This document summarizes common foot abnormalities: flat foot, high arched foot, club foot, hallux valgus, and hammer toe. Flat foot is the most common and results from failure of the medial longitudinal arch. High arched foot is an exaggeration of the longitudinal arch. Club foot can be congenital or acquired and presents in various deformities that impact gait. Hallux valgus causes the big toe to deviate laterally at the metatarsophalangeal joint. Hammer toe involves hyperextension at some joints and hyperflexion at others, generally affecting the 2nd and 3rd toes.

1. ARCHES OF FOOT - FINAL
Dr. HETA PATEL(PT)
Assistant Professor
ARIP
CHARUSAT

4. CLINICALANATOMY
1. Flat Foot (Pes Planus)
2. High Arched Foot (Pes Cavus)
3. Club Foot/Talipes
4. Hallux Valgus
5. Hammer Toe

5. FLAT FOOT (PES PLANUS)
 Commonest problem
 Cause: failure of medial
longitudinal arch.

6. Prolong standing
Overstretching of
plantar aponeurosis
Head of talus support
loss
Talus shoved downward
between calcaneum
and navicular bone
Failure of MLA
Lateral deviation of foot

7.  The impacts of the flat foot are:
1. The individual typically has awkward shuffling
pace as a result of loss of spring in the foot.
2. Makes the foot more likely to trauma because of
reduction of the shock absorbing function.
3. The compression of the nerves and vessels of
the sole is as a result of reduction of concavity
of the sole.
4. The compaction of the communication between
the medial and lateral plantar nerves results in
neuralgic pain in the forefoot (metatarsalgia).

8. HIGH ARCHED FOOT
(PES CAVUS)
 Exaggeration of the longitudinal arch of
the foot
 Cause: Contracture (plantar flexion) at
the transverse tarsal joint
 Gait pattern changes: dorsiflexion of the
metatarsophalangeal joints and the
plantar flexion of the interphalangeal
joints of the toes

10. CLUB FOOT/TALIPES
 Congenital or acquired
 5 types of clubfoot as under
Deformity Foot position Gait Pattern
Talipes equinus Plantar flexed On toes with
heel lifted (horse
like)
Talipes
calcaneus
Dorsi flexed On heel with
forefoot lifted
Talipes varus Inverted and
adducted
On outer border
of the foot
Talipes valgus Everted and
abducted
On the inner
border of foot
Talipes
equinovarus
Inverted,
adducted, and
plantar flexed
On the edge of
the foot

11. HALLUX VALGUS
 Deviation of big toe towards
laterally at the metatarso-
phalangeal joint
 Cause: continuous wearing of
pointed shoes with high heel
 The head of the very
first metatarsal bone becomes
notable and rubs on the shoe.
 This results in the creation of
protective adventitious bursa
referred to as bunion on the
medial side of the big toe.

12. HAMMER TOE
 Hyperextension of metatarso-
phalangeal and distal inter-
phalangeal joints
 Hyperflexed of proximal
interphalangeal joint
 Generally affect 2nd and 3rd toes

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