A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Major theories of intelligence
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Major theories of intelligence
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilitie...Suresh Babu
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilities (Thurston), Structure of Intellect (Guilford) and Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner).
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilitie...Suresh Babu
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilities (Thurston), Structure of Intellect (Guilford) and Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner).
Testing Instruments are used to test Intelligence Quotient or personality tests to evaluate past-acquired competencies or future success in education or employment. A close examination and study of human cognition based on biological and anthropological evidence such as plasticity of brain we may have to include more universal set of competencies than ordinarily been considered such as verbal, mathematical and logical competencies. This paper attempts to address issues relating to definition of intelligence, its components and application of study for educational testing and selection process.
Intelligence Testing-Intelligence- Definition, Aspects,Ckassification of Inte...SANA FATIMA
INTELLIGENCE TESTING:
INTELLIGENCE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS:
CULTURE FAIR OR CROSS-CULTURAL TEST OF INTELLIGENCE:
EXAMPLES OF CULTURE FAIR TESTS ARE:
a) The Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test
b) Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test
c) David- Eells Tests of General Intelligence
1. Best way:
2. Probabilities
3. Picture Analogy
4. Money
REFERENCES:
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
INTELLIGENCE By Tejaswini .psychology.pptx
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
In our day to day conversation we often comment
that a particular individual is very intelligent or is
not intelligent.
All such comments are based on our observation of
the performance or behaviour of the individual
concerned in comparison to others of his group.
In psychology this is termed intelligence, in ancient
India our great rishis and seers named it Viveka.
3. Stern (1914):- “Intelligence is a
general capacity of an individual
consciously to adjust his thinking to
new requirements. It is the general
mental adaptability to new problems
and condition of life.”
Ter man (1921):- “An individual is
intelligent in the proportion that he is
able to carry on abstract thinking.”
Wagon (1937):- “Intelligence is the
capacity to learn and adjust to
relatively new and changing
conditions.”
Jean Piaget (1952):- “Intelligence is
the ability to adapt to one’s
surroundings.”
Intelligence
4. Factor Theories of Intelligence :
The theories proposed what the structure of intelligence is or what
the different components or elements of intelligence are.
Unitary Theory of Monarchic Theory : It holds that
intelligence consists of one factor, simply a fund of intellectual
competence which is universal for all the activities of the individual.
Multifactor Theory or Anarchic Theory (by Thorndike):
It considers that intelligence as a combination of numerous
elements or factors. These are specific abilities, which are
responsible for different tasks.
Spearman’s two factor Theory or Eclectic Theory : Every
different intellectual activity involves a general factor “G” which is
shared with all intellectual activities and a specific factor “s” when it
shares with one.
Group Factor theory (by Thurstone) : According to this,
intelligence is comprised of nine “Primary mental abilities”.
5. These theories of intelligence tried to analyse and
describe intelligence in terms of certain fundamental
cognitive processes. The important theories falling in
this category are:-
6. Fluid Intelligence :- Crystallized Intelligence :-
Mental capacity of an individual
which is required for learning
and problem solving.
Dependent on neurological
development .
Derived more from biological and
genetic factors.
This type of intelligence is put to
use when facing new and strange
situations requiring adaptation,
comprehension, reasoning,
problem solving and identifying
relationships etc.
It involves one’s acquired fund of
general information consisting of
knowledge and skills essential for
performing different tasks in one’s
day-to-day life.
It is specially learned and dependent
on education and culture.
It can be identified through one’s
fund of vocabulary, manner of
behaving in the society, general
knowledge of world affairs, the
knowledge of customs, rituals and
traditions, handling of machines and
tools, craftsmanship and art and
various other tasks requiring
knowledge, experience and practice.
7. Architectural system : Executive system :
Biologically based.
It includes basic
mental abilities as
memory capacity, the
rate of loss of memory,
the ability of proper
information
processing, etc.
Environmentally
Influenced.
Works on a higher level
and is responsible for
higher order mental
functioning and the
comprising this system
are dependent on
training and experience.
8. The most recent acceptable theory of intelligence has
been put forward by the American psychologist
Robert Sternberg (1985) by adopting an information
processing approach to cognition or problem solving.
The theory propagated by Sternberg identified the
following steps in the way one processes
information:
10. Howard Gardner has propounded a unique theory of
intelligence called the “ theory of multiple intelligence”
(1983).
Gardner challenged the notion of general intelligence, “g” and
then questioned the very basis of prevailing intelligence tests
by asking how an individual’s intellectual capacities could be
captured in a single measure of intelligence.
He concluded that there are seven independent types of
intelligence that grow and develop differently in different
people, depending upon their hereditary characteristics or
environmental experiences.
These different types of intelligence have been named by him
as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-
kinesthetic, intrapersonal and interpersonal.
11. • This type of human intelligence is responsible
for all kinds of linguistic competence- abilities,
talents and skills, available in Human beings.
• It is most visible in professionals like lawyers,
lecturers, writers and lyricists etc.
Linguistic
Intelligence
• This type of intelligence is responsible for all
types of abilities, talents and skills in areas
related to logic and mathematics.
