Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The document discusses the life cycle and types of malaria parasites, symptoms of the disease, and methods for its control and prevention. It outlines that malaria was historically believed to be caused by "bad air" but was discovered in the late 19th century to be transmitted by mosquitoes, with Ronald Ross receiving the Nobel Prize for demonstrating this transmission.

1. Shri Shivaji Education Society, Amravati's
Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly. Dist. Buldana
Topic: Human Malaria
Class: B.Sc-I, Sem-I
Shantaram Bhoye
Assistant Professor
M.Sc. Zoology, NET-JRF, SET, M.A.(Eng.)

2. Human Malaria:
 Malaria is caused by species of Plasmodium.
 Transmitted through bite of female Anopheles mosquito.
 In man, parasite attacks on liver cells and RBC.
 That time toxic material haemozoin released by these parasites causes malaria.
History:
 The word “malaria” is derived from two Italian words mala (bad) and aria (air) meaning bad air.
 In past, it was believed malaria is caused by poisonous, damp air coming from marshy places or by
drinking swampy water containing bacterial and fungal spores.
 In 1716, Lancisi, first of all suspected connection between the abundance of mosquitoes and the
occurrence of this disease.
 In 1880, a French doctor, Charles Laveran, discovered malarial parasites (Plasmodium) in blood of
malarial patient.
 Golgi (1885) and Celli observed that this parasite always occurs in RBC of malarial patient.
 In 1897, Ronald Ross, an Indian Army Doctor, discovered the oocysts of Plasmodium on stomach of
female Anopheles mosquito.
 In 1898, Ross studied the life cycle of avian malarial parasites in mosquito.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

3. Ronald Ross
 In 1898, Grassi and his co-workers worked out the complete life cycle of human malarial
parasites (P. vivax) in female Anopheles mosquito.
 In 1902, Ronald Ross was awarded Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology for his
discovery, that malaria is caused by Plasmodium and female Anopheles mosquito is the
vector of this parasites. This historic discovery was made on August 29, 1897.
 Therefore, this day is referred to as ‘Mosquito Day’.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

4. Types of Malaria:
 Four types of human malaria are recognized.
1) Benign Tertian or vivax malaria:
 It is caused by P. vivax. Fever recurs after every 48 hours.
 Death rate is low.
2) Malignant tertian or Aestivo-automnal or Pernicious Malaria:
 It is caused by P. falciparum.
 Fever recurs every second or third day.
 In malaria the infected RBCs clump into masses which sometimes block the blood
vessels of many organs, like that brain, spleen, lungs, etc.
 Death rate is very high.
 It is also known as tropical epidemic malaria.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

5. 3) Ovale or mild tertian malaria:
 It is caused by P. ovale.
 Fever recurs every third day or after 48 hours.
 It is not greatly harmful and is confined to tropical Africa.
4) Quartan Malaria:
 It is caused by P. malariae.
 Fever recurs every fourth day, that is after 72 hours.
 Death rate is low, chronic infections it may give rise to lethal kidney conditions.
 It is worldwide and mainly confined to tropical and subtropical regions.
5) Quotidian Malaria:
 When more than one species of Plasmodium infect to patient or when 2 or 3 generations of
parasites mature on successive days this type of malaria occurs.
 In this cause fever is repeated daily after an interval of 24 hours.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

6. Symptoms of malaria:
1) Cold stage:
 At onset of fever, patient experiences a severe shaking chill with acute shivering.
 This stage lasts for 20 minutes to one hour.
 During, patient suffers from nausea and headache.
2) Hot stage:
 Cold stage followed by hot stage.
 Body temperature of the patient rises to as high 106°F.
 Patient feels very hot with terrible headache.
 This stage lasts for one to four hours.
 This stage pulse rate of patient goes up.
 Respiration quick and temperature rises.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

7. 3) Sweating stage:
 Hot stage followed by sweating stage.
 Patient sweats profusely and finally fever comes down.
 Temperature becomes normal and patient feels comfortable until the next attack
which takes place at regular intervals of 48 hours in case of vivax malaria.
 The total duration of paroxysm is from 6 to 10 hours depending upon species of
Plasmodium.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

8. Other symptoms of malaria:
 The patient suffers from nausea, loss of appetite, constipation, headache, muscular pains
and sometimes insomnia.
 The tongue becomes thicky coated and mouth become dry.
 The patient suffers from anemia due to destruction of erythrocytes.
 Malaria parasite produce haemolysin, which brings about haemolysis of some normal
erythrocytes.
 In chronic cases spleen becomes enlarged.
 In P. falciparum infection capillaries of brain may become plugged and death may
results.
 P. falciparum, infection my result in black water fever, which is characterized by
destruction of patients erythrocytes and excretion of liberated haemoglobin in urine.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

9. Control of Malaria:
 Malaria is one of the most important human diseases.
 It kills millions of people annually.
 In India prevention and control of malaria is treated as national problem and the
anti-malaria department of government deals with it.
 World Health Organization (WHO) the ministry of Health of Government of India
started a National Malaria control Programme (NMCP) in the year 1953.
1) Destruction of Anopheles:
 If the Anopheles mosquitoes are completely destroyed the transmission of infection
from one person to other can be checked completely.
A) Destruction of adult mosquitoes:
a) Killing by hands:
 The mosquitoes which approach to bite, may be killed by hands.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

10. b) Using Traps:
 Traps are small boxes made of wire gauze and internally lined by black paper of cloth.
 Mosquitoes which tend to enter the boxes can be killed by closing the boxes.
c) Fumigation:
 It is an effective method to kill or drive out the mosquitoes from the house.
 Sulphur, Pyrethrum, Cresol, Tar camphor or other derivatives of naphtha are burnt to
produce poisonous fumes.
 The smoke of garlic is also effective in driving the mosquitoes out.
d) Spraying:
 Mosquitoes can be killed by spraying the houses with DDT, Flit, Gammexane, Pyrethrum,
Benzene and other insecticides or by using mosquitoes bombs.
e) Sterilization:
 Sterilization of mosquito is very effective in controlling mosquito population. It is being
used in some parts of the world, particularly in Japan.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

11. B) Elimination of breading places:
 Elimination of breading places is of primary importance as the larvae and pupae of
mosquitoes develop in water.
 Swampy areas, marshes, ponds, pits, ditches must be drained off.
 Open drains should be closed or made underground.
 Do not allow water to stand in tin, cans, buckets, barrels and old tier etc.
C) Destruction of larvae and pupae:
 i) Larvae and pupae of mosquito develop in water, they can be prevented from flourishing by
not allowing the water to stand in gutters, drains, river ditches, etc.
 ii) Oil screens:
 The mosquito larvae and pupae can be killed by spraying the water surface with petroleum,
paraffin oil, crude oil or kerosene oil.
 The aquatic larvae and pupae will die due to lack of respiration or suffocation.
 The oil also enters the spiracles, blocks the tracheae and poisons the body.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

12. iii) By spraying chemical larvicides:
 Use of some chemical substances, kill the mosquito larvae and pupae by poisoning and
suffocation.
 Oil solutions or emulsions of DDT, DDD and Benzene hexa-chloride are effective
larvicides.
 Dust containing Paris green, DDT, BHC are effective in control or surface feeding
Anopheles larvae.
iv) Biological control of mosquito larvae and pupae:
 Larvicide fishes like sticklebacks, ditches, ponds, lakes, tanks, etc.
 Aquatic nymphs and insects like dragon flies, which feed on mosquito larvae and pupae
may be encouraged.
 Aquatic insectivorous plants, such as bladderwort (uticularia) can also devour the larvae
and pupae of mosquitoes.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

13. 2) Prevention of infection or prophylaxis:
a) Protection from mosquito bite:
 Building house on high grounds.
 Screening of doors, windows and ventilators.
 Use of mosquito nets at night.
 By covering exposed parts of the body.
 Use of mosquito repellents such as anti-mosquito creams, mustard oil etc. on exposed
parts of the body.
b) Use of prophylactic drugs:
 Healthy persons inhabiting malarious regions should take regular does of preventive
medicines.
 Certain anti-malaria drugs, such as quinine, Poludrine, Daraprim, Chloroquine are
effective against infection of malaria.
 These drugs kill the sporozoites of Plasmodium.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana

14. c) By Maintaining proper health:
 Chances of infection can be minimized by getting proper nourishment, by avoiding exposure
to bad conditions and by following regularity in life.
3) Treatment of Malaria:
 Plasmodium does not produce antibodies or antitoxins in human blood; therefore treatment
of malaria by inoculation or vaccines is out of question.
 In allopathy various synthetic drugs like Quinine, Arabrin, Camoquine, Chloroquin,
Mepacrine, Paludrine, Plasmoquine, Rosochin, Pamaquine, Pentaquine, etc. are effective to
kill various stages of the parasites.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana