Arrays & Strings can be summarized as follows:
1. Arrays are fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type that are used to store lists of related data. They can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional.
2. Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. They are commonly used to store text data. Common string operations include reading, writing, combining, copying, comparing, and extracting portions of strings.
3. Arrays are declared with a data type, name, and size. They can be initialized with a block of comma-separated values. Individual elements are accessed using indexes in square brackets. Two-dimensional arrays represent tables
2D array in C++ language ,define the concept of c++ Two-Dimensional array .with example .and also Accessing Array Components concept.and Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays.
2D array in C++ language ,define the concept of c++ Two-Dimensional array .with example .and also Accessing Array Components concept.and Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays.
This is presentation, that covers all the important topics related to strings in python. It covers storing, slicing, format, concatenation, modification, escape characters and string methods.
The file attatched also includes examples related to the slides shown.
An array is a very important derived data type in the C programming language. This presentation contains basic things about arrays like definition, initialization, their types, and examples.
This presentation is all about various built in
datastructures which we have in python.
List
Dictionary
Tuple
Set
and various methods present in each data structure
What is Link list? explained with animationsPratikNaik41
This Presentation expalins what are data structures and linked lists with animations.
It also contains a sample implementation of Linked List using C++language.
It uses C++ Pointers to define linked lists.
DATA STRUCUTRES AND LINKED LIST
WHAT ARE DATA STRUCTURES?
Classification Of Data Structures ?
WHAT IS LINKED LIST?
WHY USE LINKED LIST?
INSERTION AND DELETION IN LINKED LIST
LINKED LIST CODE
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Describe the C arrays.
Practice the declaration, initialization and access linear arrays.
Practice the declaration, initialization and access two dimensional arrays.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
This is presentation, that covers all the important topics related to strings in python. It covers storing, slicing, format, concatenation, modification, escape characters and string methods.
The file attatched also includes examples related to the slides shown.
An array is a very important derived data type in the C programming language. This presentation contains basic things about arrays like definition, initialization, their types, and examples.
This presentation is all about various built in
datastructures which we have in python.
List
Dictionary
Tuple
Set
and various methods present in each data structure
What is Link list? explained with animationsPratikNaik41
This Presentation expalins what are data structures and linked lists with animations.
It also contains a sample implementation of Linked List using C++language.
It uses C++ Pointers to define linked lists.
DATA STRUCUTRES AND LINKED LIST
WHAT ARE DATA STRUCTURES?
Classification Of Data Structures ?
WHAT IS LINKED LIST?
WHY USE LINKED LIST?
INSERTION AND DELETION IN LINKED LIST
LINKED LIST CODE
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Describe the C arrays.
Practice the declaration, initialization and access linear arrays.
Practice the declaration, initialization and access two dimensional arrays.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
An array is a group of data items of same data type that share a common name. Ordinary variables are capable of holding only one value at a time. If we want to store more than one value at a time in a single variable, we use arrays.
An array is a collective name given to a group of similar variables. Each member in the group is referred to by its position in the group.
Arrays are alloted the memory in a strictly contiguous fashion. The simplest array is a one-dimensional array which is a list of variables of same data type. An array of one-dimensional arrays is called a two-dimensional array.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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2. Definition of Array
An array is a fixed – size sequenced collection of elements of the
same data type. It is simply a grouping of like – type data. In its
simplest form, an array can be used to represent a list of numbers, or
list of names. (OR)
“A set of consecutive storage location referred by a single name to
store homogeneous data type.”
int A[10]
Array is a Collection of Homogenous Data Items Example
1. List of employees in an organization.
2. List of products and their cost sold by a store.
3. Test Scores of a class of students. 12/6/2020 2
3. 1. One Dimensional Array.
2. Two Dimensional Array.
3. Multi Dimensional Array
Types of Array
5. Arrays
So far, we've been declaring simple variables
int i;
It is also possible to declare an array of Several elements. an array is a
variable that can hold more than one value , The declaration
int a[10];
declares an array, named a, consisting of ten elements, each of type int.
We can represent the array a above with a picture like this:
12/6/2020 5
•Arrays are zero-based: the ten elements of a 10-element array are
numbered from 0 to 9.
