The document provides information on Roman architecture and sports venues. It discusses the Circus Maximus, including its oblong design with a central barrier and ability to accommodate 250,000 spectators. Details are given on its starting gates and viewing stands. The Colosseum is also described, noting its elliptical shape, four floors of arcades, 80 entrances, and capacity of 50,000 people. The types of events and animals involved in inaugural games are mentioned. Other topics covered include the Forum of Trajan with its Basilica Ulpia and Trajan's Column, as well as the Thermae of Caracalla public baths complex.

1. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
PRESENTATION ON
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

2. Topic
To study the influence of socio-economic
prosperity in architecture, with public and
private, religious and non-religious examples.
Submitted by : Priyanka Rajawat

3. ROMAN INFLUENCE IN SOCIETY
Ancient roman politic
 The rich and powerful people of ancient rome were the patricians , who governed the city
from the senate.
The greek phalanx
 The early roman army , however , was a different thing altogether than the later imperial
army.
 At first , under the etruscan kings, the massive greek phalanx was the mode of battle .
early roman soldiers hence must have looked much like greek hoplites.
 A key moment in roman history was the introduction of the census ( the counting of the
people ) under servius tullius.

4. With this the citizens were graded into five classes , from these classes were in varying degrees
recruited the ranks of the army.
The most wealthy , the first class , were the most heavily armed , equipped like the greek hoplite
warrior with helmet , round shield , greaves and breastplate , all of bronze , and carrying a
spear and sword.
Architecture
Roman art was heavily influenced by GREEK ART.
In fact, many of the roman sculptures and architecture
Were just copies of greeks. The romans would take things
That the greeks would make or invent , and put their own
Spin or idea on them .

5. Columns
Columns were a big part of ancient roman
architecture . they were a main
component in many buildings and they
were used for support , the romans
sculpted them into many different forms
and they helped create more interesting
features.
Concrete
Ancient romans used mainly concrete
which was a mixture between
limestone , gravel and sand , and red
bricks. They used the concrete for
buildings and different arts they
would study .

6. Concrete bricks
Concrete bricks were one of the greatest
advancements in architecture for the ancient
romans . although they did not invent them , they
strengthened them by using volcanic ash and
stones. They were the first to use mortar and
bricks in buildings.
Arches
Arches were another contribution that the
romans made to architecture. The greeks
also had these , but the romans took them
into further detail and redesigned them to
make them loo better . there are stilly many
arches standing today that the ancient
romans built.

7. Aqueducts
Roman people built aqueducts to transport water
to the cities. They were kind of like concrete
bridges connected , built with arches.
Aqueducts were one of the major
architectural achievements.
Roof dome
The roof dome was used in many buildings such
as the famous roman pantheon and many
buildings that were built for the gods . it was
just a simple dome that the romans would
build and use as a roof .

8. Topic
Sports : Coliseum and Circus Maximus
Submitted by : Heena Chaudhary

9. Circus Maximus Design and Description
 The circus maximus was first built by tarquinius priscus, the fifth etruscan ruler of rome c530bc.
 The circus maximus was located in a valley between the palatine and aventine hills in rome.
 The design was oblong in shape, with a long barrier (spina) that ran down the middle of the track
containing statues and monuments.
 Legend says that circus maximus was first laid out in the 6th century ce, by the first roman kings, but
did not start taking major shape until rome was under julius caesar's ruling.
 Originally, the circus maximus was made entirely out of wood. It was rebuilt and altered on a number
of occasions, however, it was mostly stone and concrete and some wood parts in the final design.
 Circus maximus was an arena for a variety of different things, such as sports and athletic
competitions. However, it was most famous for it's chariot races, which sometimes lasted from early
in the morning to late at night.

10. DETAILS
 The circus maximus measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in
length and 118 m (387 ft) in width. Its circumference
was a mile.
 The arena of the circus maximus was surrounded with
a ditch or canal, called euripus which was ten feet
wide and ten feet deep.
 The stadium was surrounded with rows of seats all
around, three stories high, called fori or spectacula
which rose one above another.
 The lowest seats were made of stone and the highest
of wood. Separate places were allotted to the senators
and to the equites.
 There were starting gates, permanent viewing stands
and private boxes for the politicians, senators and
important military personnel. There was also an
imperial box high up in the palace area on the palatine
for the emperor and the royal family.

