'Bandha' literally means bonding. In Rasasastra , the science of metals and minerals , a special phenomenon , known as Bandha is explained in the context of Parada( Mercury). Mercury is considered as the supreme drug , which can cure any disease. But the inclusion of mercury in a required medicine is a tedious task, because of its instability as a solid form, its heat intolerance etc. To convert mercury into a suitable dosage form , it is necessary to stabilize the same with other suitable drugs ( Herbs/ Metals/ Minerals etc) with or without the aid of heat. Thus stabilized Mercury can assure a tremendous therapeutic effect and offer better health.
Aushada is one which can be taken in disease, in alpha matra, even in severe condition, many doshas involved. Taken in specific disease, aushada which is of good quality, in proper dose should destroy it, without any complications.
'Bandha' literally means bonding. In Rasasastra , the science of metals and minerals , a special phenomenon , known as Bandha is explained in the context of Parada( Mercury). Mercury is considered as the supreme drug , which can cure any disease. But the inclusion of mercury in a required medicine is a tedious task, because of its instability as a solid form, its heat intolerance etc. To convert mercury into a suitable dosage form , it is necessary to stabilize the same with other suitable drugs ( Herbs/ Metals/ Minerals etc) with or without the aid of heat. Thus stabilized Mercury can assure a tremendous therapeutic effect and offer better health.
Aushada is one which can be taken in disease, in alpha matra, even in severe condition, many doshas involved. Taken in specific disease, aushada which is of good quality, in proper dose should destroy it, without any complications.
• Rasashastra deals with metallic, mineral and poisonous drugs.
• These drugs are pharmaceutically processed and rendered fit for internal administration.
• For the various processing of rasa uparasadi dhatus and for the preparation of medicines, specific apparatuses called ‘Yantras’ are needed.
• Metals and minerals are required to undergo certain processes like shodhana, jarana, marana, satwapatana etc before they could be administered into the body and all these processes could only be achieved with the help of yantras.
• For exploring and utilizing the knowledge of Rasasastra, a better understanding of yantras is needed.
• Textbooks of Ayurvediya Rasasastra including Rasatarangini, Rasaratna samuchaya, Rasarnavam and Rasendra Choodamani have been the sources of literature along with other published works on Rasasastra.
in ayurvedic pharmacology some drugs have action according to their aura. this aura treat patients in various aspects eg wearing of jems and different stones
Comparative Pharmaceutico Analytical Standardisation of Kaparda Bhasma with T...ijtsrd
Kaparda bhasma1 is calcium based bhasma, which are extensively used in clinical practice. In the present work kaparda bhasma prepared from kaparda with three different shodhana media. kaparda is the external shell of sea animal cyprea moneta linn. chemically kaparda identified as calcium carbonate Ca Co3 . Kaparda bhasma was prepared as per standard classical methods. Chemically analyzed all 3 different purification and final product. Physical analysis such as Ph, ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, loss on drying and also carried out employing sophisticated instrument techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM EDX. Physico - chemical standards were determined for 3 groups.the data the results of prepared samples are discussed in this paper. Dr. Rohitakumar | Dr. Ravi R Chavan "Comparative Pharmaceutico-Analytical Standardisation of Kaparda Bhasma with Three Different Shodhana Media" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46463.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/46463/comparative-pharmaceuticoanalytical-standardisation-of-kaparda-bhasma-with-three-different-shodhana-media/dr-rohitakumar
• Rasashastra deals with metallic, mineral and poisonous drugs.
• These drugs are pharmaceutically processed and rendered fit for internal administration.
• For the various processing of rasa uparasadi dhatus and for the preparation of medicines, specific apparatuses called ‘Yantras’ are needed.
• Metals and minerals are required to undergo certain processes like shodhana, jarana, marana, satwapatana etc before they could be administered into the body and all these processes could only be achieved with the help of yantras.
• For exploring and utilizing the knowledge of Rasasastra, a better understanding of yantras is needed.
