Sen Kapadia, an accomplished architect born in 1936, has significantly contributed to South Asian architecture through innovative designs that integrate local materials and cultural characteristics, notably in his projects like the Water and Land Management Institution in Bhopal. His design principles emphasize environmental comfort, utilizing passive solar techniques, and efficient energy management while addressing the unique climatic conditions of the region. The document outlines various architectural strategies and technologies to achieve energy efficiency and natural cooling in buildings, advocating for sustainable design that harmonizes with the environment.

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2. BIOGRAPHY
• Sen kapadia (b. 1936)
received his diploma in
Architecture from sir J.J.
COLLEGE oh arch. in 1962.
• He worked with LOUIS
KHAN for setting up his
independent practice.
• He is a recipient of several
awards for his architectural
design and his work.
• His academic output
lectures, seminars,
exhibitions, writing and
theoretical projects.
• He has been the director of
the Kamla Raheja
Vidhyanidhi Institute for
architecture in Mumbai.

3. PRINCIPLES OF NOMINATION
• South Asian architecture is
largely located in far flung
suburbs unlike the western
world’s architectural heritage
that is within cities and thus
highly visible.
• Architectural characteristics of
India. Sri Lanka and Pakistan are
shaped by uniformity of
geography, history and deep
structures.
• Each project is an imprint of its
culture and also the blue print
of the dynamics of evolving
economics.
• His projects embeds local
materials responsive to
environment forces that led to
some potentially significant
works.
• They attain a certain patina of
local craftsmanship and
assume a definite position in
cultural milien specific to the
decade and social history of its
environment
• Main projects are water and
land management institution
and solar efficiency building.

4. WATER AND LAND MANGEMENT
INSTITUTION, BHOPAL
• The low rise instituional
buildings, which merges with
the landform, has used simple
yet innovative passive solar
techniques to reduce space
condaitiong loads.
• This landscaper is being built
on the conviction of providing
maximum human comfort,
without relying too much on
conventional energy
consuming system.
• WALMI was estabilished
in Bhopal, Madhya
pradesh under the central
government aid with a
desire to increase the
effectiveness of irrigation
projects.
• The institute conducts
both in built facilities and
on fields.

5. • The site is located on a flat top hillock adjoining the Kaliasote dam
just 15 km away from the new market. The site offerens an
undisturbed view of water body, down the northern slopes of this
30 km high hillock.

7. Design,Materials and Techniques
• WALMI is viewed largely as an
environmental planning
apparatus.
• It is 230m long landscaper.
• The building exploits the
north-south orientation for
user comfort.
• The WALMI administration and
hostels buildings follow the
contours of the hill on which
they sit, while the long
horizontal plan ensures a rural
character and simple
construction.
• The long east-west axis
determines an axial plan
includes main buildings,
hostels and area for residential
units.
• This master plan is integrated
with landscaping plan to
provide a ‘Habitable
Landscape’ rather than
building roads and gardens.
• Usage of natural building
material and indigenous plants
ensures appropriate aesthetic.

8. • LANDSCAPING:
Trees are planted primarily
to be effective for cooling,
reducing the dust, sun glare
and acting as natural shields
against hot and cold winds.

9. Water As A Microclimate Modifier
• Water is pumped up from
Kaliasote reservoir and stored in
overhead water tanks located
on top buildings.
• Cascading water is extensively
used to provide coolant air-
conditioning rooftops and this
water is recycled to landscape
zones.
• All this has been detailed as a
showcase for demonstration of
a natural element in true
harness and as an appropriate
modifier of the micro-climate.
• The 25m7m Modular unit
(laboratories, library and
administrative )will combine to
generate gently curvilinear
building for spectacular view
of lake.
• CIRCULATION:
Meandering pathways through
different spaces aligned with
flowering and fragrant
shrubbery provide pleasant
atmosphere while
communting to different
zones.

10. Ventilation, Daylight And Roof
Treatment
• The building is located on
east- west axis. This allows
induced cross ventilation
and abundant natural light
without any heat gain, as
west side exposure is
minimized and roof is also
insulated.
• Appropriate tress are placed
judiciously to cut the glare
and heat gain, while built-in
desert coolers ensures
pleasant environment at a
reduced energy use.
• Rooftops are fitted with
water sprinklers that cool
through evaporation.
• The roof is also insulated
with 2.5cm layer of
thermocole over R.C.C.shell
and topped with stone tiles.
• The building has been
designed to be ambient
external temperature. The
aim is to provide effective
human comfort and reduce
load on air conditioning

11. • SERVICES:-
1.Electrical Supply-Although electricity will be supplied at the site,
investigating the use of PHOTOVOLTAIC based local generation of power
is recommended. Buildings are planned to virtually eliminate electric
lights during daytime.
2.SEWAGE MANAGEMENT- There is no municipal disposal on site and this
is being managed by two GOBAR GAS PLANTS.
• PERFORMANCE:-
Bioclimatic consideration of the building design along with thoughtful
incorporation of passive measures would ensure thermal and visual
comfort in the building round with minimal energy usage.
• CONCLUSION:-
Plan and architectural details vastly differ from conventional plan only
to economize the expenses and create harmony with nature. The
WALMI plan strives to answer physical needs with creative
integration of planning, landscaping and appropriate technology. the
resultant is cost effective and its aesthetic value are as consequence
in this solar architecture.

15. AT A GLANCE
PROJECT DETAILS:-
• Name-water and land management institution, Bhopal
• Building type-Institutional
• Year of start/completion-1983-87
• Climate-composite
Built up ares-10800sq.m
DESIGN FEATURES:-
• The building is oriented along east-west axis to have north-south exposure. This
reduces solar gain and maximize the usage of daylight.
• Use of high bulk local stone walling adds to thermal mass.
• Adjoining areas with soft ground cover and deep irrigation avoid all reflected heat
and gain.
• The roof is insulated with 2.5cm layer of thermocole over RCC shell and topped with
stone tiles. additional water sprinklers on the roof allow cooling through
evaporation.
• On the lower floor, the air is admitted through a built in water ensuring higher
humidity and cool during hot summer months.
• The surroundings are suffused with dense planting of evergreen and water bodies.

16. ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLAR HOMES/BUILDINGS
Design aspects
The design of energy efficient solar homes/buildings
depends on climate, solar path and intensity, humidity,
wind flow, and ambient temperature of a particular place.
Design parameters of homes/buildings, therefore, vary with
different climatic zones of the country.
>> Incorporating solar passive techniques in a building
design and enhancing building material specifications
for minimizing the load on conventional systems
(heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting). Passive
techniques vary with climate, and simple techniques that are useful for new homes/buildings in
Different climates of India are listed in booklet.
>> Designing energy-efficient lighting and HVAC (heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning) systems inhomes/buildings.
>> Integrating renewable energy systems, such as solar
photovoltaic systems and solar water heating systems,
with buildings to meet part of their load.

17. PASSIVE DESIGN FEATURES AND THEIR
ADVANTAGES
Orientation of building
We all know that the sun travels daily from the
east to the west. Its movement from the north
to the south and the south to north results in
seasonal changes during the year. The
orientation of a building in a
particular direction, therefore, can heat or cool
the building depending on the climatic zone
in which it is constructed. Proper orientation
can help increase or decrease the heat load by
5%. For example, if the long sides of the building
in the composite climatic zone face
north and south and the short sides face east and
west, the heat load can be reduced.

18. Suns hades
These are installed at the top of
windows/doors to obstruct sunrays that enter the
building during summers but allow them to enter
during winters. This helps protect the building from
over heating during summers and keeps it warm during
winters, thereby reducing electricity consumption
which otherwise, would increase due to heavier use of
room coolers/heaters.
Window design
Windows in a building allow light, heat, and air to come
in. While day light and air are welcome in buildings in all
climatic zones, heat may or may not be
required, depending on the climatic zone
in which the building is constructed.
Therefore, decision regarding location of windows
should be based on the requirement of heat in the
building. The sizes of windows and their
shades also depend on the climatic zone.
Double glazed Windows
Insulation helps reduce heat gain into, and heat
loss from, a building. Double glazed windows
with air gaps can act as good insulation.

19. The insulating air gap lowers the heat gain of
the building. It should be used for air
conditioned spaces. BEE (Bureau of Energy
Efficiency) hasrecommended specifications for
glazing in air-Conditioned spaces, in the Energy
Conservation Building Code 2007
Building insulation
Insulation can be added to
walls or roofs to reduce heat transfer. It also helps
in moderating indoor thermal comfort and is
effective in reducing temperature fluctuations
in non air-conditioned spaces. Some commonly used
insulation materials are mineral wool, extruded/
expanded polystyrene, PUF (polyurethane foam),
and vermiculite, among others. Since roofs receive
maximum solar radiation, it is advisable to insulate
Them using any of the above materials. Cavity walls
are an effective method of insulation. Fly ash-based
aerated concrete blocks and cellular concrete blocks
have good insulating properties and can be used for
wall insulation. Suitable specifications can be provided
by an architect depending on the climatic zone where the
building is to be constructed.

20. summer and sunlight in the winter when their leaves fall.
So planting such trees to the west and south-west of a
building is a natural solar passive strategy. Evergreen
Roof treatment
Some simple roof treatments, other than
roof insulation, for reducing the summer heat gain in
buildings, are as follows.
¡ White washing the roof before the onset of the summer.
¡ Spraying water on the roof. Sprinkling water at regular
intervals can reduce heat gain through roof.
¡ Using shining and reflecting material for the rooftop.
Evaporative cooling
When water stored in a water body evaporates into the
surrounding air, it lowers the ambient temperature. This
phenomenon is known as evaporative cooling. The presence
of a water body such as a pond, lake or sea near the building
or even a fountain in the courtyard can provide the cooling
effect. The most commonly used system is a desert cooler,
which comprises water, evaporating pads, a fan, and a pump.
External cooling through humidification can also be achieved
By keeping surfaces of roofs moist using sprays or lawn
sprinklers. Evaporative cooling is very effective in the hot
and dry climatic zone, where humidity is low.

21. At a depth of 4 m below ground, the earth’s temperature remains more or less constant
throughout the year. This temperature is nearly equal to average temperature of the place.
For example in Delhi, the temperature in summer may go up to 45 °C during summer and
fall to 4 °C during winter, but at a depth of 4 m below ground the temperature remains nearly
26 °C round the year, which is average
temperature of Delhi. The earth air tunnel takes
advantage of this phenomenon. Concrete hume
pipes are laid at a depth of 4 m below ground and
are surrounded by earth.
Solar chimneys are tall, hollow structures that are
preferably located on the south/south-west portion of a
building. These chimneys can help ventilate rooms and
are ideal for hot climatic zones. They should, preferably, be
dark in colour with lightweight construction (for instance,
ferrocement). Spaces within a building have vents
opening into this chimney. The chimney heats up during
summer days and the air inside the chimney rises creating
a low-pressure zone.
Solar chimney
Landscaping
Landscaping provides a buffer against heat, sun, noise, traffic, and
airflow. It is also effective in diverting airflow or exchanging heat in
a solar-passive design.Deciduous trees, such as amaltas,
champa, and similar varieties, provide shade in the
Earth air tunnel

22. Wind tower
Wind towers are specifically designed to use prevailing
wind to draw air out of a space and, sometimes, to push air
into the space. This helps circulate cool air in the building.
When hot ambient air enters the tower through openings
in it, it cools, becomes heavier and sinks. Inlets and outlets
in rooms induce cool air movement. In the presence of
wind, air is cooled more effectively and flows faster down
the tower and into the living area. After a whole day of air
exchanges, the tower becomes warm in the evening.
During the night, cooler ambient air comes in contact
with the bottom of the tower through the rooms.
The air from the rooms of the house
then replaces the escaping chimney air creating a
low-pressure zone inside your home. This makes way for
outside air to enter the home naturally and cool it.

23. ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING
Lighting in a home is generally responsible
for 20% of the
electricity bill.
Efficient lighting reduces energy
consumption, thereby,
saving energy and money, without
compromising on the
quality of light. Lighting improvements are
the surest way
of cutting energy bills. Using new lighting
technologies
Solar water heating system
RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES/SYSTEMS

24. A PV system can be incorporated in a building as part of
the building's structure. In new buildings, PV systems can
be built-in at the design and construction stage. They can
be retrofitted on existing buildings as well. Photovoltaics
can be integrated in every possible structure—from bus
shelters to high-rise buildings.
They can also be used as
landscaping elements.
Incorporating PV in a building
results in the following value
additions.
>> Generating electricity at the
point of demand without
any extra use of land area
>> Reducing the cooling load
of the building, as it also
acts like a shading element
>> Replacing building construction material, such as
glazing elements, depending on the building design
In building integrated PV systems, PV modules are used as
part of the building envelope. PV systems can be
incorporated in a building in three basic ways.
Building integrated PV system

25. >> Façade-integrated photovoltaic systems Curtain walls,
semitransparent PV windows, PV awnings, and so on
>> Roof-integrated photovoltaic systems Atrium roofs, flat
and tilted roofs, skylights, tiles, and slates among other
materials
>> Shadow-Voltaic PV systems that can be used as
shadowing systems
Other renewable energy devices/systems
There are various other renewable energy devices/
systems, such as solar cookers, solar lanterns, solar home
systems, and solar inverters, which can be used for
saving conventional energy after the home/building
is constructed.