parasitology
This document provides an overview of parasitology and summarizes key information about parasitic protozoans. It describes the life cycles of various protozoans including their modes of reproduction (e.g. fission, budding), hosts, and transmission. Representative parasitic protozoans are grouped by their structures and include flagellates like Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, amoeboid forms like Entamoeba histolytica, ciliates like Balantidium coli, and sporozoans like Plasmodium species which cause malaria. Details are provided on the life cycles and pathogenesis of several important protozoan parasites.
Protozoa
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motility is provided by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. They ingest food and can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation or gamete fusion. Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it evades the immune system by hiding in the liver and red blood cells, where it consumes hemoglobin and reproduces asexually.
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii exists in three forms - trophozoite, tissue cyst, and oocyst. It completes its life cycle in cats (definitive host) and other intermediate hosts like humans. In cats, both sexual and asexual reproduction occurs, producing oocysts that can infect intermediate hosts. In intermediate hosts, only asexual replication occurs via trophozoites and tissue cysts. Infection is usually asymptomatic but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised or congenitally infected individuals. Diagnosis involves antibody and antigen detection tests. Treatment focuses on preventing reactivation in immunocompromised patients.
Fungal genetics
1. The document discusses various aspects of fungal genetics including the life cycles, modes of reproduction, and nuclear states of fungi.
2. It notes that fungi typically have haploid vegetative states and undergo plasmogamy and karyogamy during sexual reproduction, followed immediately by meiosis.
3. The document also discusses asexual reproduction in fungi through spores, as well as parasexual reproduction which involves nuclear fusion without meiosis.
404414_INTESTINAL AND LUMINAL PROTOZOA.ppt
The document discusses intestinal and luminal protozoa. It begins by defining different types of parasites and their hosts. It then provides a taxonomic classification of protozoa, dividing them into four main phyla: Mastigophora, which move using flagella; Sarcodina, which move using pseudopodia; Apicomplexa, which have no organelle for movement; and Ciliophora, which move using cilia. It focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its lifecycle involving a trophozoite stage and a cyst stage, adaptations like its contractile vacuole, pathogenesis involving digestion of host cells, and diagnosis and treatment.
4 ecology of parasites part 2
The document discusses various adaptations parasites have evolved to survive in their hosts. It describes physiological adaptations like asexual reproduction, hermaphroditism, and high fecundity that allow parasites to rapidly increase their numbers. Behavioral adaptations help parasites find and transmit between hosts, like periodic larval emergence. Structural adaptations enhance attachment and penetration of hosts, such as suckers and hooks. Many parasites also modify host behaviors to aid transmission.
Life cycle presentation.pptx
This document discusses malaria transmission and the life cycles of the malaria parasite and mosquito vector. It notes that malaria is transmitted between humans and mosquitoes, with the parasite undergoing development stages in both the liver and blood of humans, and in the gut and salivary glands of mosquitoes. The mosquito life cycle and factors influencing transmission patterns are also summarized.
Classification of microrganisms
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Microbiology - malaria
Charles Laveran discovered malaria was caused by a protozoan parasite in 1880. In 2018, there were 228 million malaria cases globally, down from 251 million in 2010. Most cases occurred in Africa. An estimated 405,000 people died of malaria in 2018, down from 585,000 in 2010. Children under 5 accounted for 67% of deaths. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving sexual reproduction in mosquitoes and asexual replication in human hosts.
Plasmodium
This document discusses the life cycle and pathogenesis of Plasmodium vivax, the parasite that causes vivax malaria. P. vivax has a digenetic life cycle involving two hosts. In humans, it undergoes asexual reproduction in the liver and red blood cells. Mosquitoes ingest the parasite's gametocyte stages, where sexual reproduction occurs leading to sporozoite formation. Sporozoites are then transmitted to humans to continue the cycle, causing symptoms of malaria including fever and anemia. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy and treatment involves chloroquine and primaquine to prevent relapses.
Plasmodium vivax structure and life cycle
The document summarizes the complete life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted between humans by Anopheles mosquitoes. The life cycle involves multiple stages, beginning when sporozoites are injected into humans by mosquitoes. They infect liver cells and multiply, then infect and multiply within red blood cells, causing malaria symptoms. Some parasites develop into gametocytes, which when a mosquito bites an infected human are taken up and fuse to form ookinetes. Ookinetes develop into oocysts containing sporozoites, which travel to the mosquito's salivary glands and can infect a new human host.