6. • An array uses a single identifier, together with an integer
index, to create one variable that can hold many values
• An array is created the same as a “normal” variable, but with
the addition of square brackets indicating the size of the array
• Each value in the array is called an element
12/6/2020 6
Arrays
7. One Dimensional Arrays
Syntax data_type array_name[size];
Description Data_type valid data type in C language
Array_name name given to the array
Size are the size of the dimensions
Example int a[3];
float b[4];
12/6/2020 7
8. Initializing Arrays
• An array is initialized using a code block containing
comma-delimited values which match in position the
elements in the array
• If there are values in the initialization block, but not enough
to fill the array, all the elements in the array without values
are initialized to 0 in the case of float or int, and NULL in
the case of char
• If there are values in the initialization block, an explicit size
for the array does not need to be specified, only an empty
Array Element Operator is needed. C will count the values
and size the array for you.
12/6/2020 8
9. Initializing Arrays
int x [ 5 ] = { 1,2,3,4,5 }; size 10 bytes
creates array with elements 0-4 values 1-5
int x [ 5 ] = { 4,3 }; size 10 bytes
creates array with elements 0-4 values 4,3,0,0,0
int x [ ] = { 1,2,3 }; size 6 bytes
creates array with elements 0-2 values 1,2,3
char c [ 4 ] = { ‘M’ , ‘o’ , ‘o’ }; size 4 bytes
creates array with elements 0-3 values M o o NULL
12/6/2020 9
10. Arrays
•The first element of the array is x[0], the second element is x[1]..
e.g x[0] = 10; x[1] = 20; x[2] = 30 x[3] = 40 x[4] = 50
Total = 150;
This loop sets all ten elements of the array a to 0.
int a[i]; int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1)
a[i] = 0;
To copy the contents of one array to another, you must again do so
one by one:
int b[10];
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1)
b[i] = a[i];
Printing Array Values
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1)
printf("%dn", a[i]);
12/6/2020 10
11. Array Basics
• An array has a fixed number of elements based on its creation
• The elements are ALWAYS numbered from 0 to 1 less than the array’s size
• Referencing an element outside of the created bounds is possible but not
recommended
12/6/2020 11
12. Visual Representation of an Array
12/6/2020 12
Identifier?
?
23
?
int x[4];
x[2]=23;
342901
342903
342905
342917
0
1
2
3
X
Address
Offset
Value
13. The Array Element Operator [ ]
• The Array Element Operator is used to reference a specific
array element
• The expression inside the Array Element must resolve to
type int. This value is known as an index
• The value of the index can be any number, but care should
be taken that the index falls within the bounds of the array.
The bounds of an array are defined as 0 to 1 less than the
size of the array
12/6/2020 13
14. Array Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int x[5];
x[0]=23; valid
x[2.3]=5; invalid: index is not an int
x[6]=45; valid but not recommended
return 0;
}
12/6/2020 14
15. A Simple Array Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i , x[ 5 ] , total = 0 ;
for ( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++ )
{
printf( “Enter mark %d” , i );
scanf ( “%d” , &x[ i ] );
}
for ( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++ )
total = total + x[ i ];
printf ( “The average is %d” , total / 5 );
return 0;
} 12/6/2020 15
16. ARRAYS
• DON'T declare arrays with subscripts larger than you will
need; it wastes memory.
• DON'T forget that in C, arrays are referenced starting with
subscript 0, not 1.
12/6/2020 16
18. #inlcude<stdio.h>
#define Max 5;
main();
{
int a[Max], i, min;
int pos = 0;
printf(“Enter the array elements”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
scanf(‘%d”,&a[i]);
min = a[0];
for(i=1;i<Max;i++)
if(a[i] < min)
{
min = a[i];
pos = i;
}
printf(“ Minimum Value = %d” , min);
printf(“ Position of the Minimum Value = %d” , pos);
}
12/6/2020 18
19. Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Two-dimensional Array: a collection of a fixed number of components
arranged in two dimensions
• All components are of the same type
• The syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array is:
dataType arrayName[intexp1][intexp2];
where intexp1 and intexp2 are expressions yielding positive integer
values
12/6/2020 19
20. Two-Dimensional Arrays (continued)
• The two expressions intexp1 and intexp2 specify the number
of rows and the number of columns, respectively, in the array
• Two-dimensional arrays are sometimes called matrices or
tables
12/6/2020 20
23. Two Dimensional Arrays
Syntax data_type array_name[size_1][size_2];
Description Data_type valid data type in C language
Array_name name given to the array
Size_1 is the row size of the array
Size_2 is the column size of the array
Example int a[3][3];
float b[4][4];
Int a[3][2];
12/6/2020 23
24. Two Dimensional Array Initializing
int table [2][3] = {0,0,0,1,1,1};
int table [2][3] = {{0,0,0},{1,1,1}};
int table [2][3] = {
{0,0,0},
{1,1,1}
};
int table [ ][3] = {
{0,0,0}
{1,1,1}
}; 12/6/2020 24
25. Two Dimensional Array Initializing
If the values are missing in an initializer, they are automatically set to zero. For instance, the
statement
int table [2][3] = {{1,1}, {2}};
will initialize the first two elements of the first row to one, the first element of the second
row to two , and all other elements to zero.
