Standardization of Hingvastaka churna- A polyherbal formulation

PROJECT REPORT
ON
“STANDARDIZATION OF HINGVASTAKA CHURNA – A
POLYHERBAL FORMULATION”
Submitted to:
Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur
For The Partial Fulfilment of
Bachelor of Pharmacy
Batch: 2016-2020
SUPERVISED BY: SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. PANKAJ PRADHAN SACHIN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR B.Pharm (Final Year)
SKIP, Jaipur Enrollment No.: 2016/2441
SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY,
Ramanagariya, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302017

DECLARATION
This is to submit that this written submission in my project entitled
“STANDARDIZATION OF HINGVASTAKA CHURNA – A POLYHERBAL
FORMULATION” is a bonafied and genuine work carried out by me under the
supervision of MR. PANKAJ PRADHAN (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR), SWAMI
KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, JAIPUR. The source of information
derived from the existing literature has been indicated at the appropriate places in the
body of the project.
This project is original and has not been submitted in apart or full for any degree or
diploma of this or any other university.
Date: (SACHIN)
Place: Jaipur Enrollment No. 2016/2441
B. Pharm. (Final Year)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my gratitude to respected Prof. HEMLATA DULLAR Principle
of Swami Keshvanand Institute of Pharmacy, Jaipur for her continuous guidance
throughout my project.
It would be the greatest pleasure for me now to express my unbound gratitude
indebtedness to my guide MR. PANKAJ PRADHAN (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) in
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Pharmacy, Jaipur for their guidance and help throughout
my project.
I can never think for completion of this project without valuable suggestion and guidance.
I would also like to convey my gratitude to lecturer, Mr. Shri Ram (Associate
professor), Dr. Sangeeta asija (Professor & HOD), Dr. Santosh Kumar Gupta
(Associate Professor), Mr. Rasheed Ahmed (Assistant professor), Mr. Abhinav
Chaudhary (Assistant professor), Mrs. Divya Sharma (Assistant professor), Mr.
Vivek Singhal (Assistant professor), Mr. Gaurav Bhaduka (Assistant professor),
Mr. Rohitashav Sharma (Assistant professor), and Mr. Dharmendra Kumar
(Assistant professor) and all faculty member of Swami Keshvanand Institute of
Pharmacy, Jaipur for their valuable suggestion, appreciation and advice to me.
I would also express thanks to Mr. Anil Joshee (Lab technician), Mr. Mahesh Saini
(Lab Assistant), Mr. Vishnu Sharma (Lab Assistant), Mrs. Deepika Kanwar, Mr.
Arjun Lal Meena (Librarian) for helping me throughout the project.
I express my deep appreciation and thanks to my friend for their ebullient encouragement,
useful discussion and grip over the subject which helped me in the way to broaden my
concept towards this project.
(SACHIN)

Dedicated to
My Family members who encouraged and flared passion in me to learn
more always and my profession.
“Pharmacist is the founder stone of the medicine”

CONTENTS
S. No. Topic Page No.
1. Introduction 1 - 23
2. Need of study 24
3. Plant profile 25 - 33
4. Plan of Work 34
5. Materials & Methods 35 - 42
6. Result & discussion 43 - 44
7. Conclusion 45
8. Reference 46 - 47

I
Abstract
In the few decades, there has been exponential growth in the field of herbal medicines.
Most of the traditional systems of medicine are effective but they lack standardization. So
there is a need to develop a standardization technique. Standardization of herbal
formulation is essential in order to assess the quality, purity, safety and efficacy of the
drug. Pharmaceutical Ayurvedic research is aimed at meeting the medical needs of the
population for whom appropriate therapeutic remedies are not available or at those that
are available but not effective for various disorders. While meeting needs of a polyherbal
formulation set some parameters to ensure that the formulation shows desired
pharmacological action against various diseases. The selection of an appropriate drug
should take into account apart from medical needs and innovative potential for success.
The standardization of crude drug materials includes authentication, organoleptic
evaluation, ash values, extractive values, moisture content determination and carr’s index
etc. These parameters are required for authentication of any herbal drug and its
formulation.
Keywords : Hingvastaka churna, Ayurveda, physical parameters, physicochemical
parameters.

Standardization of Hingvastaka Churna : A Polyherbal formulation
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It is believed that the ancient rishis or seers of India received the gift of Ayurveda from
their Hindu gods about 5,000 years ago. Essential information for how to achieve a
balanced and healthy life was recorded in their sacred texts, the Vedas, specifically
the Atharva Veda. It is said that the Hindu god Brahma, one of the chief triumvirate gods
of Hinduism, created Ayurveda. He then transmitted this knowledge to his son, Daksha
Prajapati. Daksha passed it down to the twin Vedic gods Ashwini Kumaras. The twin
gods became the physicians of the gods, and the Devas of Ayurveda. The twin gods
presented Ayurveda to Indra, the king of gods. Indra had three physicians as his disciples,
namely Acharya Bharadwaj, Acharya Kashyapa and Aacharya Divodas Dhanvantari.
From Bharadwaj’s teaching, his student Agnivesha developed the fundamental Ayurvedic
text of internal medicine. Agnivesha’s disciple, Acharya Charak then revised this body of
work. This started the tradition of passing down the knowledge of Ayurveda from gods to
sages.
The Mahabharata, India’s epic narrative, also tells of the incarnation of Vishnu in the
being of Dhanvantari. During the great cosmic churning of the ocean for the celestial
nectar of immortality, Dhanvantari emerged, and Vishnu commissioned him to help
humanity cure diseases. The rishis and munis of Indian society dedicated their entire lives
to understanding the truth about the universe. They passed down their knowledge and
practices to their students, with which the oral tradition continued on for thousands of
years. They recorded their discoveries in the holy book of Vedas. One of the most
prominent rishis was Bharadwaja who lived around the time of 700 BCE.(1)
The Vedas
The Vedas are the world’s oldest form of literature. They are written in Sanskrit, India’s
ancient language. They hold Hinduism’s sacred scriptures, which are said to be records of
revelations discovered by ancient seers and sages.There are four different bodies of the
Veda. These are the Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda. These books
detail practices in rituals, worship, hymns, mantras, and ways of life.
Atharva Veda, the latest book to be added to the four Vedas, was compiled in
approximately 900 BCE. It is in this body of knowledge that India’s ancient medical
practice is comprehensively and systematically outlined.

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Ayurvedic Texts
Ayurveda established its own identity as a distinct science after the Vedic period. The
Ayurvedic texts are composed of two halves, the Great Three Classics Of Ayurveda and
the Lesser Three Classics Of Ayurveda. The Great Three Classics of Ayurveda consist
of Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridayam Sangraha. The Charaka
Samhita is believed to have thrived between the second century BCE and the second
century CE. The original texts of this book were thought to be written by Agnivesha. He
was one of the disciples of Punarvasu Atreya, an Ayurvedic scholar. Agnivesha and his
co-disciples created the Samhitas, drawing from the knowledge they received from
Atreya and adding their comprehension on the subject. Agnivesha’s Samhita was of
particular interest because of its unique and detailed content. Charaka later annotated
Agnivesha's work, and focused more on the diagnosis of a disease and channeled
Ayurveda as a means of preventing and curing illnesses. Charaka also detailed the
medicinal value and qualities of over 10,000 herbal plants.
Sushruta Samhita explains the concept and practice of surgery in Ayurveda. Modern
scholars and researchers suggest that the Sushruta Samhita was created approximately in
the middle of the first millennium BCE. It is believed to be authored by Sushruta, one of
the students of Divodasa. Sushruta Samhita is composed of 184 chapters and presents
1,120 health conditions, 300 types of operations that require 42 different surgical
procedures, 121 various kinds of instruments, and 650 kinds of medicine derived from
animals, plants, and minerals.
Ashtanga Hridayam Sangraha was formed by Vagbhata some years after the Charaka
Samhita and Sushruta Samhita were written. It mainly focuses on Kayachikitsa, the
branch of Ayurveda that specializes in internal medicine. It was in this body of
knowledge that the dosha and their sub-parts were presented in detail. The Lesser Three
Classics of Ayurveda consist of the Sharngadhara Samhita, Bhava Prakasha,
and Madhava Nidanam. Sharngadhara Samhita was written by Sharngadhara and is
valued for how it specified and explained pharmacological formulations utilized
in Panchakarma. It is also in this book that the diagnosis of a person’s health status is
made through their pulse. Bhava Prakasha was created around the 16th century, which is
one of the later Ayurvedic texts. It also deals with Kayachikitsa, and explains the qualities
of various food, plants, and animals in respect of their medicinal and health
benefits. Madhava Nidanam emerged around 700 CE and is valued for discussing

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diseases that involve women and children, toxicology, and conditions of the throat, nose,
and ears.(2)
Concept of Ayurveda
Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.
Ayurveda is an ancient health care tradition that has been practiced in India for at least
5,000 years. The word comes from the Sanskrit terms ayur (life) and veda (knowledge).In
countries beyond India, Ayurvedic therapies and practices have been integrated in
general wellness applications and in some cases in medical use.
Ayurveda is widely practiced on the Indian subcontinent — more than 90 percent of
Indians use some form of Ayurvedic medicine, according to the University of
Minnesota's Centre for Spirituality & Healing — and the tradition has gained
popularity in the Western world, though it's still considered an alternative medical
treatment. Some scholars assert that Ayurveda originated in prehistoric times, and that
some of the concepts of Ayurveda have existed from the time of the Indus Valley
Civilization or even earlier. Ayurveda developed significantly during the Vedic period
and later some of the non-Vedic systems such as Buddhism and Jainism also developed
medical concepts and practices that appear in the classical Ayurveda texts. Doṣa balance
is emphasized, and suppressing natural urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead
to illness. Ayurveda treatises describe three elemental doṣas viz. vāta, pitta and kapha,
and state that equality (Skt. sāmyatva) of the doṣas results in health, while inequality
(viṣamatva) results in disease. Ayurveda treatises divide medicine into eight canonical
components.(3)
Branches of Ayurveda
The earliest classical Sanskrit works on Ayurveda describe medicine as being divided
into eight components (Skt. aṅga).This characterization of the physicians' art, "the
medicine that has eight components" (Skt. cikitsāyām aṣṭāṅgāyāṃ
चिकित्सायामष्टाङ्गायाम्), is first found in the Sanskrit epic the Mahābhārata, ca 4th century
BCE. The components are:
1. Kāyachikitsā: Internal medicine, medicine of the body. This branch is concerned with
the overall treatment of the entire body. It also focuses on the body’s digestive

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system and metabolism. Procedures can be executed internally and externally, and
may include orally taking medicine as prescribed by the Ayurvedic practitioner and
applying oils, lotions, and creams.
2. Kaumāra-bhṛtya(Pediatrics):This branch is also called Kaumara Bhritya. It focuses
on diseases and sickness that manifest in children. It is also concerned with pre and
postnatal care. Ayurvedic practitioners keep in mind that children cannot fully
explain the problems they are feeling, that each treatment will be different for each
child, and that the medicine prescribed should be pleasant to the taste.
3. Śalyatantra: surgical techniques and the extraction of foreign objects.
4. Śhālākyatantra: treatment of ailments affecting ears, eyes, nose, mouth, etc.
5. Bhūtavidyā: pacification of possessing spirits, and the people whose minds are
affected by such possession.
6. Agadatantra/Vishagara-vairodh Tantra(Toxicology): It includes subjects about
epidemics, toxins in animals, vegetables and minerals. It as well contain keys for
recognizing those anomalies and their antidotes.
7. Rasāyantantra: rejuvenation and tonics for increasing lifespan, intellect and strength.
8. Vājīkaraṇatantra: This involves sexual health and treatment of reproductive problems
such as infertility and the insufficiency of essential fluids. (4),(5)
Tri-Dosha
Vata energy is associated with air and space, and is linked to bodily movement, including
breathing and blood circulation. Vata energy is said to predominate in people who are
lively, creative, original thinkers. When out-of-balance, vata types can endure joint pain,
constipation, dry skin, anxiety and other ailments.
Pitta energy is linked to fire, and is thought to control the digestive and endocrine
systems. People with pitta energy are considered fiery in temperament, intelligent and
fast-paced. When pitta energy is out of balance, ulcers, inflammation, digestive problems,
anger, heartburn and arthritis can result.
Kapha energy, linked to earth and water, is believed to control growth and strength, and
is associated with the chest, torso and back. Kapha types are considered strong and solid
in constitution, and generally calm in nature. But obesity, diabetes, sinus problems,
insecurity and gallbladder issues can result when kapha energy is out of balance,
according to Ayurvedic practitioners. According to Ayurvedic beliefs, factors such as

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stress, unhealthy diet, weather and strained relationships can all influence the balance that
exists between a person's doshas. These unbalanced energies in turn leave individuals
more susceptible to disease, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. (6)
Components of Ayurvedic Treatment
Treatment in Ayurveda involves four components. These are the
 Bhishak (Physician/Surgeon)
 Rogi (Patient)
 Upasthata (Nurse or Caregiver)
 Dravyam (Food/Medicine).
These components are linked with one another and must possess certain qualities in order
for the overall treatment to be effective. The bhishak must possess vast medical
knowledge and experience. He or she must be dexterous, disciplined, and clean.
The rogi must be able to describe the complaints he or she is feeling, comply and follow
the bhishak’s prescription carefully, and must be tolerant of the procedures.
The upasthata must have substantial knowledge and experience in nursing, must be
dexterous and compassionate towards the patient. Lastly, the dravyam should be abundant
and easily accessible and appropriate to cure the particular disease. In addition, the herbs
must be transformable into different forms and doses, and must be prepared through a
method which ensures that it retains all of its desired therapeutic characteristics. (7)

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Principles and terminology
The word "ayurveda" is Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद, Ayurveda, meaning knowledge of life and
longevity. (5)
Figure 1. The three doṣhas and the five elements from which they are composed
Mahābhūtas
1. Earth element (pruṭhavī-dhātu):- Earth element represents the quality of solidity or
attractive forces. Any matter where attractive forces are in prominence (solid bodies)
are called earth elements. Internal earth elements include head hair, body hair, nails,
teeth, skin, flesh, sinews, bone, organs, intestinal material, etc.
2. Water (or liquid) element (āpa-dhātu):-Water element represents the quality of
Liquidity or relative motion. Any matter where relative motion of particles is in
prominence are called water elements. Internal water elements include bile, phlegm,
pus, blood, sweat, fat, tears, nasal mucus, urine, semen, etc.
3. Fire element (teja-dhātu):-Fire element represents the quality of heat or energy. Any
matter where energy is in prominence are called fire elements. Internal fire elements
include those bodily mechanisms that produce physical warmth, ageing, digestion,
etc.
4. Air (or wind) element (vāyu-dhātu):-Air element represents the quality of expansion
or repulsive forces. Any matter where repulsive forces are in prominence are called
air elements. Internal air elements includes air associated with the pulmonary system

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(for example, for breathing), the intestinal system ("winds in the belly and ...
bowels"), etc.
5. Space element (ākāsa-dhātu):-Internal space elements include bodily orifices such as
the ears, nostrils, mouth, anus, etc.
Any entity that carry one or more of these qualities (attractive forces, repulsive forces,
energy and relative motion) are called matter (rupa). The material world is considered to
be nothing but a combination of these qualities arranged in space (akasa). The result of
these qualities are the inputs to our five senses, color (warna), smell (ghandda), taste
(rasa) and sensation of body (ojha). The matters that we perceive in our mind are just a
mental interpretation of these qualities. (8)
Diagnosis
Ayurveda has eight ways to diagnose illness, called Nadi (pulse), Mootra (urine), Mala
(stool), Jihva (tongue), Shabda (speech), Sparsha (touch), Druk (vision), and Aakruti
(appearance).
Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by using the five senses For example; hearing
is used to observe the condition of breathing and speech. The study of the lethal points or
marman marma is of special importance.(9)
Figure 2. Diagnosis in Ayurveda

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Panchkarma
Panchkarma focuses on detoxification. The purificatory effects aim to improve bodily
function, known as Samshodhana and Samshamana. Panchkarma treatment
can be a combination of five processes Vamana (Emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Nirooh
avasti (Decoction enema), Nasya (inhalation of medicine through nostrils),
and Anuvasanavasti (oil enema). Studies have been conducted to determine
how Panchkarma affects the health. One study observed the application
of Panchkarma to 20 female participants pre-treatment, immediately after the treatment,
and three months post-treatment, and assessed their quality of life and psychosocial and
behavioral states. Results showed significant improvement in the participants’ health and
well-being.
Another study also explored how Panchkarma can be applied in geriatrics. Researchers
have noted the increase in life expectancy in India and overseas, and
how Panchkarma can respond to geriatric diseases. It is vital to note that Ayurveda can
be harmful if it is applied without the direction and guidance of an expert practitioner. A
person who has insufficient knowledge of Ayurveda can wrongly prescribe a particular
formula of herbs. Some medicines can also be potentially toxic if too much is
prescribed.(10)
Ayurvedic medicines
The primary focus of Ayurvedic medicine is to promote good health and prevent Illness,
rather than fight disease. Other traditional systems include Siddha, Unani, Iranian,
Islamic, Vietnamese, Chinese, Acupuncture, Muti, Ifá, African and other treatments all
over the globe. When adopted outside of its traditional culture, traditional medicine is
often called complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
There are three kinds of ingredients used in Ayurvedic medicines:
1. Herbal
2. Mineral and
3. Animal
The herbal medicines dominate the practice of Ayurveda. The worldwide use of herbal
products decreased in the 20th century as these were believed to be less profitable than

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synthetic drugs and medicines. Post 1960, increasing concerns over the side effects of the
synthetic drugs and medicines led to an increase in the demand for traditional alternative
medicines across the world. Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 60% of the
world population, mainly in developing countries for their primary healthcare needs. This
potential also needs to be tapped since our country has a lot of medicinal plants, plants
with essential oils and the demand in the overseas markets for its concentrates is growing
fast. Since the flavourists and perfume experts are facing the challenging tasks of creating
and developing complex compositions to meet the present and future consumer demand,
it is also necessary to set up world standard research and development facilities in this
sector. The proposed manufacturing facility for Ayurveda research and formulations
would be a GMP certified facility, licensed by the State Drug controlling authority. The
facility will focus on “new generation medicines” instead of classical Ayurvedic
products. This will include patented and proprietary drugs such as range of active
pharmaceutical ingredients for the Kashyas. In addition, it will also manufacture tablets,
granules and gels. The unit will have multiple sections such as pre-processing and
processing section and clean room.
Products Aristha, Awleha, Churna, chyanpras, and taila are the common drugs of present
era & these medicines may be used without doctor’s prescription. The Ayurvedic drugs
are derived from vegetable sources from the various parts of the plant like root, steam.
leaf, flower, fruit extract or plant as a whole. There are about 21 varieties of compound
formulations in which some of the single drugs of animal origin , Mineral origin and plant
origin are used. The details of the single drugs and other particulars can be had from the
Ayurvedic Formulary of India, published by Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare.
Since ancient times India is a preacher for Ayurvedic medicines and its use for mankind.
Earlier their use was only confined to the rural area, but due to increasing side effects of
allopathic medicines use of such type medicines increasing both in rural and urban areas
and demand for Ayurvedic medicines is increasing till date. The rural areas are still using
Ayurvedic medicines for the treatment of their sickness and only in chronic disease cases
use to take allopathic medicines.

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Different Types of Ayurvedic Formulations
Unlike modern medicine which prescribes medicine in the form of just capsules, tablets,
syrup in injection, ayurveda has wide varity of formulations using different combination
which can be prescribed by all age groups.
1. Arkas: Arka is a liquid preperation obtained by the process of distillation of certain
liquids or of drugs soaked in water. It is slightly turbid in nature and has the colour
and smell of the predominant drug used for the process. eg:ajamodarka,
karpooradyarka.
2. Asavas And Arishtas: Asavas and arishtas are the medicinal preperations obtaine by
saoking the required drugs in a solution of jaggery for a specific period of time.
During this period it undergoes the process of fermantation generating alcohol thus
facilitating the extraction of the active principles contained in the drugs. eg:
chandanasava, kumariasava, kanakasava, lohasava, arjunarishta, ashokarishta,
dashmoolarishta, ashwagandharishta etc.
3. Taila (Medicated Oils): Tailas are preparations in which oil is boiled with different
kashayas or decoctions of drugs. By use of decoction, better absorption of the active
therapeutic properties of the ingredients used is ensured. These oils are mostly used
for external applications except for few which are used for consumption in specific
conditions. They are powerful stimulants and are quick in action. eg:anu taila,
mahanarayan taila, brahmi taila, ksheerbala taila, bringaraj taila etc.
4. Churna : Churna is a fine powder form of drugs. All these herbs and other active
ingredients are cleaned, dried and powdered together by mechanical means to the
fineness of at least 80 mesh.
5. Bhasmas: Powder of a substance obtained by calcination is called as bhasma. it is
applied to minerals, metals and animal products which are, by special process
calcinated in closed pits with cow dung cakes. Their potency is maintained
indefinitely. All are advised to be taken under medical supervision. eg: abhrak
bhasma, kanta bhasma, loha bhasma, swarna bhasma, mukta bhasma etc.
6. Vatuka and Gutika: Vatuka or Gutika corresponds to pill of the modern/western
pharmacopoeia. it is prepared by using the churnas of different herbs and then
processed in the form of pills. eg: chandraprabha vati, bhallataka vati, agnitundi vati,
chitrakadi vati etc.

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7. Rasa Oushadi: Preparations containing metals and minerals in their purest and
palatable forms as the main ingredients are called as rasa oushadi. All the
preparations should be taken under strict medical supervision. These are mostly used
in emergency conditions and in chronic diseases. eg: anandbhairav rasa, bruhatvata
chintamani rasa, lakshmivilas rasa, laghumalini vasant, etc.
8. Goggula: Ayurvedic medicines prepared from and exudate (Niryasa) obtained from
the plant commiphara mukul, are known as Goggula. There are five different
varieties of goggula in Ayurvedic shastra. But usually two varieties, mahisakasa and
kanaka are preferred for medical preparation. Exudate in small pieces are taken in a
piece of cloth and boiled in gomutra or Dugdha or Triphala kasaya until the exudate
passes into the fluid through the cloth to the maximum. The fluid after filtering is
boiled till it forms a mass. After drying the mass is formed into a paste by adding
ghee till it becomes waxy.
9. Parpati :First kajjali is prepared with purified Mercury and Sulphur. Other drugs
mentioned in the
formula are added one by one and filtered by trituration in a khslbs. The powder put
in iron vessel and kept over fire in he sikatayantra. A shallow pit in fresh cow dung is
made and a kadali leaf or an eranda leaf is spread over the pit. When the medicine
melts and becomes liquid it is poured on the lead carefully. Another leaf is covered
over it and fresh cow dung is spread and gently pressed. After it is allowed to cool
the flakes of the medicine are removed and powdered.
10. Ghrita: Ghrita are preparations in which ghee is boiled with prescribed Kasayas
(Decoction) and kalkas of drugs according to formulation as per Ayurvedic
formulary.(11)
Churna
Churna is defined as totally dried raw material which is powdered very minutely to make
their small size and again filtered through cloth’s grid and obtained fine powder is called
as “Churna”. A blend of several herbs and spices make up the powdered mixture known
as Churna. Depending on its intention in medicinal, beauty, or culinary use, its recipe
varies. Common Churna ingredients include cinnamon, fennel, dried ground ginger,
coriander and turmeric. In the Ayurvedic diet, Churna supplements are relied upon for
many dietary and nutritional uses. The herbal mixture is thought to purify the blood and
improve digestion when regularly used. Many Ayurvedic practitioners also use the blend

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to help prevent or treat inflammation. The immune system may be improved by ingesting
these herbs as well. Several Ayurvedic recipes call for the remedy. Various herbal and
fruit extracts are sometimes combined with the herbal mixture and sugar to create cough
syrup elixirs known as sitopaladi Churna. Such solutions have also been known to be
helpful in treating conditions such as indigestion, body weakness and chest congestion.
Some people use the medicine for allergies as well. Liver detoxification regimens
sometimes call for this Ayurvedic mixture. Available in tea, capsule, tablet, liquid, or
powder form, it is also commonly used as a laxative. Many practitioners also hail the
spice blend as a longevity tonic, using it for general brain and heart health. It has been
known to help remedy for high blood pressure.
Scientific Approach of Ayurveda and Churna
Ayurvedic principles show that everyone has a particular personality type as shown by
the makeup of their doshas, or inner life energies. Your prakriti is your make up when
you were born and vikruti is what they are now as a result of life's experiences and
stresses and imbalances of other elemental influences.
In order to correct these imbalances, one can use churnas, or Ayurvedic spice powders
that are made up of blends of spices. These churnas are made of fresh herbs that have
medicinal properties, as well as the ability to neutralize the toxic effects caused by
imbalances within the body.
Ayurvedic churnas combine all six of the Ayurvedic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, pungent,
bitter and astringent. They are created through the combination of a number of different
fresh herbs and can be added to almost any foodstuff. Not only do churnas improve the
taste of the dish and add their own nutritional kick, they also bring out the medicinal
qualities of the foods they are added to. Ayurvedic churnas can also be sauteed in ghee
before being added to a dish.
The spices included in Ayurvedic churnas all have strong medicinal properties of their
own. Ayurveda has long been touting the health benefits of these herbs. Ground ginger,
for example, provides a pungent flavour but also calms the stomach and promotes good
digestion. Turmeric contains curcumin, which is thought to reduce cholesterol, provide a
boost to the immune system, aid in liver detoxification and improve the body's response
to allergens. It is a potent antioxidant, which means it helps the body fight off dangerous

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molecules known as free radicals, which contribute to your risk for heart disease and
cancer. Cumin is also known to help the body in its detoxification efforts as well as make
digestion smoother. Ayurvedic churnas are thus not only great at enhancing flavor, they
also carry a number of health benefits of their own. Since they taste great, this makes it
easy to add a healthy kick to nearly every meal you eat.
Types of Churnas
These are solid dosage form of medicament meant for internal use.
These are two types:
1. Simple Churnas: It contains only one medicament.
2. Compound Churnas: It contains two or more than two medicaments.
Method of Preparation
The drugs are cleaned and dried properly. They are finely powdered and sieved. If more
than one drug are present then each one is separately powdered, sieved, accurately
weighed and then all mixed together. The powder is fine to the extent of at least 80 mesh
sieves. It should not adhere together or become moist. The finer powder has better
therapeutic value.
Stability Period of Churnas
Ayurvedic churnas retain their potency for 1 year
Storage Condition for Churnas
1. The Ayurvedic Churna (powder) is fine of at least 80 mesh sieves.
2. It should not adhere or bind together or become moist.
3. The finer the powder, the better is its therapeutic value.
4. Churna should be kept in air-tight containers to maintain their self-life.
Quality Aspects Of Churnas
There are different quality parameters to be considered for the evaluation of Ayurvedic
Churnas, they are as follows:

SKIP, Jaipur 14
1. Determination of Moisture Content (Loss on Drying)
Procedure set forth here determines the amount of volatile matter (i.e., water drying off
from the drug). For substances appearing to contain water as the only volatile constituent,
the procedure given below, is appropriately used.
Place about 10 g of drug (without preliminary drying) after accurately weighing
(accurately weighed to within 0.01 g) it in a tared evaporating dish. For example, for
underground or unpowderd drug, prepare about 10 g of the sample by cutting shredding
so that the parts are about 3 mm in thickness.
Seeds and fruits, smaller than 3 mm should be cracked. Avoid the use of high speed mills
in preparing the samples and exercise care that no appreciable amount of moisture is lost
during preparation and that the portion taken is representative of the official sample. After
placing the above said amount of the drug in the tared evaporating dish dry at 105ι for 5
hours and weigh. Continue the drying and weighing at one hour interval until difference
between two successive weighing corresponds to not more than 0.25 per cent. Constant
weight is reached when two consecutive weighing after drying for 30 minutes and cooling
for 30 minutes in a desiccator, show not more than 0.01 g difference.
Formula: (W2 – W3) x 100 / (W2 – W1)
Where, W1= weight of crucible; W2= weight of crucible + weight of sample, W3= weight
of crucible + weight of dried content. (12)
2. Determination of Total Ash
Incinerate about 2 to 3 g accurately weighed, of the ground drug in a tared platinum or
silica dish at a temperature not exceeding 450º until free from carbon, cool and weigh. If
a carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way, exhaust the charred mass with hot water,
collect the residue on an ash less filter paper, incinerate the residue and filter paper, add
the filtrate, evaporate to dryness and ignite at a temperature not exceeding 450º. Calculate
the percentage of ash with reference to the air-dried drug.
Formula: weight of total ash x 100 /weight of crude drug taken

SKIP, Jaipur 15
3. Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash
Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid; collect the insoluble
matter in a Gooch crucible or on an ash less filter paper, wash with hot water and ignite to
constant weight. Calculate the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air
dried drug.
Formula: weight of acid insoluble ash x 100 / weight of crude drug taken
4. Determination of Water Soluble Ash
Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25 ml of water; collect insoluble matter in a Gooch
crucible or on an ash less filter paper, wash with hot water and ignite for 15 minutes at a
temperature not exceeding 450°. Subtract the weight of the insoluble matter from the
weight of the ash; the difference in weight represents the water soluble ash. Calculate the
percentage of water-soluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.(13)
Formula: weight of water soluble ash x 100 / weight of crude drug taken
5. Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive
Macerate 5 g of the air dried drug, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of alcohol of the
specified strength in a closed flask for twenty-four hours, shaking frequently during six
hours and allowing standing for eighteen hours. Filter rapidly, taking precautions against
loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to dryness in a tared flat bottomed shallow
dish and dry at 105ι, to constant weight and weigh. Calculate the percentage of alcohol-
soluble extractive with reference to the air-dried drug.(14)
6. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Thin-layer chromatography is a technique in which a solute undergoes distribution
between two phases, stationary phase acting through adsorption and a mobile phase in the
form of a liquid. The adsorbent is a relatively thin, uniform layer of dry finely powdered
material applied to a glass, plastic or metal sheet or plate. Separation may also be
achieved on the basis of partition or a combination of partition and adsorption.
Identification can be effected by observation of spots of identical Rf value and about
equal magnitude obtained, respectively, with an unknown and a reference sample

SKIP, Jaipur 16
chromatographed on the same plate. A visual comparison of the size and intensity of the
spots usually serves for semi-quantitative estimation.
a. Apparatus
i. Flat glass plates of appropriate dimensions which allow the application at specified
points of the necessary quantities of the solution being examined and appropriate
reference solutions and which allow accommodation of the specified migration path-
length. The plates are prepared as described below; alternatively, commercially
prepared plates may be used.
ii. An aligning tray or a flat surface on which the plates can be aligned and rested when
the coating substance is applied.
iii. The adsorbent or coating substance consisting of finely divided adsorbent materials,
normally 5 μm to 40 μm in diameter is suitable for chromatography. It can be applied
directly to the plate or can be bonded to the plate by means of Plaster of Paris
(Hydrated Calcium Sulphate) or with any other suitable binders. The adsorbent may
contain fluorescing material to help in visualizing spots that absorb ultra-violet light.
iv. A spreader which, when moved over the glass plate, will apply a uniform layer of
adsorbent of desired thickness over the entire surface of the plate.
v. A storage rack to support the plates during drying and transportation.
vi. A developing chamber that can accommodate one or more plates and can be properly
closed and sealed. The chamber is fitted with a plate support rack that supports the
plates, back to back, with lid of the chamber in place.
vii. Graduated micro-pipettes capable of delivering microlitre quantities say 10 μl and
less.
viii. A reagent sprayer that will emit a fine spray and will not itself be attacked by the
reagent.
ix. An ultra-violet light, suitable for observation at short (254 nm) and long (365 nm)
ultra-violet wavelengths.
b. Preparation Of Plates
Unless otherwise specified in the monograph, the plates are prepared in the following
manner. Prepare a suspension of the coating substance in accordance with the instructions
of the supplier and, using the spreading device designed for the purpose, spread a uniform
layer of the suspension, 0.25 to 0.30 mm thick, on a flat glass plate 20 cm long. Allow the
coated plates to dry in air, heat at 100ι to 105ι for at least 1 hour (except in the case of

SKIP, Jaipur 17
plates prepared with cellulose when heating for 10 minutes is normally sufficient) and
allowed to cool, protected from moisture. Store the plates protected from moisture and
use within 3 days of preparation. At the time of use, dry the plates again, if necessary, as
prescribed in the monographs.
7. Test for Heavy Metals
a. Limit Test for Lead
The following method is based on the extraction of lead by solutions of dithiazone. All
reagents used for the test should have as low a content of lead as practicable. All reagent
solutions should be stored in containers of borosilicate glass. Glassware should be rinsed
thoroughly with warm dilute nitric acid, followed by water.
i. Special Reagents
 Ammonia-cyanide solution Sp. – Dissolve 2 g of potassium cyanide in 15 ml of
strong ammonia solution and dilute with water to 100 ml.
 Ammonium citrate solution Sp. – Dissolve 40 g of citric acid in 90 ml water.
 Add two drops of phenol red solution then add slowly strong ammonia solution until
the solution acquires a reddish colour. Remove any lead present by extracting the
solution with 20 ml quantities of dithiazone extraction solution until the dithiazone
solution retains its orange-green colour.
 Dilute standard lead solution – Dilute 10.0 ml of standard lead solution with
sufficient 1 per cent v/v solution of nitric acid to produce 100.0 ml. Each ml of this
solution contains 1 μg of lead per ml.
 Dithiazone extraction solution – Dissolve 30 mg of diphenylthiocarbazone in 1000
ml of chloroform and add 5 ml of alcohol. Store the solution in a refrigerator. Before
use, shake a suitable volume of the solution with about half its volume of 1 per cent
v/v solution of nitric acid and discard the acid.
 Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution Sp. – Dissolve 20 g of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in sufficient water to produce about 65 ml. Transfer to separator, add
five drops of thymol blue solution, add strong ammonia solution until the solution
becomes yellow. Add 10 ml of a 4 per cent w/v solution of sodium diethyl
dithiocarbamate and allow to stand for five minutes. Extract with successive
quantities, each of 10 ml, of chloroform until a 5 ml portion of the extract does not
assume a yellow colour when shaken with dilute copper sulphate solution. Add dilute

SKIP, Jaipur 18
hydrochloric acid until the solution is pink and then dilute with sufficient water to
produce 100 ml.
 Potassium cyanide solution Sp. – Dissolve 50 g of potassium cyanide in sufficient
water to produce 100 ml. Remove the lead from this solution by extraction with
successive quantities, each of 20 ml of dithiazone extraction solution until the
dithiazone solution retains its orange-green colour. Extract any dithiazone remaining
in the cyanide solution by shaking with chloroform. Dilute this cyanide solution with
sufficient water to produce a solution containing 10 g of potassium cyanide in each
100 ml.
 Standard dithiazone solution – Dissolve 10 ml of diphenylthiocarbazone in 1000 ml
of chloroform. Store the solution in a glass-stoppered, lead-free bottle, protected
from light and in a refrigerator.
 Citrate-cyanide wash solution – To 50 ml of water add 50 ml of ammonium citrate
solution Sp. and 4 ml of potassium cyanide solution Sp., mix and adjust the pH, if
necessary, with strong ammonia solution to 9.0.
 Buffer solution pH 2.5 – To 25.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium hydrogen phthalate add 37.0
ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and dilute with sufficient water to produce 100.0 ml.
 Dithiazone-carbon tetrachloride solution –Dissolve 10 mg of Diphenyl thiocarbazone
in 1000 ml of carbon tetrachloride. Prepare this solution fresh for each determination.
 pH 2.5 wash solution – To 500 ml of a 1 per cent v/v nitric acid add strong ammonia
solution until the pH of the mixture is 2.5, then add 10 ml of buffer solution pH 2.5
and mix.
 Ammonia-cyanide wash solution – To 35 ml of pH 2.5 wash solution add 4 ml of
ammonia-cyanide solution Sp. and mix.
ii. Method
Transfer the volume of the prepared sample directed in the monograph to a separator and
unless otherwise directed in monograph, adds 6 ml of ammonium citrate solution Sp. and
2 ml hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution Sp., (For the determination of lead in iron
salts use 10 ml of ammonium citrate solution Sp.). Add two drops of phenol red solution
and make the solution just alkaline (red in colour) by the addition of strong ammonia
solution. Cool the solution if necessary and add 2 ml of potassium cyanide solution Sp.
Immediately extract the solution with several quantities each of 5 ml, of dithiazone
extraction solution, draining off each extract into another separating funnel, until the

SKIP, Jaipur 19
dithiazone extraction solution retains its green colour. Shake the combine dithiazone
solutions for 30 seconds with 30 ml of a 1 per cent w/v solution of nitric acid and discard
the chloroform layer. Add to the solution exactly 5 ml of standard dithiazone solution and
4 ml of ammonia-cyanide solution Sp. and shake for 30 seconds; the colour of the
chloroform layer is of no deeper shade of violet than that of a control made with a volume
of dilute standard lead solution equivalent to the amount of lead permitted in the sample
under examination.
8. Tests for Specified Micro-Organisms
Pretreatment of the sample being examined – Proceed as described under the test for total
aerobic microbial count but using lactose broth or any other suitable medium shown to
have no antimicrobial activity under the conditions of test in place of buffered sodium
chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0.
a. Escherichia Coli
Place the prescribed quantity in a sterile screw-capped container, add 50 ml of nutrient
broth, shake and allowed standing for 1 hour (4 hours for gelatin) and shaking again.
Loosen the cap and incubate at 37o
for 18 to 24 hours.
i. Primary Test
Add 1.0 ml of the enrichment culture to a tube containing 5 ml of MacConkey broth.
Incubate in a water-bath at 36o
to 38° for 48 hours. If the contents of the tube show acid
and gas carry out the secondary test.
ii. Secondary Test
Add 0.1 ml of the contents of the tubes containing (a) 5 ml of MacConkey broth and (b) 5
ml of peptone water. Incubate in a water-bath at 43.5ι to 44.5ι for 24 hours and examine
tube (a) for acid and gas and tube (b) for indole. To test for indole, add 0.5 ml of Kovac’s
reagent, shake well and allowed to stand for 1 minute; if a red colour is produced in the
reagent layer indole is present. The presence of acid and gas and of indole in the
secondary test indicates the presence of Escherichia coli. Carry out a control test by
repeating the primary and secondary tests adding 1.0ml of the enrichment culture and a
volume of broth containing 10 to 50 Escherichia coli (NCTC 9002) organisms, prepared

SKIP, Jaipur 20
from a 24-hour culture in nutrient broth, to 5 ml of MacConkey broth. The test is not
valid unless the results indicate that the control contains Escherichia coli.
iii. Alternative Test
By means of an inoculating loop, streak a portion from the enrichment culture (obtained
in the previous test) on the surface of MacConkey agar medium. Cover and invert the
dishes and incubate. Upon examination, if none of the colonies are brick-red in colour
and have a surrounding zone of precipitated bile the sample meets the requirements of the
test for the absence of Escherichia coli.
If the colonies described above are found, transfer the suspect colonies individually to the
surface of Levine eosin-methylene blue agar medium, plated on Petri dishes. Cover and
invert the plates and incubate. Upon examination, if none of the colonies exhibits both a
characteristic metallic sheen under reflected light and a blue-black appearance under
transmitted light, the sample meets the requirements of the test for the absence of
Escherichia coli. The presence of Escherichia coli may be confirmed by further suitable
cultural and biochemical tests.
b. Salmonella
Transfer a quantity of the pretreated preparation being examined containing 1 g or 1 ml of
the product to 100 ml of nutrient broth in a sterile screw capped jar, shake, allow to stand
for 4 hours and shake again. Loosen the cap and incubate at 35o
to 37o
for 24 hours.
i. Primary Test
Add 1.0 ml of the enrichment culture to each of the two tubes containing (a) 10 ml of
selenite F broth and (b) tetrathionate-bile-brilliant green broth and incubate at 36o
to 38o
for 48 hours. From each of these two cultures subculture on at least two of the following
four agar media: bismuth sulphate agar, brilliant green agar, desoxycholatecitrate agar
and xylose-lysine-desoxycholate agar. Incubate the plates at 36o
to 38o
for 18 to 24 hours.
Upon examination, if none of the colonies conforms to the description given in Table 2,
the sample meets the requirements of the test for the absence of the genus Salmonella. If
any colonies are produced, carry out the secondary test.

SKIP, Jaipur 21
ii. Secondary Test
Subculture any colonies showing in triple sugar-iron agar by first inoculating the surface
of the slope and then making a stab culture with the same inoculating needle and at the
same time inoculate a tube of urea broth. Incubate at 36o
to 38o
for 18 to 24 hours. The
formation of acid and gas in the stab culture (with or without concomitant blackening)
and the absence of acidity from the surface growth in the triple sugar iron agar, together
with the absence of a red colour in the urea broth, indicate the presence of salmonellae. If
acid but no gas is produced in the sub culture, the identity of the organisms should be
confirmed by agglutination tests.
Carry out the control test by repeating the primary and secondary tests using 1.0 ml of the
enrichment culture and a volume of broth containing 10 to 50 Salmonella abony (NCTC
6017) organisms, prepared from a 24-hour culture in nutrient broth, for the inoculation of
the tubes (a) and (b). The test is not valid unless the results indicate that the control
contains Salmonella.
c. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Pretreat the preparation being examined as described above and inoculate 100 ml of fluid
soyabean-casein digest medium with a quantity of the solution, suspension or emulsion
thus obtained containing 1 g or 1 ml of the preparation being examined. Mix and incubate
at 35o
to 37o
for 24 to 48 hours. Examine the medium for growth and if growth is present,
streak a portion of the medium on the surface of cetrimide agar medium, each plated on
Petri dishes. Cover and incubate at 35ι to 37ι for 18 to 24 hours. If, upon examination,
none of the plates contains colonies having the characteristics listed in Table 3 for the
media used, the sample meets the requirement for freedom from Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. If any colonies are produced, carry out the oxidase and pigment tests. Streak
representative suspect colonies from the agar surface of cetrimide agar on the surfaces of
pseudomonas agar medium for detection of fluorescein and pseudomonas agar medium
for detection of pyocyanin contained in Petri dishes. Cover and invert the inoculated
media and incubate at 33ι to 37ι for not less than 3 days. Examine the streaked surfaces
under ultra-violet light. Examine the plates to determine whether colonies conforming to
the description in Table 3 are present. If growth of suspect colonies occurs, place 2 or 3
drops of a freshly prepared 1% w/v solution of N,N,N1,N1-tetramethyl-4-
phenylenediamine dihydrochloride on filter paper and smear with the colony; if there is

SKIP, Jaipur 22
no development of a pink colour, changing to purple, the sample meets the requirements
of the test for the absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
d. Test for Aflatoxins
Solution – [Caution – Aflatoxins are highly toxic. Handle with care.].Dissolve accurately
weighed quantities of Aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2 in a
mixture of chloroform and acetonitrile (9.8: 0.2) to obtain a solution having
concentrations of 0.5 μg per ml each of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin G1 and 0.1 μg per ml
each of Aflatoxin B2 and Aflatoxin G2.
i. Procedure
Separately apply 2.5 μL, 5 μL, 7.5 μL and 10 μL of the Aflatoxin Solution and three 10-
μL applications of either Test Solution 1 or Test Solution 2 to a suitable thin-layer
chromatographic plate coated with a 0.25-mm layer of chromatographic silica gel
mixture. Superimpose 5 μL of the Aflatoxin Solution on one of the three 10- μL
applications of the Test Solution. Allow the spots to dry and develop the chromatogram in
an unsaturated chamber containing a solvent system consisting of a mixture of
chloroform, acetone and isopropyl alcohol (85: 10: 5) until the solvent front has moved
not less than 15 cm from the origin. Remove the plate from the developing chamber,
mark the solvent from and allow the plate to air-dry. Locate the spots on the platy by
examination under UV light at 365 nm: the four applications of the Aflatoxin Solution
appear as four clearly separated blue fluorescent spots; the spot obtained from the Test
Solution that was superimposed on the Aflatoxin Solution is no more intense than that of
the corresponding Aflatoxin Solution; and no spot from any of the other Test Solutions
corresponds to any of the spots obtained from the applications of the Aflatoxin Solution.
If any spot of Aflatoxin is obtained in the Test Solution, match the position of each
fluorescent spot of the Test Solution with those of the Aflatoxin Solution to identify the
type of Aflatoxin present. The intensity of the aflatoxin spot, if present in the Test
Solution, when compared with that of the corresponding aflatoxin in the Aflatoxin
Solution will give an approximate concentration of aflatoxin in the Test Solution.
SIMPLE CHURNA
Thalisadi Churna is consisting of fine powder of Talisapatra, Dalchini, Ela, Pipplai,
shunthi, Vamsa lochna in the ratio of 1:1. It is the best remedy in acute, chronic and

SKIP, Jaipur 23
allergic bronchitis. It is very useful in exacerbation of asthma. In chronic asthma it
reduces the frequency and severity of asthmatic attack.
COMPOUND CHURNA
Hingvastaka Churna is well known Ayurvedic formulation used for Vata, Pitta and Kapha
doshas. It comprises of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, dried unripe fruits of Pipper
nigrum Linn, dried flowering vine of Piper longum Linn, dried fruit of Apium
leptophyllum, Rock salt, dried seed of the herb Cuminum cyminum, dried ripe fruits of the
Carum carvi Linn and rhizomes and roots of Ferula foetida . This combination improves
appetite, digestion and palatability of herbal formulations, useful in treatment of anorexia,
disorder due to vatta aggravation like bloating, joint diseases etc. Balances Vatta and
Kapha and increases Pitta. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate and
establish various quality control parameters of Hingvastaka Churna as per Indian
Pharmacopeia and WHO guidelines involving physicochemical and phytochemical
investigation like extractive value, total ash value, loss on drying, chemical constituents
and microscopic determination along with physical characterization like bulk and tap
density determination and establishment of quality control parameters for different
samples of Hingvastaka Churna. Evaluation studies showed similarities in all respect. The
resultant data analysis and comparisons among them revealed that parameters obtained
could be used to lay down a set of new standardization parameters for the preparation of
Hingvastaka Churna for obtaining standard quality and efficacy of the herbal
formulation.(15),(16),(17)

Standardization of Hingvastak Churna : A Polyherbal formulation
SKIP, Jaipur 24
In recent years there has been a tremendous increase in demand for herbal drugs due to its
safety, efficacy and better therapeutic results. Due to its economic pricing as compared to
synthetic or allopathic drugs, which have several therapeutic complications.
As we know that everything in this world change time by time, since thousands of year the
era was of Ayurveda or herbal origin drug. But last few decades it was replaced by
allopathic system of medicine, which was rapidly accepted worldwide, but latter due to its
lots of adverse effect, again men step down on Ayurveda because of its better therapeutic
result and safety profile and now the people are more believing in natural origin drug.
The selection of the Hingvastaka Churna was made on the basis of its
 Easy availability
 Therapeutic value
 Standardization work which is not done
Hingvastaka churna is one of the famous polyherbal ayurvedic churna formulation which is
useful in treatment of anorexia, improves digestion, disorder due to vatta aggravation like
bloating, joint diseases etc. Balances Vatta and Kapha and increases Pitta. The formulation
was stored in well closed airtight container in dry and cool place. Physicochemical &
Phytochemical screening studies have been reported for the formulations. With this aim the
current project was designed to prepare and standardized the Hingvastaka churna in
accordance with the WHO guidelines.

SKIP, Jaipur 25
Hingvastaka Churna
Formulation composition
1. Zingiber officinale
2. Piper nigrum
3. Piper longum
4. Apium leptophyllum
5. Rock salt
6. Cuminum cyminum
7. Carum carvi
8. Ferula foetida
Figure 3. Hingvastaka Churna

SKIP, Jaipur 26
GINGER
Figure 4. Ginger
Biological source: Ginger consists of
the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale,
Roscose and dried in the sun.
Family: Zingiberaceae.
Geographical source: Jamaica, South
India (Cochin), Africa, Jamaica.
Chemical Constituents:
Ginger contains 1 to 2% volatile oil, 5
to 8% pungent principle, resinous mass
and starch. Volatile oil is responsible
for the aromatic smell and consists of
zingiberene 6% sesquiterpenes
hydrocarbon zingiberol a
sesquiterpenes alcohol and
besaabolene.
Gingirol is a yellow pungent oily
liquid and yields gingirone a ketone
and aliphatic aldehyde. Shagaol is
formed by loss of water from gingerol.
Shagaol and gingirone are less
pungent. The pungency of gingerol and
ginger is destroyed, when boiled with
5% potassium hydroxide or other
alkalies.
Uses:
1. Ginger is stomachic, stimulant and
aromatic carminative.
2. It is used more as a spice.
3. Ginger oil is used in mouth washes,
ginger beverages and liquors.
4. It is used as Flavouring agent.
5. Ginger powder has been reported to
be effective in motion sickness.
Adulterants: Ginger is adulterated
with exhausted ginger, but it can be
detected by determination of water-
soluble ash, volatile oil content and
alcohol and water soluble
extractives.(18)

SKIP, Jaipur 27
Piper nigrum
Fgure 5. Piper nigrum
Synonyms: Kalimirch (Hindi);
Golmarich (Bangali); Milagu- Milagu.
Biological source: It consists of dried
unripe fruits of Pipper nigrum Linn.
Family: Piperaceae.
Geographical source: Black piper is
indigenous to India and widely
cultivated in Assam, Kerala, Karnataka
and Maharashtra. This plant is widely
available from North Kanaka to
Kanyakumari. It is also cultivated in
Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, Sri Lanka,
South America and West Indies.
1. Piperidine group of alkaloids:
(i) Piperine
(ii) Piperidine
(iii) Piperettine,
(iv) Chavicine,
2. 1-2.5% volatile oil:
(i) Phellandrene
(ii) Caryophyllene,
(iii) Piperonal,
(iv) Camphene,
(v) Pinene,
(vi) Citronellol,
3. Resin
4. Starch (30%).
5. Argenine,
6. Ascorbic acid,
7. Carotene,
8. Thiamine and riboflavin.
9. The pungency is due to alkaloids
piperine and resin.
Uses:
1. Carminative.
2. Stomachic.
3. Stimulant
4. Flatulent
5. Antiarthritis
6. Antimalerial
7. Useful in sore throat, piles and
dyspepsia
8. Useful in treatment of gonorrhea
and chronic bronchitis.(19)

SKIP, Jaipur 28
Piper longum
Figure 6. Piper longum
Synonym: Indian long pepper, pipli,
Javanese
Biological source: It consists of dried
flowering vine of Piper longum Linn.
Family: Piperaceae.
Geographical Source: The plant
grows in evergreen forests of India and
is cultivated in Assam, Tamil Nadu,
and Andhra Pradesh. Long pepper is
cultivated on a large scale in limestone
soil and in heavy rainfall areas where
relative humidity is high.
Chemical constituents:
The fruit contains a large number of
alkaloids and related compounds, the
most abundant of which is piperine,
followed by methyl piperine, piper-
nonaline, piperettine, asarinine,
pellitorine, pipe-rundecalidine,
piperlongumine, piperlonguminine,
retrofractamide A, pergumidiene,
brachystamide-B, a dimer of
desmethoxypiplartine, N-isobutyl
deca-dienamide, brachyamide-A,
brachystine, pipercide, piperderidine,
longamide, dehydropipernonaline
piperidine, and tetrahydro piperine.
Piperine, pip-erlongumine,
tetrahydropiperlongumine, trimethoxy
cinnamoyl-piperidine, and
piperlonguminine have been found in
the root.
Uses:
1. Anticancer
2. Hepatoprotective
3. Antioxidant
4. Anti-inflammatory
5. Immunomodulatory
6. Coronary vasodilation
7. Antimicrobial Bioavailability-
enhancing
8. Antiplatelet Antifertility
9. Antihyperlipidemic
10. Analgesic
11. Radioprotective
12. Melanin-inhibiting
13. Cardioprotective
14. Antidepressant
15. Antifungal
16. Antiamoebic(20)

SKIP, Jaipur 29
Apium leptophyllum
Figure 7. Apium leptophyllum
Synonym: Marsh Parsley
Biological source: consists of dried
fruit of Apium leptophyllum
Family: Apiaceae.
Isopimpinellin, rutaretin, isorutarin,
anhydrorutaretin, leptophyllidin,
bergapten, umbelliferone, seselin,
marmesin, marmesinin, 9-hydroxy-4-
methoxypsoralen, skimmin, trans-
khellactone, sitosterol β-D-glucoside;
D-mannitol
Uses:
1. It is a powerful germicide, finds wide
application as a disinfectant and
antiseptic of rather pleasant odour.
2. It is used for flavouring of all kinds of
food products, meats, sauces and
canned foods. (21)

SKIP, Jaipur 30
Rock salt
Figure 8. Rock Salt
Halite commonly known as rock salt is
a type of salt, the mineral (natural)
form of sodium chloride (NaCl). Halite
forms isometric crystals. The mineral
is typically colourless or white, but
may also be light blue, dark blue,
purple, pink, red, orange, yellow or
gray depending on inclusion of other
materials, impurities, and structural or
isotopic abnormalities in the crystals. It
commonly occurs with other evaporite
deposit minerals such as several of the
sulphates, halides, and borates. The
name halite is derived from the
Ancient Greek word for salt
Occurrence: Halite occurs in vast beds
of sedimentary evaporite minerals that
result from the drying up of enclosed
lakes, playas, and seas. Salt beds may
be hundreds of meters thick and
underlie broad areas.
Constituents: Its primary constituents
are sodium, chloride, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, and sulfate.
Rock salt generally contains between
90 to 98% sodium chloride.
Uses: Salt is used extensively in
cooking as a flavour enhancer, and to
cure a wide variety of foods such as
bacon and fish. It is frequently used in
food preservation methods across
various cultures. (22)

SKIP, Jaipur 31
Cuminum cyminum
Figure 9. Cuminum cyminum
Synonym: cumin
Biological source: It consists of the
dried seed of the herb Cuminum
cyminum.
Family: Apiaceae
Geographical source: Native to the
Mediterranean region, cumin is also
cultivated in India, China, and Mexico.
Cumin seeds are especially popular in
Asian, North African, and Latin
American cuisines.
Chemical constituents: A large
number of phytoconstituents including
different flavonoids, iso-flavonoids,
flavonoid glycosides, monoterpenoids
such as carvone and its derivatives,
glucosides, lignins, and alkaloids, as
well as polyacetylenic compounds,
different vitamins, amino acids,
proteins, and minerals, also starch,
sugars and other carbohydrates,
tannins, phytic acid, and dietary fibers
are present in caraway. Carvone and
limonene are usually reported as the
main phytochemicals present in
caraway seeds. The other important
compounds extracted usually from
hydro/steam distillation include:
carvacrol, a-pinene, g-terpinene,
linalool, carvenone, and p-cymene.
Uses: Cumin has been used as anti-
inflammatory, diuretic, carminative,
and antispasmodic, treatment of
toothaches and epilepsy and also as an
aid for treating dyspepsia, jaundice,
diarrhoea, flatulence, and indigestion.
The cumin plant and its essential part
is one of the most common aromatics
in the Mediterranean kitchen. It is one
of the popular spices regularly used as
a flavouring agent.(23)

SKIP, Jaipur 32
Carum carvi
Figure 10. Carum carvi
Synonyms: Caraway; Sanskrit-
Sushavi; Hindi- Shiajira; Bombay-
Wilayati-zirah
Biological source: The drug consists
of dried ripe fruits of the Carum carvi
Linn.
Family: Umbelliferae.
Geographical source: Caraway grows
wildly and also cultivated in Holland,
Denmark. Germany, England,
Morocco, Russia, Norway, Sweden
and China. In India, wild caraway is
found in Northern Himalaya region.
The plant is cultivated in the hills of
Kashmir, Kumaon and Garhwal.
1. Volatile oil: Mainly contains carvone
(50 to 60%) and limonene 1, α-pinene,
α-phallandrane, carvol
2. Fixed oils (8-20%),
3. Resin,
4. Proteins,
5. Colouring matters and
6. Calcium oxalate crystal
Uses:
1. Carminative
2. Flavouring agent.
3. Spice
4. Stimulant
5. Stomachic
6. Preparation of mouthwashes,
toothpaste, chewing gums, soap and
cosmetic, etc. (24)

SKIP, Jaipur 33
Asafoetida
Figure 11. Asafoetida
Synonym: Devil’s dung; Hindi – Heeng;
Gujrati – Hing; Sanskrit – Hinguka.
Biological source: It is the oleo-gum-resin
obtained by incising the living rhizomes
and roots of Ferula foetida (F. Foetida
Regal)
Family: Umbelliferae.
Geographical source: Eastern Iran,
Western Afghanistan.
It contains 4-15% volatile oil, 45-
65%resin and 20% gum and about 10%
ash. Volatile oil contains pinene and
organic disulphide including isobutyl
propenyl disulphide responsible for the
alliaceous odour. Resin consists of
asaresonol ferulate, an ester of asaresinol
and ferulic acid, free ferulic acid asafetida
show combined umbelliferone test.
Ferulic acid, when treated with
concentrated hydrochloric acid is
converted into umbellic acid which loses
water and form lactones, 7-OH coumarin
or umbelliferone. Umbelliferone shows
blue florescence with ammonia.
Uses:
1. As a carminative (relieve excessive
collection of gas in the stomach).
2. As an expectorant
3. As an antispasmodic (a drug that
counteracts a sudden, violent, involuntary
muscular contraction).
4. As a laxative (which induces active
movement of bowels).(25)

SKIP, Jaipur 34
Scheme:
Collection
↓
Authentication
↓
Drying
↓
Preparation of Formulation
↓
Physiochemical Parameters
↓
Physical Parameters
↓
Extraction
↓
Phytochemical Screening

SKIP, Jaipur 35
Plant Material
The crude drugs used in preparation of Hingvastaka churna were collected from local
Market of Jaipur in November 2019. All plant parts were then dried in shade, powdered
and passed through sieve no. 60 and lastly packed in a well closed container to protect
them from moisture. Each ingredients 5gm weight separately, mixed together to obtain a
homogeneous blend which shown in figure.
Figure 12. Hingvastaka churna
Table 1. Composition of Formulation
S.No. Ingredient Latin Name Part Quantity
1. Saunth Zingiber officinale Rhizome 5 gm
2. Marica Piper nigrum Fruit 5 gm
3. Pippali Piper longum Fruit 5 gm
4. Ajmoda Apium leptophyllum Fruit 5 gm
5. Saindhava
Lavana
Rock salt ------ 5 gm
6. Sveta jiraka Cuminum cyminum Seed 5 gm
7. Kala jiraka Carum carvi Fruit 5 gm
8. Hingu – suddha Ferula foetida Rhizome 5 gm
Organoleptic Evaluation
Organoleptic evaluation refers to evaluation of formulation by color, odour, taste, texture
etc. The organoleptic characters of the samples were carried out based on the method
mentioned in API. (26)

SKIP, Jaipur 36
Physiochemical Parameters
Foreign Matter
The 50 gm sample was spread in a thin layer, and the pieces of foreign matter were sorted
out by visual inspection. The powder of foreign matter was sifted through a 250 micron
sieve. All portions of the foreign matter were pooled and weighed.
Loss on Drying
5 gm of the sample was weighted in a tarred evaporating dish. It was dried at 105°C for 5
hours and weighed. The drying and weighing was continue at 1 hour interval until
difference two successive weighing correspond not more than 0.25%.
Estimation of crude fibre extract
2 gm of sample was taken in a beaker and 50ml of 10% nitric acid was added. It was
heated to boil with stirring (30 sec.). This was strained through fine cloth on a buchner
funnel. The residue was washed with boiling water and transferred to a beaker. 50ml of
2.5% v/v sodium hydroxide solution was added. It was strained and washed with hot
water. The residue was transferred in a clean and dried crucible. The residue was weighed
and the crude fiber content was determined.
Total Ash value
About 3 gm accurately weighed powdered sample was incinerated in a silica dish at a
temperature not exceeding 4500C until free from carbon. It was then cooled and weighed.
The % w/w of ash with reference to the air-dried drug was calculated.
Acid insoluble ash value
To the crucible containing the total ash was added 25 ml of hydrochloric acid. The
crucible was then covered with a watch-glass and the mixture was boiled gently for 5
minutes. The watch-glass was rinsed with 5 ml of hot water and this liquid was added in
to the crucible. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter-paper and washed
with hot water until the filtrate was neutral. The filter-paper contain the insoluble matter
was transferred to the original crucible, dried on a hotplate and ignite to constant weight.
The residue was allowed to cool in a desiccator for 30 minutes and then weighed.
Water soluble ash value
Total ash obtained was boiled for 5 minute with 25 ml of water. Insoluble matter was
collected in a crucible or an ashless filter paper. Washed with hot water and ignite for 15
minute at temperature not exceeding 450°C. Weight of insoluble matter was substracted
from the weight of the ash, the difference in weight was representing the water soluble
ash. Percentage of water soluble was calculated with reference to the air dried drug.

SKIP, Jaipur 37
Extractive Values
Alcohol soluble extractive value
5 gm of the air dried coarsely powdered sample was macerate with 100 ml of alcohol of
the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hour. Shaking frequently during 6 hour and
allowed to stand for 18 hour. Filter rapidly and evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to dryness
in tarred flat bottomed shallow dish and dry at 105°C to constant weight and weigh.
Water soluble extractive value
5 gm of the air dried coarsely powdered drug was macerate with 100 ml of distilled water
in a closed flask for 24 hour. Shaking frequently during 6 hour and allowed to stand for
18 hour. Filter rapidly and evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to dryness in tarred flat
bottomed shallow dish and dry at 105°C to constant weight and weigh. (27)
Physical Characterization
Physical characteristics of In-house formulation were done as per pharmacopoeial
procedures. The information collected from this evaluation was crucial to avoid
ambiguous predictions of stability or solubility of formulation.
Bulk Density
It is the ratio of given mass of powder and its bulk volume. It is determined by
transferring an accurately weighed amount of powder sample to the graduated cylinder
with the aid of a funnel. The initial volume was noted. The ratio of weight of the volume
it occupied was calculated.
Bulk density =
𝑊
𝑉0
g/ml
Where, W = mass of the powder, V0 = untapped volume
Tapped Density
It is measured by transferring a known quantity (25g) of powder into a graduated
cylinder and tapping it for a specific number of times. The initial volume was noted. The
graduated cylinder was tapped continuously for a period of 10-15 min. The density can be
determined as the ratio of mass of the powder to the tapped volume.
Tapped volume =
𝑊
𝑉𝑓
g/ml
Where, W = mass of the powder, Vf = tapped volume.

SKIP, Jaipur 38
Carr’s index
It is the propensity of the powder to be compressed. Based on the apparent bulk density
and tapped density the percentage compressibility of the powder can be determined using
the following formula.
Compressibility index =
𝑉0−𝑉𝑓
𝑉0
× 100
Or
% Compressibility =
𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 – 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 100
Hausner Ratio
It indicates the flow properties of the powder. The ratio of tapped density to the bulk
density of the powder is called Hausner ratio.
Hausner ratio =
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Angle of Repose
The internal angle between the surface of the pile of powder and the horizontal surface is
known as the angle of repose. The powder is passed through funnel fixed to a burette at s
height of 4 cm. A graph paper is placed below the funnel on the table. The height and the
radius of the pile were measured. Angle of repose of the powder was calculated using the
formula:
Angle of repose= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ℎ
𝑟
Where, h=height of the pile, r = radius of the pile(28)
Extraction:
About 250 gm of dry churna was taken in a closed bottle and it was defatted with
Petroleum ether. The deffating was continued for 9-10 days with occasional shaking. The
Petroleum ether extract was filtered. The marc left after Petroleum ether deffating was
taken out and dried under shade to get a dry mass, then extracted with Methanol and
water (hydro alcoholic) by using hot percolation extraction. The extraction was continued
for 72 hours. The hydro alcoholic extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to a
semisolid mass and was made free from solvent. The final obtained extract was weighed;
percentage yield was calculated and stored in a cool place.(29)
Phytochemical Screening:
The following procedures were adapted to tests for the presence of various chemical
constituents in extracts.

