The document discusses architecture and town planning in ancient China. It describes the major dynasties of ancient China from 2100 BC to 221 BC and the types of structures built during these periods. Key structures discussed include palaces, temples, gardens, and tombs. Major ancient Chinese architectural sites highlighted are the Great Wall of China, Forbidden City, and Temple of Heaven.
A ppt -not of my design. I downloaded and then couldn't remember the link. If you are the author, please let me know so I can credit. This ppt is only being used in a k-12 educational environment for educational purposes.
Japanese architecture has a very long history. It is considered to have begun in the fifth century BC. Japanese traditional architecture and its history are as a consequence dominated by Chinese and Asian techniques and styles on one side, and by Japanese original variations on those themes on the other.
The general structure is almost always the same: posts and lintels support a large and gently curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin, often movable and never load-bearing. Arches and barrel roofs are completely absent. Gable and eave curves are gentler than in China and columnar entices limited.
The roof is the most visually impressive component, often constituting half the size of the whole edifice. The slightly curved eaves extend far beyond the walls, covering verandas, and their weight must therefore be supported by complex bracket systems called tokyō, in the case of temples and shrines. Simpler solutions are adopted in domestic structures. The oversize eaves give the interior a characteristic dimness, which contributes to the building's atmosphere. The interior of the building normally consists of a single room at the center called moya, from which depart any other less important spaces.
Inner space divisions are fluid, and room size can be modified through the use of screens or movable paper walls. The large, single space offered by the main hall can therefore be divided according to the need. To the contrary, some walls can be removed and different rooms joined temporarily to make space for some more guests. The separation between inside and outside is itself in some measure not absolute as entire walls can be removed, opening a residence or temple to visitors. Verandas appear to be part of the building to an outsider, but part of the external world to those in the building. Structures are therefore made to a certain extent part of their environment. Care is taken to blend the edifice into the surrounding natural environment.
The use of construction modules keeps proportions between different parts of the edifice constant, preserving its overall harmony.
A ppt -not of my design. I downloaded and then couldn't remember the link. If you are the author, please let me know so I can credit. This ppt is only being used in a k-12 educational environment for educational purposes.
Japanese architecture has a very long history. It is considered to have begun in the fifth century BC. Japanese traditional architecture and its history are as a consequence dominated by Chinese and Asian techniques and styles on one side, and by Japanese original variations on those themes on the other.
The general structure is almost always the same: posts and lintels support a large and gently curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin, often movable and never load-bearing. Arches and barrel roofs are completely absent. Gable and eave curves are gentler than in China and columnar entices limited.
The roof is the most visually impressive component, often constituting half the size of the whole edifice. The slightly curved eaves extend far beyond the walls, covering verandas, and their weight must therefore be supported by complex bracket systems called tokyō, in the case of temples and shrines. Simpler solutions are adopted in domestic structures. The oversize eaves give the interior a characteristic dimness, which contributes to the building's atmosphere. The interior of the building normally consists of a single room at the center called moya, from which depart any other less important spaces.
Inner space divisions are fluid, and room size can be modified through the use of screens or movable paper walls. The large, single space offered by the main hall can therefore be divided according to the need. To the contrary, some walls can be removed and different rooms joined temporarily to make space for some more guests. The separation between inside and outside is itself in some measure not absolute as entire walls can be removed, opening a residence or temple to visitors. Verandas appear to be part of the building to an outsider, but part of the external world to those in the building. Structures are therefore made to a certain extent part of their environment. Care is taken to blend the edifice into the surrounding natural environment.
The use of construction modules keeps proportions between different parts of the edifice constant, preserving its overall harmony.
It is the presentation of Acient Chinese, specially made for knowing their history of architecture. it contains breif history about china, their geography, their geological influences, climatic influence, SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES, and Architectural Character....with examples of PAGoDAS, THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA, AND PAI LOUS..
These New7Wonders of the World represent some of the most remarkable achievements in architecture, engineering, and cultural heritage, and they continue to captivate and inspire people from around the globe.
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia.
It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
It was named after the city of Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were important centers.
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Comparison between the assault rifles used by Pakistan and India. It provides specifications details and then analysis based on historical action these two rifles have experience
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. ERAS OF HISTORY OF CHINA
History of China has been divided into 4 eras
• Prehistoric Era
• Ancient China
• Imperial China
• Republican China (or Modern Era)
3. ANCIENT CHINA
• Ancient China ranges from 2100 BC till 221 BC and is subdivided into
3 dynasties, namely;
• Xia dynasty (c. 2100 – c. 1600 BC)
• Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC)
• Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BC)
• Spring and Autumn period (722–476 BC)
• Warring States period (476–221 BC)
4. Xia Dynasty
• Xia dynasty is related to the excavations at Erlitou in central Henan province,
where a bronze smelter from around 2000 BC was unearthed.
• Early markings from this period found on pottery and shells are thought to be
ancestral to modern Chinese characters.
• With few clear records matching the Shang oracle bones or the Zhou bronze
vessel writings, the Xia era remains poorly understood and little is known about
the architecture of Xia Dynasty.
• According to mythology, the dynasty ended around 1600 BC as a consequence of
the Battle of Mingtiao.