When all the elements are to be initialized to zero, the following short – cut method may be
used.
int m[3][5] = { {0},{0},{0} };
The first element of each row is explicitly initialized to zero while other elements are
automatically initialized to zero, The following statement will also achieve the same result:
int m[3][5] = {0,0};
12/6/2020 25
26. Accessing Array Components
• The syntax to access a component of a two-dimensional array is:
arrayName[indexexp1][indexexp2]
where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are expressions yielding nonnegative integer
values
• indexexp1 specifies the row position and indexexp2 specifies the column
position
12/6/2020 26
28. Multi – Dimensional Arrays
12/6/2020 28
X
Y
Z
• Three or More Dimensional Array is called
the Multi – Dimensional Arrays.
• Three Dimensional array defined in any
three of axis of XYZ OR YZX OR ZXY in
the graph
29. Multi Dimensional Arrays
• This arrays have more than one dimensions.
Syntax data_type array_name[size1][size2]…….[sizen];
Description Data_type valid data type in C language
Array_name name given to the array
Size1,size2 are the sizes of the dimensions
Example Int a[3][3][3];
Float b[4][4][4];
12/6/2020 29
31. Character and Strings
• An char array is a group of characters that store related data
• A String is a special char array that does not store related data, but a
single piece of data made up of a number of characters OR A string is a
sequence of character that is treated as a single data item. Any group of
characters defined between double quotation marks is a string constant.
• Example: Grades can be stored in a char array with the values A,B,C,D,F;
when we want to print a specific grade we use only 1 element of the array
• Example: But for grades like “Pass” and “Fail” we must print ALL the
elements
12/6/2020 31
32. String Conti…
• Most Computers languages have a string data type; C does
NOT
• There are 3 ways to store strings in memory
• Fixed Length
• Stored Length
• Terminated
• C adopts the Terminated String approach
• A string in C is an array of chars terminated by the String
Terminator or NULL character 0
12/6/2020 32
33. Common String Operation
1. Reading and Writing Strings
2. Combining strings together
3. Copying one string to another
4. Comparing strings for equality
5. Extracting a portion of a string
12/6/2020 33
34. Declaring and Initializing of String
The General form of String is
char string_name [size];
Example:
char city [10];
char name[30];
When the complier assigns a character string to a character array, it automatically
supplies a multicharacter (‘0’) at the end of the string. Therefore, the size should be
equal to the maximum number of characters in the string plus one.
C Permits a character array to be initialized in either of the following two forms:
char city [9] = “ NEW YORK”;
char city [9] = {‘N’.’E’,’W’,’ ‘,’Y’,’O’,’R’,’K’,’0’);
C also permits us to initialize a character array without specifying the number of
elements. In such cases, the size of the array will be determined automatically, base on
the number of elements initialiazed. For Example, the statement
char string [ ] = {‘G’,’O’,’O’,’D’,’0’};
12/6/2020 34
35. Declaring Conti….
We can also declare the size much larger than the string size in the initializer. That is, the
statement.
char str[9] = “GOOD”;
12/6/2020 35
G O O D 0 0 0 0 0
The following declaration is illegal.
(I) char str[5];
str = “GOOD”;
This will result in a compile time error. Also note that we cannot separate the
initialization from declaration.
(II) char s1[4] = “abc”;
char s2[4];
s2 = s2; /* Error */
is not allowed. An array name cannot be used as the left operand of an
assignment operator.
36. Creating a String in C
12/6/2020 36
h
i
!
array1820
1821
1822
h
i
!
/0
string2820
2821
2822
2823
37. READING STRINGS FROM TERMINAL
The familiar input function scanf can be used with %s format specification to read in a string of characters.
Example:
char address [10];
scanf(“%s”,address);
The problem with the scanf function is that it terminates its input on the first white space it finds. Therefore, if the
following line of text is typed in at the terminal,
NEW YORK
then only the string “NEW” will be read into the array address, since the blank space after the word ‘NEW’ will
terminate the string reading.
The scanf calls in the case of character arrays, the ampersand (&) is not required before the variable name.
The address array is created in the memory as shown below:
12/6/2020 37
N E W O ? ? ? ? ? ?
Note that the unused locations are filled with garbage.