12.  The circus maximus was designed for chariot races. The
chariots had to circle the spine seven times—a total distance
of about four miles.
 In different parts of the circus maximus there were entrances
and exits for the people to go in and out without disturbing
other spectators.
 On one end there were several openings, called ostia, from
which the horses and chariots started. The stalls were called
the caceres. Before the stalls stood two small statues of
mercury holding a chain or rope to keep in the horses.
 There was a white starting line (alba linea), filled with chalk
and lime, at which the horses were made to stand in a
straight row. The horses were kept in order by persons called
moratores.
 According to pliny the circus maximus could accommodate
250,000-300,000 spectators, either standing or sitting.

13. Circus Maximus - The
Spina
 In the middle of the circus maximus, for almost the whole length of it, there was a brick wall barrier,
about twelve feet wide and four feet high called the 'spina’.
 At each end there were three columns on one base, round which the horses and chariots turned.
 In the middle of the spina the emperor augustus erected an obelisk 132 feet high which had been
dedicated to the pharaoh ramses the great which he had brought from egypt.
 There was also another smaller obelisk which was 88 feet high.

14. Colosseum The roman colosseum is the most famous monument that has survived from the classical world. The
colosseum was built almost two thousand years ago, for the purpose of hosting gladiator games.
 The colosseum hosted thousands of fights for men and animals who fought for there lives in the
sandy arena of the colosseum, and only a few gladiators and warriors found glory there
 The colosseum dominates the surrounding streets of rome, and its buildings.
 The colosseum was originally named the flavian amphitheatre.

16. DETAILS
 The colosseum is an elliptical building which measures 189 meters long and 156 meters wide with a
base area of 24,000m2, and it has a height of more than 48 meters.
 The building stands on a base of two steps; above it there are three floors of arcades and a fourth
storey without arches but with small rectangular windows.
 There were eighty arches on every floor, divided by pillars with a half column
 The colosseum has roughly 80 entrances and can accommodate around 50,000 spectators.
 The construction of the colosseum began in 72 ce and was completed in 80 ce.
 In 847 ce the southern side of the colosseum collapsed, due to a devastating earthquake.
Ground floor First floor Second floor

17.  During the inaugural games of the colosseum in 80 CE, held
by titus, almost 9,000 wild animals were slaughtered to
death.
 They estimate that over 500,000 people were killed during all
the years that the colosseum games were held, and almost a
million wild animals were killed.
 The colosseum includes all the ancient architectural "orders",
which are styles recognizable mainly by the columns
employed.
 The order of the ground floor half columns is the tuscan one
(a roman variation of the doric order).
 On the second floor the semicolumns are ionic and on the
third floor corinthian.
 The panels of the fourth floor - the attic - are divided by flat
composite (roman-corinthian) lesenes in place of the half-
columns of the lower arcades, with a rectangular window
every second panel.

18.  Ancient authors mention that a series of bronze shields (clipea) was
affixed all around the attic on the panels between the windows.
 The arena where the shows took place measures 76 by 44 metres;
its floor was made with wooden planks. All around the arena there
was a wall called podium, about 10 feet high, whose scanty remains
do not allow for a precise reconstruction.
 Over 100.000 cubic metres of travertine stone (45.000 only for the
external wall), quarried near tibur (today tivoli), were used. A road
was built from the quarries to rome for this purpose.
 A similar quantity of tuff blocks, bricks and opus
cementicium (concrete made of small lumps of tuff in mortar) were
also used, thus adapting the resistance of the materials to the loads
and thrust that had to be supported.
 The combination of different materials improves the elasticity of the
whole: the main pillars are made of travertine, radial walls are of
travertine and tuff, the vaults are cast in cement work, and the walls
were plastered and painted white and red (most of the stuccoes
have disappeared).

19.  The passages corresponding to the main entrances were decorated
with paintings and stuccoes, which have barely survived the
centuries.
 The travertine blocks were connected by iron grips that were
removed a long time ago, leaving those ugly holes between the
blocks. It has been calculated that 300 tons of metal were used only
to this purpose.
 Under the arena there were all the services necessary for the
shows: cages for the animals, stores, tools, and lifts that raised the
beasts to trapdoors placed on the floor of the arena. When wild
beasts were in the amphitheatre a fence was erected all around
the podium. The fence had wooden rollers on top, in order to
prevent the beasts from climbing over.
 Between the arena and the podium there was a service tunnel, with
niches. Their function is uncertain; some say they housed archers
who protected the spectators from the risk of wild animals reaching
the public, some say they were latrines, and some say that there
was a water channel meant to give supplementary protection from
the beasts.

20. Arches Detail
 The four arches on the axes of the building were
the main entrances, and were probably decorated
with a little porch and a statue. The other 76
arches were numbered for an easier access to the
seats. Only 31 arches of the outer ring, from
number 23 to 54, have remained intact.
 The arches are 4.20 metres (13’9") wide and 7.05
m (23’1") high on the ground floor, while on the
upper floors they are only 6.45 m (21’2") high.
Including the cornices between the floors and the
attic, the overall height of the building is 48,5 m.
 All around the rims of the first three floors there
were circular promenades that could
accommodate most of the public in case of rain.

21. Materials
The materials that were used in the Construction of the building were:
Travertine limestone
 Tuff or Tufo
 Cement
 Tiles
 Bricks
 Marble
 Lead
 Terra-Cotta pipes

22. Topic :
Forum Of Trajan With Basilica And
Column.
Thermae OF Caracalla
Submitted by :- Madhav Nagar

23. Forum of Trajan
 Trajan’s form, known in latin as forum traiani, is a forum designed by the roman emperor trajan.
 Its construction, carried out between 107 and 112 was performed by the architect apollodorus of
damascus.
 This spectacular complex is the largest forum of rome. Has the squares, the basilica ulpia , trajan
column and the temple of trajan.
 The forum was built from a large square surrounded with porches measuring 200 x 120 m with
exedrae on both sides.
 The main entrance to the forum is for the south side, where it is located a triumphal arch topped by
a statue of trajan in a coach with six horses.
 Ulpia the basilica is located on the north side of the square, it was covered with rectangular blocks
of marble and decorated with a large equestrian statue of trajan

25. Basilica Ulpia
• The basilica ulpia was an ancient roman civic building located in
the forum of trajan.
• The basilica ulpia separates the temple from the main courtyard in the
forum of trajan with the trajan's column to the northwest.
• It is the largest basilica of imperial rome, with a length of 170 meters and
a width of nearly 60 m
• Had access to the southeast, with a central opening of three arches and
two sides of a single arch, framed by columns and crowned by groups of
statues
• The interior of the basilica was formed by a monumental nave, separated
by imposing granite columns of the four lower than the surrounding
buildings on all four sides

27. Column of Trajan
• The marble column is of the roman doric order, and it measures 125
feet (38 m) high together with the padestal, or base, which contains
a chamber that served as trajan’s tomb.
• The column consists of 18 huge blocks of marble, each of which
weighs about 40 tons and has a diameter of about 4 meters.
• The frieze sculptures complete and is about 200 meters is 23 times
around the column.
• The purpose of the column of trajan was threefold: to identify how
far the mountain moved by the forum, cover the ashes of the
emperor and celebrate the conquest of dacia as a victory of trajan.
• Originally, the column was topped with a statue of an eagle, and
later was put in place a statue of trajan himself.

29. Thermae of caracalla
• At a time when rome's crowded tenements had few sanitary facilities, the more than
fifty public baths in imperial rome played an important part in roman society. Not only
did it improve the cleanliness and health of its citizens, but the thermae were also
places where romans came to socialize, gossip and relax.
• The baths of caracalla in rome, italy were the city's second largest roman public
baths, or thermae.
• The bath complex covered approximately 62 acres.
• The complex is of rectangular shape, measuring 337 by 328 meters.
• Several million bricks were used in the construction.
• The baths contained at least 252 columns, 16 of which had a height of over 12 meters.
• It originally accommodated some 1,600 bathers as well as other activities such as
sports and theatricals. The underground vaulted facilities for servicing the hot baths
and lukewarm baths .

32. THE PANTHEON
ROME ,ITALY

33. THE PANTHEON
•ONE OF THE WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT
WORLD AND ONE OF ROMES MOST POPULAR
TOURIST ATTRACTION.
•IT WAS ONCE USED AS A TEMPLE TO HONOR
ALL GODS AND NOW USED AS A ROMAN
CATHOLIC CHURCH
•PANTHEON IN GREEK MEANS TO “TO HONOR
ALL GODS”.

34. THE PANTHEON SITS ON THE
SOUTHERN EDGE OF THE PIZZA
DELLA ROTONDA , ONE OF THE
CITYS MOST FAMOUS PLAZAS.
AT THE CENTER OF THE PLAZA
IS A TOWERING ABELISK,
WHICH POPE CLEMENT X1
PLACED IN THE EARLY 1700S.

35. THE PIZZA DELLA ROTONDA IS A
LIVELY SQUARE FILLED WITH
CAFES, BARS AND RESTAYRANT.
THE PIAZZA ROTONDA WITH ITS
BEAUTIFUL FOUNTAIN
DESIGNED BY GIACOMO DELLA
PORTA.

36. HISTORY
•PANTHEON WAS FIRST BUILT BY AUGUSTUS GENERAL
MARCUS AGRIPPA IN 27 BC AND LATER RECONSTRUCTED
BY EMPEROR HADRIAN IN 125 AD.
•IN 608 AD THE BYZANITE EMPEROR PHOCAS GAVE THE
BUILDING TO POPE BONIFACE 1V, WHO CONVERTED IT TO A
CHRISTIAN CHURCH, THAT WAS DEDICATED TO “ST.MARY
AND THE MARTYRS”.
•IN THE EARLY 17TH CENTURY , POPE URBAN VLLL REMOVED
THE BRONZE BEAMS OF THE POTICO, USING THE BRONZE
TO CONSTRUCT THE CANOPY THAT COVERS THE ALTAR AT
“ST PETERS BASILICA.

37. •SINCE THE RENAISSANCE THE PANTHEON HAS BEEN USED AS A TOMB.
•THE BUILDING HOUSES THE TOMBS OF TWO 19 TH CENTURY KINGS VICTOR
EMMANUEL ll AND UMBERTO l.
•AND ALSO SERVES AS THE BURIAL PLACE OF THE PAINTER RAPHEL.

38. ARCHITECTURE
THE MOST STRIKING THING ABOUT THE PANTHEON IS THE
UNITY OF THE BUILDING.
IT IS A MARVEL OF ARCHITECTURE HARMONY AND
PROPORTION.

39. BENEATH THE LIGHT AND
BETWEEN THE GRANITE
CORINTHIAN COLUMNS,
SEVEN SCULPTURES
STAND
THESE ROMAN GODS
CORRESPOND TO EACH
OF THE SEVEN PLANETS
(AT THE TIME)
AND REMAIN

40. COLUMNS
THE RANKS OF COLUMNS
CONSIST OF EIGHT IN THE FIRST
ROW, AND TWO GROUPS OF
FOUR BEHIND.
THE MASSIVE COLUMNS
SUPPORTING THE PORTICO
WEIGH 60 TONS. EACH IS 39
FEET TALL AND 5 FEET IN
DIAMETER.
THEY WERE MADE FROM STONE
QUARRIED IN EGYPT.

41. OCULUS
THE OPENING AT THE TOP
OF THE PANTHEON THE
OCULUS IS NEARLY 30 FEET
IN DIAMETER AND WAS THE
TEMPLES ONLY SOURCE OF
LIGHT .
THE OCULUS ALSO SERVES
AS A COOLING AND
VENTILATION METHOD.

42. ROTUNDA
THE CONCRETE DOME IS 4,535 METRIC TONS.
THE TOP OF THE ROTUNDA WALL FEATURES A SERIES OF BRICK RELIEVING
ARCHES , VISIBLE ON THE OUTSIDE AND BUILT INTO THE MASS OF THE
BRICKWORK.

43. PORTICO
A RECTANGULAR
STRUCTURE LINKS THE
PORTICO WITH THE
ROTUNDS. IN THE
WALLS AT THE BACK OF
THE PORTICO WERE
NICHES FOR SATATUES
OF CAESAR, AUGUSTUS
AND AGRIPPA.