• Professionals like mathematicians,
philosophers, physicists, etc.
Logical-
mathematical
intelligence
• This type of intelligence is concerned with the
abilities, talents and skills involving the
representation and manipulation of spatial
configuration and relationship.
• Professionals like architects, engineers, mechanics
etc are found to rely upon spatial intelligence.
Spatial
Intelligence
12. Musical Intelligence :- This type of intelligence covers the abilities, talents and
skills pertaining to the field of music.
It is visible in a quite long proportion in professionals like musicians and
composers.
Bodily Kinesthetic intelligence :- This type of intelligence is concerned with
the set of abilities involved in using one’s body or its various parts to perform skillful
and purposeful movements.
Among professional Dancers, Atheletes and surgeons may be seen to demonstrate a
high degree bodily- kinesthetic intelligence in their respective fields.
Intra-personal intelligence :- This type of intelligence consists of an
individual’s abilities to enable him to know his self.
In our practical life this type of intelligence is demonstrated by yogis, saints and
masters of Zens.
Inter-personal intelligence :- The counterpart of intrapersonal intelligence in
one’s cognitive structure is interpersonal intelligence.
In practical life, this type of intelligence is most visible among psychotherapist,
teachers, sales people, politicians and religious leaders.
13. Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests may be classified broadly as follows
:
1. Individual tests in which only one individual is
tested at a time.
2. Group tests in which a group of individuals is
tested at the same time.
Intelligence tests may also be classified on the basis
of their form as verbal or language tests and non-
verbal or non-language tests.
14. Verbal or Language tests :
In these the subjects make use of language in which the instructions
are given in words, written, oral or both.
Vocabulary tests: In these the subject is required to give the meanings of words or
phrases. Eg: What is the difference between bear, wear and bare ?
Memory tests: These are designed to test the subject’s immediate and long-term
memory, and include recall and recognition type of items. Eg: Phone number, the
number of his vehicle, the date of birth of his siblings and so on.
Comprehension tests: The subject is tested for the ability to understand and react to a
given situation. Eg: Why do big ships float in the sea while a small needle would sink in
it?
Information tests: The subject is tested on his knowledge about the thing around him.
Eg: Where is the Taj Mahal is situated ?
Reasoning tests: The subject is asked to provide answers which demostrate the ability
to his reason- logically, analytically, synthetically, inductively, or deductively as oultlined
below.
Complete the series:1,2,4,7,11,16,22,29,?,?,
Association tests: The subject is tested for his ability to point out similarities and
dissimilarities between two or more concepts or objects. Eg:
Which of the items mentioned below is odd one ?
--- gold, silver, copper, iron, glass.
15. Non- Verbal or non- language Tests:
These tests involves activities in which the use of
language is not necessary except for giving
directions. Performance tests are example of such
tests.
The contents of the tests are in the form of material objects.
The subject’s responses are assessed in terms of how he reacts or what
he does rather than what he says or writes.
Generally these are individual tests. As Pillai (1972) observes: “These
cannot be used as group tests, chiefly because it is necessary to
supervise the individual testee at work and give him necessary
directions”.
16. Individual Verbal Tests
Tests involving the use of language, which are administered to one
individual at a time belong to this category. The Stanford Binet
scale, It is the revised form of the original Binet-Simon test.
Consisting of 30 items (arranged in order of increasing difficulty)
graded for different levels.
These tests included such items as:
At age 3- point out nose, eyes and mouth.
At age 7- say what is missing in the unfinished picture.
Individual performance Tests :
In these tests the contents and responses are in the form of performance and language is
not used and include items which require responses in terms of motor activities.
- Block building or cube constriction.
- To fit blocks in holes.
-Tracing a maze.
- Picture arrangement or picture completion.
17. Group Verbal Intelligence
Tests:
Group Non-Verbal
Intelligence Tests:
The tests which
necessitate the use of
language and are applied
to a group of individuals
at a time come under this
category are:
1. Army Alpha test.
2. Army general
classification test.
These tests do not
necessitate the use of
language and are
applicable to a group of
individual at a time.
Some examples are:
1. Army beta test.
2. Chicago non-verbal
test.
3.Raven’s progressive
matrices test.
Group Verbal and Non-Verbal Intelligence Tests :
18. Concept of Mental Age and IQ:
Intelligence assessed through the various intelligence tests is expressed in
terms of Intelligence Quotient I.Q. This term was first coined by the
German psychologist, William Stern (1914).
For the ratio of mental age and chronological age, which was then
multiplied by 100 in order to eliminate the decimal point.
The formula for calculation of I.Q was expressed as :
I.Q = MA/CA× 100 ,
where MA stands for mental age and CA for chronological age of the
individual whose intelligence is being tested.
• The concept of mental age was earlier introduced by French psychologist
Alferd Binet. It was based on The principle of the normal distribution of
intelligence at the majority of children of a particular age are of normal
intelligence and that they have a mental level approximating that age,
which could be termed as mental age.
• The constancy of I.Q. As mentioned earlier, Intelligence goes on
growing up to the age of 16 to 20 years but the I.Q for most of the
individuals, remains constant.