If we want to read the entire line “NEW YORK”, then we may use two character arrays of approximate
sizes. That is,
char adr1[5], adr2[5];
scanf(“%s %s”,adr1,adr2);
With the line of text
NEW YORK
38. READING STRINGS FROM TERMINAL
12/6/2020 38
We can also specify the field width using the form %ws in the scanf statement for reading a specified number of characters
from the input string.
Example: scanf(“%ws”,name);
Here two things may happen.
1. The width w is equal to or greater than the number of characters typed in. The entire string will be
stored in the string variable.
2. The width w is less than the number of characters in the string. The excess characters will be
truncated and left unread.
Consider the following statements:
char name [10];
scanf(“%5s”,name);
The input string RAM and KRISHNA will be stored as:
R A M 0 ? ? ? ? ? ?
K R I S H 0 ? ? ? ?
39. Reading a Line of Text
We have seen just now that scanf with %s or %ws can read only strings without white spaces. That is, they
cannot be used for reading a text containing more than one word. However, C Supports a format specification
known as the edit set conversion code % [..] that can be used to read a line containing a variety of characters,
including white spaces. Recall that we have used this conversion code in the program segment
char line [80];
scanf (“%[^n]”,line);
printf(“%s”,line);
will read a line of input from the keyboard and display the same on the screen. We would very rarely use this
method.
12/6/2020 39
Using getchar and gets Functions
To read a single character from the terminal, using the function getchar. We can use this function repeatedly to
read successive single characters from the input and place them into a character array. Thus, an entire line of
text can be read and stored in an array. The reading is terminated when the newline character (‘n’) is entered
and the null character is then inserted at the end of the string. The getchar function call takes the form:
char ch;
ch = getchar ( );
Note that the getchar function has no parameters.
40. 12/6/2020 40
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char line[81], character;
int c;
c = 0;
printf("Enter text. Press <Return> at endn");
do
{
character = getchar( );
line[c] = character;
c++;
}
while(character != 'n');
c = c - 1;
line [c] = '0';
printf("n%sn", line);
}
41. getchar and gets Conti….
Another and more convenient method of reading a string of text containing white spaces is to use
the library function gets available in the <stdio.h> header file. This is a simple function with one
string parameter and called as under.
gets (str);
str is string variable declared properly. It reads characters into str from the keyboard until a new
line character is encountered and then appends a null character to the string. Unlike scanf, it does
not skip white spaces. For example the code segment
char line [80];
gets (line);
printf(“%s”,, line);
reads a line of text from the keyboard and displays it on the screen. The last two statements may
be combined as follows:
printf(“%s”,gets(line));
C does not provide operators that work on strings directly. For instance we cannot assign one
string to another directly. For example, the assignment statements.
string = “ABC”
string1 = string2;
are not valid.
12/6/2020 41
43. 12/6/2020 43
WRITING A STRINGS TO SCREEN
We have used extensively the printf function with %s format to print strings to the screen. The format %s
can be used to display an array of characters that is terminated by the null character. For example, the statement
printf(“%s”, name);
can be used to display the entire contents of the array name.
We can also specify the precision with which the array is displayed. For instance, the specification
%10.4
Indicates that the first four characters are to be printed in a field width of 10 columns.
However, if we include the minus sign in the specification (e.g., %-10.4s), the string will be printed left-justified.
Using putchar and puts Functions
Like getchar, C supports another character handling function putchar to output the values of character variables. It
takes the following form:
char ch = ‘A’;
putchar (ch);
The function putchar requires one parameter. This statement is equivalent to:
printf(“%c”,ch);
We have used putchar function to write characters to the screen. We can use this function repeatedly to output a
string of characters stored in an array using a loop:
44. 12/6/2020 44
Example:
char name[6] = “PARIS”;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
putchar (name[i]);
putchar(‘n’);
Another and more convenient way of printing string values is to use the function
puts declared in the header file <stdio.h>. This is a one parameter function and
invoked as under:
puts (str);
Where str is a string variable containing a string value. This prints the value of the
string variable str and then moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line on
the screen. For example, the program segment
char line [80];
gets (line);
puts (line);
Reads a line of text from the keyboard and displays it on the screen. Note that the
syntax is very simple compared to using the scanf and printf statements
Using putchar and puts Functions Conti…
45. Function Action
strcat ( ) Concatenates two strings
strcmp ( ) Compares two strings
strcpy ( ) Copies one strings over another
strlen ( ) Finds the length of a string
12/6/2020 45
The C Library supports a large number of string – handling function that can be used to carry out many of the string
manipulations.
The most commonly used string – handling functions.
STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS