Roman architecture built upon Greek precedents, using innovative construction techniques. The Romans pioneered the use of vaults and arches made from concrete and brick, allowing them to construct massive public structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon. They standardized architectural styles, with buildings often featuring arches, columns, and domes. Iconic Roman structures demonstrated the empire's dominance through grand scale and innovative engineering.
Roman architecture : Elements and innovations.jainvijaya
Hey! i am an architecture student. This presentation i made was for a college submission. Hope it works out for you. All the best. And don't forget to like it...!!!
Theory of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Michelle S. Estrada & Caren V.Cuevas
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
Roman architecture : Elements and innovations.jainvijaya
Hey! i am an architecture student. This presentation i made was for a college submission. Hope it works out for you. All the best. And don't forget to like it...!!!
Theory of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Michelle S. Estrada & Caren V.Cuevas
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
Decline of Roman Empire lead to building of large churches called cathedrals in a big way with the spread of organized monasteries called order.
Monastic orders include orders such as the Benedictine order (teachers), Augustinian order (preachers), the Cistercian order (farmers), the Clunaic order (artists), and Carthusian order (Ascetics).
The monks used a simplified Roman style with thick load bearing walls stout columns, small window openings and semi circular arches that came to be known as the “Romanesque” style.
Expansion of Romanesque architecture was linked with pilgrimage to Santiago, expansion of orders, crusades and development of feudal system.
The style can be discovered throughout Europe with its regional variations.
CHARACTERISTICS
Harmonious proportions
Thick and heavy walls and pillars
Small windows
Round arches supporting the roof.
Round blind arches for decoration
Sculptured decorations on portals, capitals and other surfaces.
Painted decorations
Plan: Retains basic plan of Early Christian Basilica ( Long three aisled nave intercepted by a transept and terminating in a semicircular apse crowned by a half dome ).
Support arches are the combination of half segments of large hollow columns or a clustered group of small shafts.
Cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangle in section.
Barrel Vault:
The simplest type of vaulted roof
Single arched surfaces extend from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted.
Barrel Vault requires strong support from solid walls.
Groin Vault: Intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles.
Ribbed Vault: In a ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
Pointed arch Vault:
In Late Romanesque period, another solution came into use from regulating the height of diagonal and traverse ribs.
Salvaged Columns
In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches.
The marble columns are most durable and have stone horizontally bedded.
Majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colors.
They have retained the original roman capitals, of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style.
Salvaged columns
Drum Columns
Hollow core columns
Alteration of piers and columns.
Building materials
Brick – Italy, Poland , much Germany and parts of the Netherland.
Limestone, granite – other areas
Building stone – small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar.
Architectonical Typology - Church, Monastery, Castle.
Italian Romanesque - Pisa complex
French Romanesque -Abbey aux Hommes
English Romanesque - White tower
EVOLUTION OF ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
a detailed presentation on the description and features of the three greek column orders, i.e. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. Includes pictures, labeled diagrams, names of features, timeline, etc.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
Decline of Roman Empire lead to building of large churches called cathedrals in a big way with the spread of organized monasteries called order.
Monastic orders include orders such as the Benedictine order (teachers), Augustinian order (preachers), the Cistercian order (farmers), the Clunaic order (artists), and Carthusian order (Ascetics).
The monks used a simplified Roman style with thick load bearing walls stout columns, small window openings and semi circular arches that came to be known as the “Romanesque” style.
Expansion of Romanesque architecture was linked with pilgrimage to Santiago, expansion of orders, crusades and development of feudal system.
The style can be discovered throughout Europe with its regional variations.
CHARACTERISTICS
Harmonious proportions
Thick and heavy walls and pillars
Small windows
Round arches supporting the roof.
Round blind arches for decoration
Sculptured decorations on portals, capitals and other surfaces.
Painted decorations
Plan: Retains basic plan of Early Christian Basilica ( Long three aisled nave intercepted by a transept and terminating in a semicircular apse crowned by a half dome ).
Support arches are the combination of half segments of large hollow columns or a clustered group of small shafts.
Cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangle in section.
Barrel Vault:
The simplest type of vaulted roof
Single arched surfaces extend from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted.
Barrel Vault requires strong support from solid walls.
Groin Vault: Intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles.
Ribbed Vault: In a ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
Pointed arch Vault:
In Late Romanesque period, another solution came into use from regulating the height of diagonal and traverse ribs.
Salvaged Columns
In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches.
The marble columns are most durable and have stone horizontally bedded.
Majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colors.
They have retained the original roman capitals, of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style.
Salvaged columns
Drum Columns
Hollow core columns
Alteration of piers and columns.
Building materials
Brick – Italy, Poland , much Germany and parts of the Netherland.
Limestone, granite – other areas
Building stone – small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar.
Architectonical Typology - Church, Monastery, Castle.
Italian Romanesque - Pisa complex
French Romanesque -Abbey aux Hommes
English Romanesque - White tower
EVOLUTION OF ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
a detailed presentation on the description and features of the three greek column orders, i.e. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. Includes pictures, labeled diagrams, names of features, timeline, etc.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Roman architecture continued the legacy left by
the earlier architects of the Greek world.
Romans were also great innovators and they
quickly adopted new construction techniques, used
new materials, and uniquely combined existing
techniques with creative design to produce a whole
range of new architectural structures.
Although the Romans have burrowed much of the
Greek style, they have used their knowledge in
constructions to improve the arch and vault for the
architectural community
3. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION
The use of vaults and arches, together with a sound
knowledge of building materials, enabled them to
achieve unprecedented successes in the construction
of imposing structures for public use. Example
- the Colosseum
- the Pantheon
The Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as
the Concrete Revolution.
Roman architects continued to follow the guidelines
established by the classical orders the Greeks had
first shaped: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
5. MATERIALS
The Romans used many materials to create
everything from masonry pastes to walls and
floorings.
Tile covered concrete quickly supplanted marble as
the primary building material, and more daring
buildings soon followed, with great pillars
supporting broad arches and domes rather than
dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves.
Romans were the first ones who created the first
brick and used concrete at such large scale
6. MATERIALS
The materials they used is as follow
- Bricks
- Pozzolanic Concrete
- Marble
- Granite
- Lime
- Tin
- Iron
- Wood
- Ceramics
- Sandstone
7. ARCHITECTURAL BUILDINGS TYPES
The Romans focused on the following features
Mosaics
Hypocaust
Roman roof
Spiral stairs
Arches
Columns
Domes
Vaults
Basilica
8. ARCHES
The arches were modified greatly by the Romans so
that they could carry large amount of weights
It was usually build by stones, brick or concrete
9. ROOFS AND FLOORS
The floor board laid over cross beams that rested
upon supports from the surrounding walls.
Wooden floors were often covered with mortar so
that floors could be tiled
Roofs were made of wooden trusses supported by
walls then covered by tiles
10. COLUMNS
Columns were very important in ancient Roman
architecture
It was mostly used for structural and decorative
purposes
They were made in sections and then stack on top of
each other
They were made from wood, stone and mortar
11. INFRASTRUCTURE
Roman roads were vital to the maintenance and
development of the Roman state.
They provided efficient means for the overland
movement of armies, officials and civilians, and the
inland carriage of official communications and trade
goods
At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than
29 great military highways radiated from the capital,
and the Late Empire's 113 provinces were
interconnected by 372 great road links
12. AQUEDUCTS
The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts in
order to bring water from distant sources into their
cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines,
fountains and private households.
Waste water was removed by complex sewage
systems and released into nearby bodies of water,
keeping the towns clean and free from effluent.
Aqueducts also provided water for mining
operations, milling, farms and gardens.
13. BRIDGES
Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the
first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges
were built with stone and had the arch as the basic
structure. Most utilized concrete as well, which the
Romans were the first to use for bridges.
14. AGORA AND FORUM
Forum is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the
ruins of several important ancient government buildings
at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient
city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as
the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.
Agora was a central spot in ancient Greek city-states. The
literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or
"assembly". The agora was the center of athletic, artistic,
spiritual and political life of the city. The Ancient Agora
of Athens was the best-known example.
15.
16. KEY STRUCTURES
Roman Colosseum
Amphitheatre used for gladiator competitions and
other public events
Capacity of 87,000 people
Created by stone masonry and cut stones
Contains arches, columns, podiums and arcades
17.
18. KEY STRUCTURES
Pantheon
this circular building is constructed with a grand
porch three rows of columns and a dome with a
centered oculus to the sky
The pantheon dome is still considered one of the
largest unreinforced dome in the world
19. CONCLUSION
Roman architecture, then, has provided us with
magnificent structures that have, quite literally, stood the
test of time. By combining a wide range of materials with
daring designs, the Romans were able to push the
boundaries of physics and turn architecture into an art
form.
The result was that architecture became an imperial tool
to demonstrate to the world that Rome was culturally
superior because only she had the wealth, skills, and
audacity to produce such edifices. Even more
significantly, the Roman use of concrete, brick, and
arches twinned with building designs like the
amphitheatre and basilica would immeasurably influence
all following western architecture right up to the present
day.