SKIP, Jaipur 39
Tests for Carbohydrates:
Molish's test (general test):
To 2-3 ml aqueous extract, added few drops of -naphthol solution in alcohol, shaken and
added concentrated H2SO4 from sides of the test tube was observed for violet ring at the
junction of two liquids.
A. For Reducing Sugars
 Fehling's test: 1 ml Fehling's A and 1ml Fehling's B solutions was mixed and boiled for
one minute. Added equal volume of test solution. Heated in boiling water bath for 5-10
min was observed for a yellow, then brick red precipitate.
 Benedict's test: Equal volume of Benedict's reagent and test solution in test tube were
mixed. Heated on boiling water bath for 5 min. Solution may appear green, yellow or
red depending on amount of reducing sugar present in test solution.
B. Tests for Monosaccharides
Barfoed's test: Equal volume of Barfoed's reagent and test solution were added. Heated
for 1-2 min, on boiling water bath and cooled. Observed for red precipitate.
C. Tests for Hexose sugars
Cobalt-chloride test: 3 ml of test solution was mixed with 2ml cobalt chloride, boiled and
cooled. Added Fecl3 drops on NaOH solution. Solution observed for greenish blue
(glucose), purplish (fructose) or upper layer greenish blue and lower layer purplish
(mixture of glucose and fructose).
D. Tests for Non-reducing sugars
 Test solution does not give response to Fehling's and Benedict's test.
 Tannic acid test for starch: with 20% tannic acid, test solution was observed for
precipitate.
Tests for Amino Acids
 Ninhydrin test (general test):- 3 ml t.s. and 3 drops 5% Ninhydrin solution were heated
in boiling water bath for 10 min. Observed for purple or bluish colour.

SKIP, Jaipur 40
 Test for Tyrosine: Heated 3 ml t.s. and 3 drops Million's reagent. Solution observed for
dark red colour.
 Test for Tryptophan: To 3 ml t.s. added few drops glycoxalic acid and concentrated
H2SO4 observed for reddish violet ring at junction of the two layers.
Tests for Glycosides
Tests for Cardiac Glycosides
 Baljet's test :- A test solution observed for yellow to orange colour with sodium picrate.
 Legal's test (for cardenoloids):- To aqueous or alcoholic test solution, added 1 ml
pyridine and 1 ml sodium nitroprusside observed for pink to red colour.
 Test for deoxysugars (Kellar-killani test):- To 2 ml extract added glacial acetic acid,
one drop of 5% Fecl3 and concentrated H2SO4 observed for reddish brown colour at
junction of the two liquid and upper layers bluish green.
 Libermann's test (for Bufadenolids):- Mixed 3 ml extract with 3 ml acetic anhydride.
Heated and cooled. Added few drops concentrated H2SO4 observed for blue colour.
Test for Anthraquinone Glycoside
 Borntrager’s test
Boil powder drug with 5ml of 10% sulfuric acid for two minutes. Filter while hot. Cool
the filtrate and shake gently with equal volume of benzene. Separated benzene layer is
treated with half of its volume of solution ammonia (10%). Allow to separate.
Ammonical layer acquires rose pink colour due to the presence of anthraquinones.
 Modified Borntrager’s test
C-glycosides of anthraquinones require more drastic condition for hydrolysis. Hydrolysis
of drug is carried out with 5ml of dilute HCl and 5ml of 5% solution of ferric chloride.
Carry out procedure as described under Bontrager’s test.
Tests for Saponin Glycosides
 Foam test: The drug extract or dry powder was shacked vigorously with water. Persistent
foam was observed.
 Hemolytic test: Added test solution to one drop of blood placed on glass slide. Hemolytic
zone whether appeared was observed.

SKIP, Jaipur 41
Tests for Coumarin Glycosides
Test solution when made alkaline, observed for blue or green fluorescence.
Tests for Flavonoids
 Shinoda test:- To dried powder or extract, added 5 ml 95% ethanol, few drops
concentrated HCl and 0.5 g magnesium turnings. Pink colour was observed.
 To small quantity of residue, added lead acetate solution observed for yellow coloured
precipitate.
 Addition of increasing amount of sodium hydroxide to the residue whether showed
yellow coloration, which was decolorized after addition of acid was observed.
 Ferric chloride test:- Test solution, added few drops of ferric chloride solution observed
for intense green colour.
Tests for Alkaloids
 Dragendroff's test: To 2-3 ml filtrate added few drops Dragendroff's reagent observed
for orange brown precipitate.
 Mayer's test:- 2-3 ml filtrate with few drops Mayer's reagent observed for precipitate.
 Hager's test:- 2-3 ml filtrate with Hagers reagent observed for yellow precipitate.
 Wagner's test:- 2-3 ml filtrate with few drops of Wagner's reagent observed reddish
brown precipitate.
Test for Steroids
 Salkowski test: Dissolve the extract in chloroform and add equal volume of conc. H2SO4.
 Formation of bluish red to cherry color in chloroform layer and green fluorescence in the
acid layer represents the steroidal components in the tested extract.
Test for Fats & Oils
 Place a thick section of drug on glass slide. Add a drop of Sudan Red III reagent. After 2
min. wash with 50% alcohol. Mount in glycerin. Observe under microscope. Oil globules
appear red.
 Place little amount of drug sample on the filter paper and stand for 15 minutes. A greasy
spot observe due to presence of fats.

SKIP, Jaipur 42
Tests for Tannins and Phenolic compounds
To 2-3 ml test solution, added few drops of whether showed following was observed:-
 5% Fecl3 solution: - deep blue-black coloured.
 Lead acetate solution: - white precipitate.
 Gelatin solution: - white precipitate.
 Bromine water: - discoloration of bromine water.
 Acetic acid solution: - red colour solution.
 Potassium dichromate: - red precipitate.
 Dilute Iodine solution: - transient red colour.
 Dilute HNO3: - reddish to yellow colour.(17)

SKIP, Jaipur 43
Result & discussion
In house formulation was prepared in accordance with the Ayurvedic formulary of India.
As part of standardization procedure, the finished product Hingvastaka churna was tested
for relevant physical & chemical parameters.
Organoleptic Evaluation
The colour, odour and taste of the formulation were evaluated manually and given in
table 2.
Table 2. Organoleptic Description of Hingvastaka churna
S. No. Parameters Observation
1. Colour Light brown
2. Odour Characteristic
3. Taste Astringent
4. Texture Rough
Physicochemical Characterization
Quality tests for Hingvastaka churna and its individual ingredients were performed for
moisture content, ash value, water soluble extractive, methanol soluble extractive, aacid
insoluble ash and water insoluble ash were found to be within standard ranges. Various
physicochemical parameters of churna is given in table 3.
Table 3. Physicochemical Descriptions of Hingvastaka churna
1. LOD % 8.4
2. Crude fibre 0.26%
3. Total ash 30.6%
4. Acid insoluble ash 1.7%
5. Water soluble ash 17%
6. Alcohol extractive value 12%
7. Water soluble extractive value 8%

SKIP, Jaipur 44
Physical characterization
The result of physical parameter of Hingvastaka churna was tabulated in table 4.
Table 4. physical characters of Hingvastaka churna
1. Bulk density 0.42 g/ml
2. Tapped density 0.66 g/ml
3. Angle of repose 40.69o
4. Hausner’s ratio 1.57
5. Carr’s index 36.36%
6. Porosity 84%
Phytochemical Evaluation
The extracts obtained were subjected to various phytochemical tests to identify the active
constituents which shown in table 5. From this analysis, extract show presence of
Carbohydrate, Proteins, Glycosides, Flavanoids, Tannins and saponins are determined
Table 5. phytochemical investigation of Hingvastaka churna
S. No. Phytoconstituent Status
1. Carbohydrates Positive
2. Proteins Negative
3. Amino acids Negative
4. Glycosides Positive
5. Alkaloids Positive
6. Tannins Positive
7. Flavanoids Positive

SKIP, Jaipur 45
As there is no standardization works on Hingvastaka churna record of this much
formulation, the present work was taken up with a view to lay down standards which
could be useful to detect the authenticity of this medicinally useful formulation. In other
words, the Pharmacognostic features examined in the present study may serve as tool for
standardization of its formulations.
From the present investigation various standardization parameters such as Organoleptic
Standards, Physical Standards, Physicochemical standards and safety evaluation were
carried out, it can be concluded that the formulation of Hingvastaka churna was in
accordance with the standards laid down for churna. The study shows that the contents of
formulation presents within the permissible limits as per WHO, all these investigations
are not specified in the standard literature such as in pharmacopoeia, which could helpful
in authentication of Hingvastaka churna. The result of present study will may be serve as
reference monograph in the preparation of drug formulation.
These local ethanomedical preparations and prescriptions of plant sources should be
scientifically evaluated and then disseminated properly and the knowledge about the
botanical preparation of traditional sources of medicinal plants can be extended for future
investigation into the field of pharmacology, phytochemistry, ethno botany and other
biological actions for drug discovery.

Standardization of Hingvastka Churna : A Polyherbal formulation
SKIP, Jaipur 46
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