The document discusses different approaches to lesson planning. It describes the Herbartian approach which involves 5 steps: introduction/motivation, presentation, comparison/association, generalization, application, and recapitulation. It also discusses Morrison's approach involving exploration, presentation, assimilation, organization, and recitation. Finally, it covers Bloom's approach which emphasizes formulating objectives, creating learning experiences, and evaluating behavioral changes. The document provides an overview of different frameworks for developing and structuring lesson plans.

1. By
Syeda Maham Asrar

2. Introduction of Lesson Plans
“A lesson plan is the systematic preparation
done in a scientific manner. Effective and
successful teaching mainly depends on
perfect lesson planning”.
A lesson plan represents a single teaching
unit meant for a class period. Generally a
lesson plan is teacher’s mental and emotional
visualization of classroom activities.

3. Binging and Binging:
Stands – A lesson is
“A plan of action”

4. Approaches to lesson planning:
1) Herbartian Approach:
This approach generally known as
Herbartian five steps approach in the
procedure of the Herbartian School of
propagated by J.F.Herbart (1776-1841)
and his followers.

5. STEPS OF HERBARTIAN
APPROACH
The formal steps involved in the approach as
below:
i. Introduction / Motivation
ii. Presentation
iii. Comparison and association
iv. Generalization
v. Application
vi. Recapitulation

6. Introduction / Motivation
This step is concerned with the task of
preparing the students for receiving new
knowledge. In preparation, nothing new is
taught to students.
Relevant to the topic in hand he teacher
should make himself sure of what the pupils
already know, by putting a few questions,
based on the pupils previous knowledge.

7. PURPOSE:
In general, with the help of this step, the
teacher can check the students entering
behavior before he starts teaching the
lesson.
Thus, testing previous knowledge,
developing interest in the minds of students
and maintaining curiosity of the students
can be achieved with the help of this step.

8. Presentation
It is the key step and only through which
the actual process of teaching is going to
take place. Here the aims of the lesson
should be stated clearly and the heading
should be written on the blackboard.
We have to provide situation for both the
teacher and the students to participate in
the process of teaching and learning.

9. Cont…
The teacher should carefully and skill fully
arrange his material so that his pupils may
clearly and readily grasp it. The teacher should
make proper use of questions, charts, graphs,
pictures, models and other illustrative for
demonstration and explanation.
At the end of each section a few questions
concerning that section only should be asked to
whether the pupils are now ready for the
acquisition of new knowledge.

10. Comparison of Association
More importance should be given in this stage to
compare the facts observed by the students with
another concept by way of giving examples. By
making use of this comparison, the students can
derive definitions or theories.
The students are encouraged to give new suitable
examples for the concept instead of the examples
given in the book to make them think in an
innovative manner.

11. Generalization
This step is concerned with arriving at some
general ideas or drawing out the necessary
conclusions by the students on the basis of
the different comparisons, contracts and
associated observed in the learning material
present by the teacher.
As far as possible the task of formulation
should be left to students. The teacher at
this stage should try to remain in the
background for providing only necessary
guidance and correction.

12. Application
 In this stage, the teacher makes the students to
use the understood knowledge in an unfamiliar
situation. Unless the knowledge of science is
applied in new situations or in our day-to-day
life, the study of science will become
meaningless.
 This application of scientific principles will
strengthen learning and will make the learning
permanent.

13. Recapitulation
This stage is meant for the teachers to
know whether students have grasped by
reviewing a lesson or by giving
assignments to the students.
Only through this step achieving closure
(in teaching) is possible.

14. Morrison’s Approach:
It is not a very popular approach to lesson
plan, used only in USA .this approach is
known as ‘Unit Method’.
According to Morrison, ‘’Unit is a
comprehensive and significant aspect of
environment of an organized section and
art.’’

15. Cont…
Morrison has formulated ‘’Cycle plan of
Teaching’’ major emphasis is on learning
objectives and students need in planning teaching
tasks. His cycle plan of teaching includes five
steps.
 Exploration
 Presentation
 Assimilation
 Organization
 Recitation

16. Cont…
 Main stress is on assimilation. Mastery
teaching can be hold done by dividing whole
content into units and each unit should be
planned and taught. Each unit is
Psyochological in nature. It creates problemtic
situation which helps in raising level of
motivation.
 This approach is used at ‘’Understanding level
of teaching’’ especially for higher classes or
secondary classes. It is more useful for subjects
of science or mathematics.

17. Bloom’s Evaluation Approach:
According to the Bloom (1956), education
is a tri-polar process involving mainly three
activities:
 Formulation of objectives
 Creating learning experiences
 Evaluating the change in behavior

18. Formulation of objectives:
Predetermined, organized activity to bring
desireable change is known as an objective. In
formulating objectives, the following things are
considered.
Nature and need of the subject.
Nature and need of the content.
Students’ level of aspiration need their socio-
economical conditions, cultural needs.
Students’ growth and development.
Students’ intelligence ability, interest etc.

19. Creating Learning Experiences:
On the basis of learning objectives
appropriate teaching strategies, tactics and
audio-visual aids are selected for a
generating environment for learning
experiences. Learning experiences may be
provided inside or outside the classroom.

20. Evaluating the change in behavior:
 Learning experiences bring desireable changes
in the behaviour of learner. These changes are
evaluated in terms of learning objectives. A
criterion (objective types or essay type) used
for measuring cognitive objectives.
 In lesson plan, oral questions are asked for
evaluating learners’ cognitive, affective and
psychomotor domain of behaviour.

21. Merits of Bloom’s lesson plan:
A relationship between input and output
of teaching process is established.
Teaching is made more scientific and
systematic.
Maximum behavioural changes can be
brought by minimum effort.
It helps to check wastage of human
energy and time and leads teachers and
students toward the desirable goal.

22. Demerits of Bloom’s lesson plan:
 This approach is highly structured and
mechanized.
 There is no scope for creativity or originality of
the teacher.
 One teaching activity does not confine to one
domain. It is used for other domain also.
Therefore, it is difficult to decide at what level,
that teaching activity should be used.
 Motivational techniques are not used for
developing interest in students.

23. John Dewey and Kilpatrick Approach:
John Dewey was a great American
pragmatic philosopher as well as a great
psychologist.
The knowledge of student should be related
to their life situation. The learning
experiences should be provided by solving
the real problems.

24. Cont…
H.W Kilpatrick has developed a project-
method and introduced an integrated
approach to the curriculum. A project is
whole hearted purposeful activity
proceeding in a social environment.
It is also a pupil centred purposeful task
accomplished in real life. It involves self-
activity and experiences of life situation.

25. Question Answer
Session
 What is a lesson plan?
 How many approaches to a lesson plan?

26. References:
 http://freenaleen.blogspot.com/2013/12/lesson-plan-steps-herbartian-approach.html
 General methods of teaching by Pervaiz Iqbal