• Textbooks of Ayurvediya Rasasastra including Rasatarangini, Rasaratna samuchaya, Rasarnavam and Rasendra Choodamani have been the sources of literature along with other published works on Rasasastra.
in ayurvedic pharmacology some drugs have action according to their aura. this aura treat patients in various aspects eg wearing of jems and different stones
Comparative Pharmaceutico Analytical Standardisation of Kaparda Bhasma with T...ijtsrd
Kaparda bhasma1 is calcium based bhasma, which are extensively used in clinical practice. In the present work kaparda bhasma prepared from kaparda with three different shodhana media. kaparda is the external shell of sea animal cyprea moneta linn. chemically kaparda identified as calcium carbonate Ca Co3 . Kaparda bhasma was prepared as per standard classical methods. Chemically analyzed all 3 different purification and final product. Physical analysis such as Ph, ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, loss on drying and also carried out employing sophisticated instrument techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM EDX. Physico - chemical standards were determined for 3 groups.the data the results of prepared samples are discussed in this paper. Dr. Rohitakumar | Dr. Ravi R Chavan "Comparative Pharmaceutico-Analytical Standardisation of Kaparda Bhasma with Three Different Shodhana Media" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46463.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/46463/comparative-pharmaceuticoanalytical-standardisation-of-kaparda-bhasma-with-three-different-shodhana-media/dr-rohitakumar
Sandhāna Kalpana is an Alcoholic or Acidic Medicinal preparations of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals, It involves the process of fermentation where the 'dravadravya' (kwātha, swarasa or liquid preparation), 'madhura dravya' (jaggery, honey or sugar), 'praksepa dravya' (fine powders of medicinal drugs) and 'sandhäna dravya' (dhātaki puspa, madhuka puspa as fermentation initiators) are put together in an inert vessel (mud pot) and sealed for a specified time period to facilitate the process of fermentation Madhya (Alcoholic) and Shukti (Acedic) are the two basic types of this process
Pushkarmula (Inula racemosa) with Ayurvedic descriptionsMohd Ehsan
Hello,
Dear friends, this ppt is prepared by keeping in mind that Pushkarmula (a medicinal plant) with latin name Inula racemosa, in this ppt detailed detailed descriptions about this plant with ayurveda reference. Hope you get what you are searching on slideshare
An Introduction to Pottali Kalpana- a RasarasayanaEbinuday
'Pottali Kalpana' is one among four types of Rasarasayana . 'Pottali' are classified into three based on the method of preparation ,namley Gandhaka Dravapaka Pottali , Varatika garbha Pottali and Bhavana Pottali .Among them, Gandhaka Drava paka Pottali kalpana plays an important role in emergency management. The principle of Gandhaka Drava paka pottali is 'swedana' in Dola yantra using Gandhaka (Sulphur) as the medium .To prepare Gandhaka drava paka pottali, a slow and steady rise in temoerature should be mainitained . The melting point of gandhaka ranges from110 - 119 degree celsius and boiling point is 444 degree celsius .The temperature should be maintained below the boilig pont and above the melting point of Gandhaka . Varatika garbha pottali is prepared by filling drug inside Cowrie shell followed by sealing with Tankana and milk. The principle of 'marana', by means of Gajaputa (in general). Bhavana pottali is prepared by grinding the drug in suitable medium , till it attain samyak bhavitha lakshana .
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Surat @ℂall @Girls ꧁❤8527049040❤꧂@ℂall @Girls Service Vip Top Model Safe
Arka
1. PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW OF ARKA KALPANA
Rahul U
1,
2nd
year P.G Scholar, Dept.of Bhaishajya Kalpana, SDMCA, Hassan
2
Asso. Professor, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana, SDMCA, Hassan
3
Asso. Professor & Head Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana, SDMCA, Hassan
INTRODUCTION
Bhaishajya Kalpana is the branch of
Ayurveda which primarily deals with the dif
ferent kinds of dosage forms and their thera
peutic utility. Arka Kalpana1
is described as
one among the Panchavidha kashaya
pana2
by Lankapati Ravana. The
is derived from ‘Ru-gatau’. Every word
tains meanings. Gati (motion) denotes three
different meanings i.e. Gyan,
Prapti. In Arka process all these
ings are to be accepted, as the knowl
the contents of the drug is first thing
(i.e.Gyan) then the motion is given to the
contents through water (i.e. Gaman
lastly required amount of active content is
Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091
Bhaishajya Kalpana is the branch of
kinds of dosage forms and their therapeutic utility. Among the large number of formulations spe
cified by Acharyas, the Panchavidha
primary or basic dosage forms from which other secondary dosage forms are prepared. The five
basic kalpanas comprise of Swarasa
varying opinions in the respective formul
chavidha kalpanas include Kalka, Choorna, Rasa, Taila and Arka.