General characteristics of viruses
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They contain nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and have no cell structure of their own. Viruses range in size from 20-250nm and are classified based on their nucleic acid type and composition. They are obligate intracellular parasites and depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses are cultivated using methods like cell culture, organ culture, and animal inoculation to study their growth and properties. Viral replication involves adsorption, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, assembly, and release of new virus particles that infect other host cells.
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Protozoa III
- 1. Sporozoa Endoparasites in animals Possess microtubules and organelles Two groups 1. Gregarines – parasitize insects and other invertebrates 2. Coccidians – parasitize both vertebrates and invertebrates. Some are blood-cell parasites to human. Malaria Agent – Plasmodium spp Present victims – 300 to 500 million over the world Death rate – 1 person every 12 seconds
- 2. • Adult apicomplexans are endoparasites that completely lack locomotory organelles. Its life cycle includes sexual reproduction through gamete fusion and asexual reproduction by means of fission, and the production of resistant or infective pores. • Female mosquitoes are excellent vectors of malaria, easily transmitting it from one person to another, because they must continually ingest blood from vertebrate host to nourish their developing embryo.
- 5. Life cycle of mosquitos • Haploid gametes, quiescent within the RBC of their human host are obtained from the human bloodstream through the bite of the female. • Gametocytes mature within the mosquitoes either male or female after it quickly emerge from the RBC. • The female gametes are fertilized within 30 minutes • Diploid zygotes (ookinetes) move to the stomach, encyst in the wall and grow. • Encysted ookinete (oocyst) undergoes meiosis and large number of fission events. It matures into infective haploid sporozoites. 10,000 sporozoites are produced from an individual zygote.
- 6. • Mature sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands to be injected into human host at the next blood meal. • After injection, sporozoites begin infecting human liver cells. The immune system remove them from direct attack but they form a resistant cyst and asexually divides again numerously. • a single fissioning sporozoite (schizont) can give rise within 1 week nearly 40,000 genetically identical offspring called merozoites which rupture the liver cell housing them, enter the blood stream and invade the hosts RBC. • After entering a blood cell, they alter the cell surface chemistry so that the cell sticks to the tissue lining of the blood vessels
- 7. • After the removal of RBC from the circulation, the hosts spleen prevents the destruction of the blood cell. • Within the RBC, merozoite multiplies asexually to form 10 to 20 merozoites over the next 48 hours. The new ones quickly invade new RBC’s for another round of asexual replication. This may lead to anemia. Fever and chills characterize malarial infection. • Gametocytes can continue the life cycle only if the RBC they reside in are ingested by a mosquito
- 9. Key elements • Only the haploid gametocytes living within the human RBC, infect the mosquito vector • Only the haploid sporozoites which accumulate in certain of the mosquito’s salivary gland cells can infect humans • Pathological effects in human are caused only by RBC (merozoite) stage of life cycle. • Parasite is haploid for most of its life. A diploid stage occurs only in the mosquito vector.
- 10. Control strategies 1. Production of antibodies 2. Disarming the specific sporozoite surface proteins that recognize and binds to the receptor of the liver cells 3. Prevent the diploid zygotes (ookinetes) from producing the chintenase that enables them to penetrate the chitinous membrane lining. 4. Genetically engineer mosquitoes that will prevent gametocytes from maturing in the mosquito vector. 5. Genetically alters the bacteria or protozoans living symbiotically with the mosquito vector 6. Disrupting the binding sites on the parasite that interact with the mosquito’s salivary gland receptor. 7. Disable the vasodilators and anticlotting and anti platelet compounds found in mosquito saliva
- 11. Microsporidea • Intracellular parasites • Lack mitochondria apical complex and flagella • Has a polar filament • Life cycle includes production of dispersive ( chitinous) spores. The polar filament discharges from its capsule and anchors the spore to the host tissue. A single amoeboid sporoplasm exits through the everted polar filament of the attached spore and invades the hosts tissues. The sporoplasm replicates itself many times asexually. • Recent molecular analyses indicate that most microsporans are actually degenerate fungi.
- 12. Myxozoa • Extracellular, spore-forming parasites • The infective spores are multicellular, dispersing the parasite from one host to another. • Mostly infect fishes and aquatic annelids • Spores possess polar filaments • Recent molecular data indicate that myxozoans are degenerate multicellular animals.