Fig. Zhou bronze vessel Fig. Shang oracle bones
5. Shang Dynasty
• Archaeological findings providing evidence for the existence of the Shang dynasty,
c. 1600–1046 BC, are divided into two sets.
• The first set comes from sources at Shangcheng. The second set is at An-yang, in
modern-day Henan. The findings at An-yang include the earliest written record of
Chinese past so far discovered.
• In the cities people lived in rectangular houses laid out in rows, built of wood and
rammed earth. In the center of the city, there was a big palace or temple on a
high earth platform. One building at An-yang was a big hall with pillars all the way
around it.
6. • These buildings can be compared to Greek temples from around 800 BC, which
also have wooden columns all the way around them and thatched, slanted roofs.
• There was a city wall of rammed earth around the Shang capital at An-yang.
These were built by piling up dirt and pounding it until it was as hard as rock.
• Other people at that time were building rammed earth altars, in circular patterns
like this one to worship Heaven, and square ones to worship Earth.
• In the summertime, people moved out of their dark sod houses and lived instead
in a tree-house built on a wooden platform, with the roof made of poles and
branches. Living high up in the air kept them safe from animals and snakes.
Fig. Shang Dynasty Altar Fig. Shang Dynasty city wall around Zhengzhou
7. Zhou (Chou) Dynasty
• The Zhou dynasty was the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history, from
1066 BC to approx. 256 BC. By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou
dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley, overrunning the territory
of the Shang.
• There had been a lot of big palaces and shrines. These palaces were built
mainly of big wooden beams. They had rammed earth walls, like the buildings
of the Shang Dynasty. They had courtyards. Archaeology tells us that some of
these buildings had clay roof tiles.
• Rich people's houses already looked a lot the way rich people's houses looked
in later China, with walls around them and courtyards and more private areas
for the women in the back.
• The Zhou emperors made laws about how fancy house could be. Only the
emperors were allowed to have artists carve their pillars and paint them red.
Only the very richest families could paint their pillars black. People who were
not so rich painted their pillars yellow.
8. TYPES OF ANCIENT CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
• Classification by structure
• Chinese pavilions
• Terraces
• Storeyed pavilions
9. Chinese pavilions
Chinese Pavilions are covered structures without
surrounding walls.
Types of Chinese Pavilion: Round, square, triangular
Practical function:
— used for military and governmental purposes
— as a place for rest
— as a roof to a stone tablet
Aesthetic function:
Pavilions provided a place to sit and enjoy the scenery, and
they also became part of the scenery itself, being attractive
structures.
10. Terraces
As an ancient architectural structure of Chinese, the tai
was a very much elevated terrace with a flat top, generally
built of earth and stone and surfaced with brick.
Functions of terraces :
— as an observatory
— as beacon towers along the Great Wall
— in honor of the sincere friendship
11. Storeyed Pavilions
Storeyed Pavilions were like simple
pavilions stacked on top of each other.
Functions of storeyed pavilions :
— used in ancient times for the storage
of important articles and documents
— a place where educated men used to
gather to write articles and hold
banquets
— used for enjoying the sights
12. Classification by function
• Imperial Palaces
• Traditional Chinese Gardens
• Altars and Temples
• Religious Structures
• Tombs and Mausoleums
13. • Imperial Palaces
Usually built on a grand scale, the
imperial palaces are closely related to imperial
sovereignty and were also constructed for the
entertainment of rulers.
Imperial palaces are where emperors lived
and administered their court during their
reign. They are the most revered, luxurious
and grandiose architectural types from
ancient China.
14. - The ancient palaces were strictly laid
out on central axis.
- Yellow roof tiles were used.
- The wooden columns of the buildings,
as well as the surface of the walls, tend
to be red in color.
- The Chinese dragon was heavily used
on Imperial architecture.
15. •Traditional Chinese Gardens
The most distinguishing feature of traditional Chinese gardens is
their natural mountain-and-water style. Chinese garden architecture
includes both grand imperial gardens and delicate private ones.
16. • Altars and Temples
Altars and temples built in ancient
China were meant for practice of rites.
Three categories:
— Imperial temples and altar for
worshiping of Heaven, the earth, the
sun, the moon and the imperial
ancestors
— Commemorative temples for dead
people of great virtue
— Family temples
17. • Religious Structures
Taoist Temples
A Chinese Taoist temple is the
holy hall where Taoists perform their
religious ceremonies.
Buddhist Temple Constructions
Buddhist Temple Constructions
in China include Buddhist
temples, monasteries, pagodas,
Buddhist halls and grottoes.
18. • Tombs and Mausoleums
People of all social classes had their tombs carefully built.
Over the centuries, the craft of tomb construction gradually
merged with arts like painting, calligraphy and sculpture. It
eventually became its own art form.
20. GREAT WALL OF CHINA
• Built in 220–206 BC
• By first Emperor of China, Qin Shi
Huang
• Protection and border control
purposes
• Approx length 21,196 km
21. FORBIDDEN CITY
• Ming Dynasty Imperial Palace
• Built from 1406 to 1420
• Largest ancient palatial architecture in the world
• Built to showcase the extravagant lifestyles of
the emperors
22. TEMPLE OF HEAVEN
• Built from 1406 to 1420 during the reign of the
Yongle Emperor
• For annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for
good harvest for good harvest