In this text, Arka Kalpana
tency in comparison to the other
specific gunas. It is having increased potency, reduced dose, more shelf life and also easy absorp
tion, fast action and patient compliance.
need to know the exact procedures and methodologies involved in the preparation of this formu
lation.
The pharmaceutical aspects regarding this formulation have been explained in detail with
specific importance to the yantras
consistency of dravyas. This paper is an attempt to review the pharmaceutical aspects of
Kalpana in the available literature in
Keywords : pharmaceutic, yantra
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW OF ARKA KALPANA
Rahul U1
, Gazala Hussain2
, Basavaraj Y Ganti3
P.G Scholar, Dept.of Bhaishajya Kalpana, SDMCA, Hassan, Karnataka, India
Professor, Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana, SDMCA, Hassan, Karnataka, India
Professor & Head Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana, SDMCA, Hassan, Karnataka, India
is the branch of
which primarily deals with the dif-
ferent kinds of dosage forms and their thera-
is described as
kashaya kal-
The word Arka3
Every word con-
(motion) denotes three
, Gaman and
process all these three mean-
as the knowledge of
drug is first thing
) then the motion is given to the
Gaman) and
active content is
obtained (i.e. Prapti).Thus,
complete aspect of its manufacturing process
by root word ‘Ru-Gatau’.
Arka kalpana can be defined as a liq
uid preparation obtained by distillation of
certain liquids or of drugs soaked in water
using the Arkayantra4
or any convenient
modern distillation apparatus.
Arka as a dosage form can be seen in differ
ent texts but the pharmaceutical aspect
Arka kalpana is mentioned
in Ravana’s Arka Praksha5
need to review the pharmaceutical aspect of
Arka kalpana from the available literature
of Ayurveda.
International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091
ABSTRACT
is the branch of Ayurveda which primarily deals with the different
kinds of dosage forms and their therapeutic utility. Among the large number of formulations spe
Panchavidha kashaya kalpanas have great importance as they form the
primary or basic dosage forms from which other secondary dosage forms are prepared. The five
Swarasa, Kalka, Sruta, Sheeta and Phanta. But some
varying opinions in the respective formulations. According to Ravana’s Arka Prakasha
Kalka, Choorna, Rasa, Taila and Arka.
is given specific importance and he opines that it has more po
tency in comparison to the other kalpanas. It is the most potent due to dosharahithatva
. It is having increased potency, reduced dose, more shelf life and also easy absorp
tion, fast action and patient compliance. Arka kalpana is a demand of the age. So there arises
need to know the exact procedures and methodologies involved in the preparation of this formu
The pharmaceutical aspects regarding this formulation have been explained in detail with
yantras, patras, agni and different method of preparation based on the
This paper is an attempt to review the pharmaceutical aspects of
in the available literature in Ayurveda
yantra, patra
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW OF ARKA KALPANA
, Karnataka, India
Karnataka, India
, Karnataka, India
Thus, Arka contains the
manufacturing process
can be defined as a liq-
uid preparation obtained by distillation of
certain liquids or of drugs soaked in water
or any convenient
modern distillation apparatus.The concept of
as a dosage form can be seen in differ-
ent texts but the pharmaceutical aspect of
is mentioned in detail mainly
5
. So there arises a
the pharmaceutical aspect of
from the available literatures
International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091
which primarily deals with the different
kinds of dosage forms and their therapeutic utility. Among the large number of formulations spe-
t importance as they form the
primary or basic dosage forms from which other secondary dosage forms are prepared. The five
. But some Acharyas have
Prakasha, the Pan-
is given specific importance and he opines that it has more po-
dosharahithatva and its
. It is having increased potency, reduced dose, more shelf life and also easy absorp-
is a demand of the age. So there arises a
need to know the exact procedures and methodologies involved in the preparation of this formu-
The pharmaceutical aspects regarding this formulation have been explained in detail with
different method of preparation based on the
This paper is an attempt to review the pharmaceutical aspects of Arka
2. Rahul U, et & all : Pharmaceutical Review Of Arka Kalpana
1114 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 6; November- December - 2014
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
To review the method of preparation of Arka
from the available literature in Ayurveda
LITERARY REVIEW
Samhita Kala :
References about Arka kalpana are not
available in any Samhitas. Usage of Arkas
may be not popular during that period.
Adhunika kala:
Gada Nigraha6
, Asavarishta Vijnana7
and
Sahasrayoga8
: In Kharjurasava, an equip-
ment similar to Arka yantra & preparation of
Arka from Asava is mentioned
Ayurvedic Formulary of India: The defini-
tion, method of preparation, characteristics
and examples of Arkas are mentioned in both
the volumes.
Rasatantra Sara and Siddha Prayoga San-
graha : Examples of 21 Arkas are mentioned
in the first volume. In this book the practical
experiences of the author is also mentioned
along with dose specification of particular
yoga. The method of preparation, anupana
(adjuvant), aushada sevana kala (time of
drug administration) and bheshaja marga
(route of drug administration) of each Arka is
mentioned separately.
Bharateeya Bhaishajya Kalpana: Synonyms,
History9
, Method of preparation, Precau-
tions, Samyak lakshana and eight different
examples of Arka kalpana are told.
Though different books are written on Arka
kalpana in Adhunika kala, Arka Prakasha is
considered as a comprehensive referral book
as far as Arka kalpana is concerned.
MATERIALS & METHODS
The details of the method of preparation of
Arka kalpana is taken from Ravana’s Arka
Prakasha
Equipments required10
:
Following equipments are required for prep-
aration of Arka:
a. Chulha: Angidi or stove
b. Lakadi (wood) : Coal along with kerosene
oil
c. Dravya: Oushadha dravya, medicine
d. Patra: Glass bottles
e. Yantra: Bhakka yantra, Varuni yantra, Ti-
ryak patana yantra, Karanambika, Arka
yantra and Nadika yantra.
f. Arka sangrahana patra
a. Wood for preparing Arka11
The wood used for preparing Arka must be
sarasa (with latex) and atisushka (extremely
dry) preferably made up of Khadiradi
woods.
b. Yogya ayogyaoushadhi12
Drugs with following features must not be
taken as fuel
More than one year old
Infested with keeta (micro organisms or
pests)
Ganda rasa vivarjita (devoid of natural
odour and taste)
c. Patra: For soaking Kalayidar vessel or
mud pot13
is used.
d. Arka yantra14
Ingredients required for preparing Arka yan-
tra:-
The ingredients required for preparing mud
for mrittika (mud) for Arka yantra are:
Loha churna (iron powder), Sphatika(rock
crystal powder), Gairika (Haematite), Brasta
mrittika (fried mud), Asthibhava mrittik
(bone powder), Kacha churna (glass powd-
er), Kikasa raja (Kaseesa), Mitti (mud),
Pancha mutra (Gava, Ashva, Mahisha, Gaja,
Aja), Lid, Toyadhara (water bath) and Cork
Preparation of mrittika for Arka yantra :-
Above churnas should be taken in equal
quantities and mitti should be mixed in equal
quantity. Pancha mutras are added and mar-
dana (grinding) of above drugs must be done
till the smell of urine gets completely re-
moved.
Method of manufacturing Arka yantra –
From the above mrittika round shaped vessel
(golakara) should be manufactured by the
pot maker. The mouth of the Arka yantra
should not be less than 3 angula (6cm ap-
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prox.) in size and it should be like that of
Surya mandala. For covering of Arka yantra,
again same size of lid should be prepared
and there should be lips of 3 Angula by
which it is tightly jointed with the vessel.
Jeernasthi mrittika should be used to seal the
edges of Arka yantra to make it airtight. In
the lid one small hole should be made. In this
chidra (hole), the tube of Bamboo (One is
small and another one is double the size of
first one) is inserted and mrittika should be
applied on all the joints so that fumes will
not escape out of Arka yantra. Toya dhara
must be kept on the top of Arka yantra. The
small tube is inserted measuring 4-5 Angula
(10 cm approx. ) inside the pot. Arka patra
should be kept just below the large tube. The
vapours that are formed after boiling and
which come out from the pot is collected in
that vessel. This vessel should then be kept
in cold water. In this way the fumes will get
condensed and again collected in the form of
Arka.
e. Arka patra (Receiver) 15
Arka patra means the Patra which is used to
receive Arka. Arka patra must be prepared
out of Jeernasthi mrittika, Kacha patra, Pa-
shana patra and Mrit patra
General method of preparation16
Arka Prakasha of Ravana clearly mentions
the pharmaceutical aspects of Arka Kalpana
with much detail. The text explains the gen-
eral method of Arka preparation which is as
follows:
The required quantity of water is added to
the drugs for soaking and kept overnight.
Next day morning it is poured into the Arka
yantra and the remaining water was added
and boiled.
The vapors get condensed and collected in a
receiver.
The aliquots collected in between contain the
active ingredients and may be mixed to-
gether to ensure uniformity of the Arka.
In recent books it is mentioned as
Drugs are soaked and kept overnight17
. Eight
times of water must be added18
. Mad-
hyagni19
(moderate fire) or Teevra agni20
(ex-
treme fire) must be maintained during the
procedure and only two third of the poured
liquid must be collected
Shat agnis in preparation21
During Arka patana (collection of arka) the
Agni (fire) must be proper. If the Agni is less,
there will be no production of distilled va-
pours and Arka will not be obtained. If the
Agni is more, the drugs will turn to khara
paka and there will be vaivarnya and altered
burnt smell for the Arka. All the qualities of
the Arka will be lost. For the preparation of
Arka six different types of agni are men-
tioned and are illustrated in the table No. 1
Table No. 1: Shat Agnis in preparation of Arka kalpana
Sl
no. Type of Agni Total Time taken Quantity of
fuel
Feature
1 Dhumagni(Smoky,
no fire)
2 yama (6 hours) Not
mentioned
Without any flame if there is
huge
amount of fumes (smoky),
such
Agni is known as Dhumagni.
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2
Deepagni (2 /4
times dhumagni)
1 ½ yama (4.5
hours)
2 part of the
quarter of 1
mushti (fist)
If the flame of Dhumagni is
increased to two or four times,
it is
considered as Dipagni.
3
Mandagni
(4 times deepagni
)
1 yama (3 hours) Quarter of 1
mushti
(fist)
If the flame of Dipagni is
again
increased to four times, it is
termed
as Mandagni
4
Madyamagni
(between deepagni
mandagni )
2 yama
(6 hours )
½ mushti
(fist)
The Agni in which the flame is
in
between Dipagni and Manda-
gani it
is termed as Madhyarnagni.
5
Kharagni
(5 times madyagni
)
1 muhurtha
(45 minutes )
2 ½ mushti
(fist)
Fifth part of complete Agni is
known as Kharagni, this Agni
is
used for all-purpose.
6
Bhatagni
( high burning
flame )
1 muhurtha
(45 minutes )
Not
mentioned
The Agni in which the flame
spreads all over the bottom
(high
burning flame) of the vessel is
considered as Bhatagni
By mentioning the word “kramat “author
describes the gradual sequence of Agni that
must be given during the preparation of Ar-
kas.
Arka Niskaranartha Agni Kala
• Saardha yama(4:30 hrs)
• Yama(3 hrs)
• Yamardha(1:30 hrs)
• Muhurta (48 min)
Specific method of preparation22
(Pancha
vidha Oushada)
The fivefold classification of drugs is Atyan-
ta Katina (very hard), Katina (hard), Ardra
(wet), Pallava (tender leaves) and Drava
(liquids). Different methods of preparation of
Arka are mentioned for different Arkas. The
types of drugs, quantity of water and exam-
ple of each type are shown in table no. 2
Table No. 2: Different method of preparation of Arkas
Sl.no Type of drug Quantity of water Examples
1 Atyanta Katina 3 parts Chandana
2 Katina (hard drugs) 2 parts Ajamoda
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3 Sarasa Nala (stem with
juice)
1/20 part Nirgundi, Eranda
4 Patra (leaves) 1/100th part Vasa
5 Nirasa (devoid of juice) 1/20 th part Vata, Asvatha
6 Mridu dugdhika (mild
latex)
4 part Dugdhika
7 Tiksna dugdhika ( 10 part Satala
8 Phala (fruit) 0 Amra
9 Kashta oushadas (plant
drugs)
Add 1/80th part of water, 4 times Sar-
jikshara and Saindhava. 1/40th part of
water is added to it
Udumbara
10 Atipakwa phala (very
ripe fruit)
0 Kadali
11 Pushpa (flower) 1/16 part Gulab arka
12 Katu phala 1/40 part Pippali
13 Drava dravya (liquids) 0 Gomutra
Atyanta Katina dravyas: For preparing Arka
of these, the dry drugs are coarsely pow-
dered, soaked in twice quantity of water and
kept in shade till the water dries and drug
turns soft. Then water is added equal to the
quantity of the drug and kept in sunlight and
moon light for 8 praharas (1 prahara=3hrs).
Further it is transferred to Arka yantra to ex-
tract Arka
Katina dravya: For preparing Arka the dry
drug is coarsely powdered and twice the
quantity of water is added to it. It is then kept
in moon light for 8 praharas (24 hours). If in
cold climate or cold place soak it for16 pra-
haras (48 hours). Later transfer it to Arka
yantra to extract Arka
Ardra dravya: The term Ardra means wet. It
is of two types: Sarasa and Nirasa
Sarasa: Sarasa means with juice. For prepa-
ration of Arka from Sarasa drugs, the churna
is prepared from naala (stem) of these drugs
and 1/20th part of water is added. Heat it for
1 muhurtha (48 min).
Nirasa: Nirasa means drugs devoid of juice.
For preparation of Arka from these drugs -
1/20th part of water is added and soaked for
1 prahara.
Patra: Patra means leaves. For preparation
of Arka from leaves - 1/100th part of water is
added and kept for 24 minutes for soaking
and transferred to Arka yantra
Sadugdha: Sadugdha is a type of nirasa
dravya. It includes plants which are having
milky fluid in it. It is of two types ie, mridu
dugdhika and tikshna dugdhika.
Mridu dugdhika: It includes plants like Arka
(Calotropis procera) for preparation of Arka.
Water is added 4 times to it and Arka is ex-
tracted till it turns hot.
Tiksna dugdhika: Drug pieces and water re-
quired is soaked for 3days and pounded well.
If milk does nott come from that, water is
added 10 parts of the drug and Arka is ex-
tracted.
Phala: It includes plants like Amra (mango).
Arka is prepared without adding any water.
Kashta Oushadas: Kashta oushadhas means
woody stem. For preparing Arka from
kashtas the following procedure is adopted.
The dry drug is coarsely powdered. 1/80 part
of water, 4 times Sarjikshara and Saindha-
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valavana (rock salt) is added to it.1/40th parts
of water is added to it and transferred it to
Arkayantra.
Ati pakwa phala: Here Arka is prepared
without adding water
Pushpa: For preparation of Arka from Flow-
ers - 1/16th part of water is added and kept
for 3 hrs.
Katu phala: wash with water-several times.
Add 1/40th part of water.
Drava dravya: For Arka preparation from
liquid drugs. Drugs are filled in Arkayantra
and Arka is to be prepared.
CLASSIFICATION23
1. Mamsanam bheda
The Arka prepared according to the different
types of mamsa (meat) are:
Mrudu mamsa arka
One part of mrudu mamsa (soft meat) is tak-
en and chopped into big pieces. Add 1/40th
part salt to it to remove the sliminess. Later
wash the water part and then add Ash-
tagandha 1/6th
part and sugarcane juice 1/8th
part. If sugarcane juice is not available, milk
can be used as a substitute. Fill the mamsa in
arkapatra to extract Arka. Close the vessel
with lid and place jasmine flowers on top of
it. This Arka is very tasty like that of nectar.
Katina mamsa arka
Take 1 part of Katina mamsa (hard meat)and
make it into small pieces. Mix kashaya rasa
and salt to it. Later wash with aranala or
kanji (rice gruel) for three times followed by
hot water for 7 times. Fill in Arkapatra.
Close the vessel with lid and place jasmine
flowers on top of it and extract arka.
