The document discusses three major theories of intelligence: Carroll's three-stratum model which views intelligence as a hierarchy from specific to broad abilities, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences which proposes eight distinct types of intelligence, and Sternberg's triarchic theory which sees intelligence involving analytic, creative, and practical abilities working together. It provides details on each theory and their views on defining and assessing human intelligence.

1. -by A.Raviteja
B.Com(C.A.)
II year
Adm.No:150957

2.  According to Sternberg, intelligence is the
capacity to learn from experience, using
metacognitive processes to enhance learning,
and the ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment (Sternberg, 2012).
 There are many different people that have
contributed to this field of study including
Carroll, Gardner, and Sternberg(Sternberg,
2012).
(Sternberg & Sternberg,
2012)

3.  Carroll
- Three-stratum model
 Gardner
- Multiple Intelligence model
 Sternberg
- The triarchic theory of intelligence
(Sternberg & Sternberg,
2012)

4.  Carroll proposed a model of intelligence that
focused on three basic areas including:
-Stratum I: Narrow, specific abilities
-Stratum 2: Broad abilities
-Stratum 3: Single intelligence
This is the most widely known/accepted model
of intelligence. This model is a hierarchy of
cognitive abilities.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

5.  Stratum I:
-This stratum includes many skills that are more
defined and specific including skills such as spelling.
 Stratum II:
-This stratum focuses on a more broad
range of intelligence including short/long
term memory, fluid intelligence (speed and accuracy), and
crystallized intelligence (abundance of knowledge).
 Stratum III:
-This stratum is at the top of the hierarchy and is most
commonly seen as g. This strata is general intelligence.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

6.  Gardner proposed the theory of multiple
intelligences instead of just a singular
intelligence. The multiple intelligence theory
proposed eight different types of intelligence
including:
-Linguistic
-Logical/Mathematical
-Musical
-Bodily-kinesthetic
-Interpersonal
-Intrapersonal
-Naturalistic
-Spatial
("Howard Gardner's Multiple," Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences)
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

7. What is linguistic intelligence?
 The ability to communicate thoughts and
ideas well, speak and write language or new
languages.
Careers most associated with linguistic
intelligence include:
-Writers
-Poets
-Communications
("Theories of intelligence," )

8. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence is:
 The ability to perform and solve complex
mathematical problems. Also, the ability to
engage in logical arguments/conversations.
Careers most associated with Logical-
Mathematical Intelligence include:
-Mathematicians
-Math teachers
("Theories of intelligence," )

9. Musical Intelligence is:
 The ability to learn how to read and write
music and play an instrument well.
Careers most associated with Musical
Intelligence include:
-Composer
-Musician
("Theories of intelligence," )

10. What is Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence?
 The ability to use the body to perform
different tasks in a fluid motion. The ability
to run, jump, and dance fluently and with
rhythm.
Careers most associated with bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence include:
-Dancers
-Athletes
("Theories of intelligence," )

11. Interpersonal Intelligence is:
 The ability to connect with others on an emotional
level. The ability to assess a situation and
understand and sense how others are feeling, as
well as how to handle an emotional situation.
Careers most associated with interpersonal
intelligence include
-Teachers
-Psychiatrist/Psychologist
-Counselors
("Theories of intelligence," )

12. What is Intrapersonal Intelligence?
 Intrapersonal intelligence is knowing yourself
inside and out. This is the ability to know
your own strengths and weaknesses.
Careers most associated with intrapersonal
intelligence include:
-Entrepreneur
("Theories of intelligence," )

13. Naturalistic intelligence is:
 The ability to work with biology and work
with and around natural settings.
Careers most associated with naturalistic
intelligence include:
-Naturalists
-Biologists
("Theories of intelligence," )

14. What is spatial intelligence?
 The ability to visually perceive items such as
reading a map or arranging items to make
them fit into a predetermined space.
Careers most associated with spatial
intelligence include:
-Navigator
-Artist
("Theories of intelligence," )

15.  There are some psychologists that disagree
with this theory because this view focuses on
modularity. Modularity theorists believe that
these intelligences can be located in specific
areas of the brain but such findings have not
been proved with empirical data. Scientists
also question the flexibility of an idea of
multiple intelligences because of narrow long
term memory.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

16.  Whereas Gardner focused on specific and
separate areas of intelligence, Sternberg focuses
on how all of these intelligence factors work
together. People do better when matched for a
task in their strongest area of intelligence.
Sternberg was more focused on improving overall
performance of all three factors.
 The Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence
refers to the analytic, creative, and practical
aspects of intelligence.
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

17.  Creative abilities: The ability to
generate/invent new ideas
 Analytic abilities: The ability to analyze a
problem or situation as well as compare
 Practical abilities: The ability to apply
techniques to situations and persuade others
(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

18. There are many psychologists that have studied
the realm of intelligence, and the topic is ever
changing. Thanks to Carroll, Gardner, and
Sternberg there are three distinct ways to
measure intelligence including the Three-
Stratum Theory, The Multiple Intelligence
Theory, and the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.