Muslim conquest of spain
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The document outlines the phases of the Muslim conquest of Spain through maps showing the progression of territories captured between 711-714 CE. It was led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad who first captured Gibraltar in 711 CE and advanced through southern Spain. In phase 1, cities like Seville, Toledo, and Malaga fell to Tariq. In phase 2, Musa ibn-Nusayr aided the conquest of territories in central and eastern Spain. Phase 3 saw the capture of areas in northwest Spain including Saragossa, Pamplona, and territories along the Cantabrian mountains.
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The document summarizes the rise and fall of Islamic rule in Spain from 711 CE to 1492 CE. It describes how Muslims conquered Spain in just 2 years and went on to rule for over 800 years, establishing an enlightened society with advances in education, science, architecture and more. However, internal fighting and disunity later weakened the Islamic empire, allowing Christian kingdoms to gradually reconquer territory until the fall of the last Muslim stronghold of Granada in 1492, bringing an end to over 800 years of Islamic rule in Spain.
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The document discusses architecture and town planning in ancient China. It describes the major dynasties of ancient China from 2100 BC to 221 BC and the types of structures built during these periods. Key structures discussed include palaces, temples, gardens, and tombs. Major ancient Chinese architectural sites highlighted are the Great Wall of China, Forbidden City, and Temple of Heaven.
Thirty years war Peace of Westphalia
The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which established new political boundaries and order in Europe. It affirmed that German princes could determine the religion of their territories and nullified the Edict of Restitution. The Peace of Westphalia also established the sovereignty of states and non-intervention in other states' internal affairs, forming the basis of the modern international system. The war left Germany fragmented politically and economically weakened, while France emerged as the dominant power in Europe.
Disaster management A case Study: How to fight the inevitable
Disasters are unpredictable but manageable events that threaten communities. Proper preparation through an organized response plan and educated community members can help minimize damage when disasters do occur. With strategic planning, communication of roles and available resources, as well as public awareness of risks and protocols, communities can build resilience to withstand inevitable natural and man-made disasters.
Nation state islamic concept of state
The document discusses the concept of the state in international relations and diplomacy from several perspectives. It examines the nation state, elements that make up a state like population, territory, government and sovereignty. It also compares the modern secular, national and legal concept of the state with historical and Islamic concepts. Key aspects of the Islamic concept discussed are the sovereignty of Allah, the role of the Caliphate, principles of consultation and equality.
Non Pneumatic Tyres
A pneumatic tire uses compressed air inside an airtile core to remain inflated and provide cushioning even under the weight of a vehicle. However, pneumatic tires are prone to failures like punctures and blowouts at high speeds which can cause accidents. Recent research has developed non-pneumatic or airless tire designs like the Tweel that use flexible polyurethane spokes instead of air pressure to support the tire and absorb shocks, eliminating the risk of flats or blowouts.
Pak army
The Pakistan Military is located in Kakul near Abottabad and was established in October 1947. It offers several courses including the PMA Long Course and Lady cadet Course.
The Special Services Group (SSG), known as the Black Storks or Maroon Berets, are special operational units of the Pakistan Army mandated with 14 primary missions. It was established in March 1956 and consists of 10 battalions across 3 brigades.
The Pakistan Armored Corps is the premier combat arm of the Pakistan Army, equipped with over 2000 main battle tanks across 2 armored divisions and independent brigades. It was established in 1773 and has expanded from inheriting 6 regiments in 1947 to 45 regiments today.
Pakistan
Pakistan was founded in 1947 and has a population of over 167 million people. It has four provinces and a parliamentary government led by a president and prime minister. The majority of Pakistanis are Muslim and the country relies heavily on agriculture, especially crops like wheat and cotton. While the government has increased access to education and health services, literacy and development goals remain a challenge due to low funding and infrastructure issues.
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