Ghana mamsa arka
Take 1 part of Ghana mamsa (thick meat)
and make it into extremely small pieces.
Shake it well in shankadrava followed by
washing it in hot water for 7 times. Fill in
Arkapatra. Close the vessel with lid and
place jasmine flowers on top of it and extract
Arka.
2. Madya arka
The arka prepared out of anna is called
madya. There are different types of madya
which is listed in
Table No.324
1 Tushodaka madyam Raw barley with husk
2 Sauveera madyam Raw barley without husk/ wheat
3 Aranala and dhanyamla
madya
Raw wheat without husk
Rice or kodrava used
4 Shandaki madya Rajika, mulaka, sarshapa rasa with rice paste
5 Suktamadya Swarasa of stem, root and fruit with ghee and salt
6 Arishta madya Kwatha used for Arka
7 Suramadya, varunimadya Rice is used for Arka
Punarnava paste is used
8 Pakvarasa madya, Shee-
tarasa madya
Ripe sugarcane juice
Raw sugarcane juice
Prashastha Arka Lakshanani25
Arka should have more fragrance than its
constituent dravyas taken alone.
On keeping in jeernasthi mrithika patra
, the colour of the drug must appear
same. The Arka must resemble Shankha
(conch shell), Kunda, Indu (moon)on
keeping in other vessels
The taste of the Arka while keeping on
tongue should be that of the constituent
drug itself. All other Arka opposite to the
above said features are to be discarded.
Removing durgandha from Arka26
:
If Arka is having bad smell then it has to be
fumigated with dhuma (smoke) produced
from powder of Hingu (asafoetida), Methika
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(fenugrrek) and Rajika (mustard) mixed in
Ghrita (ghee) and kept in new pot. If the
process of fumigation is repeated several
times, Arka will lose its bad odour, develop
good odour (flavour) and in addition will
gain its therapeutic efficacy of increasing
Jatharagni27
(digestive fire)
DISCUSSION
Arka kalpana is one of the most
sought after formulation in this modern age.
Many number of dosage forms are being
converted to Arka due to its reduced dose,
patient compliance and increased potency.
We find many references regarding the
pharmaceutic aspects of Arka kalpana in dif-
ferent literatures like A.F.I, Ayurveda Sara
Sangraha, Gadanigraha, Rasatantrasara and
Siddhaprayogasangraha etc. A detailed ex-
planation regarding all the aspects in the
manufacture of Arka is seen in Arka Praka-
sha by Ravana.
The description of Arka yantra makes
one to ponder on the sophistication involved
in the preparation of this particular kalpana
which has eventually led to the usage of this
formulation to a minimum. Scientific ad-
vancement has made use of distillation appa-
ratus in the modern scenario for more conve-
nient preparation of Arka. The equipments
for preparing Arka include Chulha, Lakadi
(Wood fuel), Dravya, Patra, Yantra and Ar-
ka sangrahana patra. Seven different types
of classification of Arka are mentioned in
different literatures. They are based on con-
tents, part used, duration of preparation, ac-
tion on doshas, manogunas, rutus and dis-
eases. General method of preparation is men-
tioned in AFI and for different Arka precise
method of preparation is also told. This is to
ensure that maximum active principle came
to the Arka according to the specific type of
ingredients in it. On close examination we
see that the Arka yantra told in the classics
and the modern day distillation apparatus are
following same principles of science, ie. dis-
tillation which clearly states the significance
of the detailed procedures explained.
CONCLUSION
Arka kalpana is a very unique for-
mulation in Bhaishajya Kalpana, owing to
its method of preparation and efficacy. Yet
the pharmaceutical aspects of this formula-
tion have not been reviewed much in Ayur-
veda. The main authentic text which explains
the procedures involved in the manufacture
of Arka kalpana is Ravana’s Arka Prakasha.
There are a number of factors which have a
significant role in the preparation of arka
starting from the equipments required like
the Arka yantra, Arka patra, the specific
woods, the drugs for the preparation of Arka
and the agni to be used along with the dura-
tion.
REFERENCES
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2 .p. 137
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CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dr. Rahul U
2nd
year P.G Scholar, Dept.of Bhaishajya
Kalpana, SDMCA, Hassan, Karnataka, India
Email: rahulunnithan.ru@gmail.com