This document discusses quality standards and quality management processes for surveying projects. It defines key terms like quality, standards, quality assurance and quality control. It describes the benefits of standards and outlines the Plan-Do-Check-Act model for quality processes. Quality standards help ensure accurate, reliable survey results and monitoring is needed to check that standards and requirements are met. The three main quality management processes are quality planning, quality assurance and quality control.

1. Apply quality standards
SURVEYING Level III
US TVET COLLEGE
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2. 1. Overview of Quality standard
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3. introduction
Definition of Quality
• The word quality has many meanings:
A degree of excellence, Conformance with
requirements.
The totality of characteristics of an entity that
bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied
needs.
Fitness for use or purpose.
Freedom from defects, imperfections or
contamination and Delighting customers
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4. • Definition standard
A standard is a document
• established by CONSENSUS and
• approved by a recognized body that provides, for
–common and repeated use,
–rules,
–guidelines or characteristics for activities or
their results,
–aimed at the achievement of the optimum
degree of order in a given context.
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5. • Benefits of standards include:
–Documenting quality standards forces you
to review all aspects of your process.
–Providing a way to assure that an item
complies with contract specifications.
–Attracting buyers, including the
government, because of its repeatable
quality.
–Saving money by providing the necessary
indicators and tools to identify problem
areas and ways to correct those areas.
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6. Quality of Production processes,
materials and products
Quality Standards Defined
• A set of quality attributes which,
developed through consensus of its
developers, provides a consistent
process for producing the exact same
product each time.
• Quality standards help businesses to
function in an ethical way.
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7. • These standard are Used for
1. interpreting information for quality standards
of the work being carried out.
2. implementing checks on the quality of work.
3. confirming work meets with quality standards.
4. performing a supervisory role within craft and
operative work areas as associated with work
carried out in the built environment.
The level and type of quality standard will
depend on the product or service being
purchased.
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8. The quality of a survey has prime importance
for accurate, reliable and valid results.
To ensure that standards and requirements are
met, it is necessary to monitor study on
processes and
the products produced against predetermined
baselines and requirements.
• continuously evaluate whether processes are
stable and quality requirements are being met.
Quality checking procedures
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9. Quality Dimension and Description
1. Performance: perform its ended function
2. Reliability: consistency of performance/how
often the product is fail
3. Durability: how long the product is functional
4. Serviceability: how it easy to repair
5. Aesthetics: what is the product is looks like
6. Features: Additional function
7. Perceived Quality: has a good or brand name
8. Conformance to Standards: it is standard in
every place
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10. Indicators of failure and their
consequences
• If faults exist, it will cause failure to meet quality
standards.
• The failure includes,
1. Inaccuracies, errors
2. Failure to meet expectations for product
quality, cost or service
3. Customer and client dissatisfaction
4. Spoilage and or waste of materials
5. Inappropriate or poor work methods
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11. • Result of Poor Quality Outcome
–High maintenance costs.
–Projects fail
–Cost and time overruns.
–Disputes.
–Contractors default and do not
complete projects.
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12. Quality improvement process
• Is the process for creating Breakthrough levels of
performance by eliminating wastes and defects
to reduce the cost of poor quality.
• The Quality Improvement processes are
1) Prove the need for improvement
2) Identify the improvement of the project
3) Establish project improvement teams
4) Diagnose the causes
5) Stimulate the remedies
6) Establish controls to hold the gains
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13. • Basic steps in problem solving
1. Identify and define the problem
2. Study the existing situation; collect necessary
data and Analyze the problem
3. Generate possible solution alternatives
4. Evaluate alternative and choose the preferred one
5. Implement the improvement and measure results
6. Evaluate and revise if required
7. Otherwise, return to step 1 and start again with a
new problem.
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14. 2. Confirming quality standards
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15. Acquire Quality standard procedures
document
• If organizational or program quality guidance
does not exist, then the organization should
develop or adopt its own quality procedures.
• In documenting their quality processes,
organizations may employ conceptual
frameworks such as the Plan-Do-Check-Act (P-
D-C-A)
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16. • P-D-C-A quality model described in ISO 9001
(current version) (and related consensus
standards) for lines of business and activities
within the scope of the Quality Policy and
Procedure.
• The P-D-C-A model includes the following
steps:
–Plan: Establish the objectives and processes
necessary to deliver results in accordance
with customer requirements and the
organization’s policies
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17. –Do: Implement the process on program
specific activities
–Check: Monitor and measure processes,
products and services against policies,
objectives and requirements
–Act: Take action to continually improve
process performance.
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18. Quality documents dissemination
• The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), an international
agency composed of the national
standards bodies of more than 160
countries, provides guidance and
certification on a range of issues.
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19. –They were developed by International
Organization for Standardization
(ISO), patterned from a British quality
program and first published in 1987.
–The American Society for Quality (ASQ)
and the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) also produce standards
and work with ISO.
–Quality and Standards Authority of
Ethiopia (QSAE)
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20. • ISO standards are:
–Based on need to meet customer’s
requirements, regulations, and
satisfaction.
–Adopted by organizations and then they
must become accredited.
–Used worldwide—new edition is ISO
9001:2008.
–Applied broadly to all products; doesn’t
differentiate between picture frames and nuclear
components.
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21. • ISO standards do not guarantee any
quality of end products and services.
• Certification to an ISO standard, certifies
that formalized processes
• such as the following requirements for
ISO 9001:2008:
–Keeping a set of procedures that cover
all key processes.
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22. –Monitoring processes to ensure they are
effective.
–Keeping adequate records.
–Checking output for defects, with
appropriate and corrective action where
necessary.
–Reviewing individual processes and the
quality system itself for effectiveness
regularly.
–Facilitating continuous improvement.
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23. • The following are the core business areas in
which QSAE is engaged.
–Ethiopian standards (ES) development;
–Regulation enforcement (compulsory
product certification and legal
metrology);
–Calibration and laboratory testing;
–Batch product inspection;
–Training;
–Standards information.
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24. Quality Management Processes
• Three (3) Quality Management
Processes
•quality planning
•quality assurance
•quality control
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25. Quality Planning(QP)
• Quality Planning is identifying which quality
standards are relevant to the project and
determining how to satisfy them
• Quality planning includes allocation of
necessary resource by
–Identify your customer
–Determine its need
–Develop product features that responds to
the need
–Establish a quality goals that meet the need
of the customer & suppliers
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26. Quality Assurance (QA):
• Quality Assurance is a Planned actions
(programmatic) and systematic activities
implemented in a quality system so
that quality requirements for a product
or service will be fulfilled.
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27. • QA provides adequate confidence or a
performance guarantee by
–Following defined processes before
production.
–Systematic approach for evaluation,
inspection, testing, calibration, or
whatever is needed to monitor and
assure the quality of the product.
–Use of checklists, company audits, and
project audits.
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28. • QA is spot checking of contract
–compliance,
–test results, and
–ultimately making sure that the quality
control process is working.
• Usually the GOVERNMENT or outside
third party is responsible for performing
QA.
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29. • QA Executing agencies will have very clear
guidance on what is required per contract
as far as the QA/QC is concerned.
•Policy and Guidelines
•Standards and Specifications
•Rules and Regulations
•Terms and conditions of the contract
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30. Quality Assurance (QA): Responsibility
Involves
• REGULAR BUT RANDOM TESTING of
materials and workmanship (time-based
or work-based intervals)
• Prevent, identify, and correct quality-
related problems
• During the process, QA instructors
mostly provide guidance and leadership
to the construction people
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31. Principles of Quality Assurance
1. Customer focus
• A quality management system needs to be in
place to manage customer relationships and
communicate those needs across the
organization.
2. Leadership
• Good leadership within an organization should
establish trust and remove fear, whilst
encouraging and recognizing employee’s
contributions.
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32. 3. Involvement of people
• People at all levels of the process need
to be motivated, committed and fully
involved.
4. Process approach
• The process should focus on resources,
methods and materials which affect the
key activities.
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33. 5. System approach to management
• Quality assurance training demonstrates how
to create a structured system which is
designed to achieve the organizations aims
and objectives using the most effective and
efficient methods.
6. Continual improvement
• Continual improvement of products,
processes and systems should be promoted as
an objective for every employee throughout
all levels in the organization.
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34. 7. Factual approach to decision making
• This quality assurance principle simply ensures
that decisions are based on analyzed data
and information.
8. Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
• These mutually beneficial relationships allow
the organization to benefit from optimized
costs and resources, clear and open
communication and being able to share
knowledge and plans on market changes and
consume expectations
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35. Quality Control (QC)
• QC is a process intended to ensure that
product quality or performed service
adheres to a defined set of criteria or
meets the requirements of the client.
• QC is a system of routine technical
activities, to measure and control the
quality of the inventory as it is being
developed.
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36. • QC is a process for meeting the established
goals by evaluating and comparing actual
performance and planned performance, and
taking action on the difference.
Quality Control:
• An evaluation to indicate needed
corrective responses;
• the act of guiding a process in which
variability is attributed.
• It is Physical actions taken on items or
activities to verify adherence to specified
requirements.
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37. The QC system is designed to:
(i) Provide routine and consistent checks to
(ii) ensure data integrity, correctness, and
completeness;
(iii) Identify and address errors and omissions;
(iv) Document and archive inventory material and
record all QC activities.
• Through the quality control process, the
product quality will be maintained, and the
manufacturing defects will be examined and
refined.
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38. • The Quality Control process
–Choose control subject
–Establish measurement
–Establish standards of Performance
–Measure Actual Performance
–Compare to Standards (interpret the
difference)
–Take action on the difference
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39. 7 QC Tools？
• Check sheet
• Pareto chart
• Cause and effect diagram
• Histogram
• Scatter chart
• Graph
• Control chart
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40. QC, is generally included as a segment of
QA and includes:
• Adherence to predefined quality
assurance requirements.
• Failure testing by physical examination,
inspection, walk-through, or
measurement of product for defects.
• Verification that deliverables are of
acceptable quality and that they are
complete and correct.
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41. • Usually the CONTRACTOR (or a third party)
is responsible for performing Quality
Control (QC) making sure that the standards
are meet for production.
• The Construction contract defines the quality
standards and the quality control testing
requirements
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42. 3. ASSESSING QUALITY OF SERVICE
DELIVERY
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43. Check Services delivery
• completed work is continuously checked
against work place standard relevant
–to the operation being under taken is
demonstrated how the work activities &
completed work relate to next production
process or product and
–to the final appearance of products
concerned faulty pieces or final products are
identified & isolated.
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44. • Assess quality of received component
parts or final products (are continually
checked against work place standard &
specification for such things.)
• Measure products or component parts as
required, using the appropriate measuring
instrument in accordance with work place
procedures.
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45. Service delivery evaluation using the
appropriate parameters
• Quality is a composite of three parameters
1. Quality of design is the extent to which
the design reflects a product that satisfies
customer needs and expectations.
• All the necessary characteristics should be
designed into the product at the outset.
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46. • Quality design can insure
–Efficient and consistent product performance
–Easy maintenance
–Desire and reliability
–Aesthetic value
–Satisfaction to user
2. Quality of conformance is the extent to
which the product conforms to the design
standard.
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47. 3. Quality of use is the extent by which the
user is able to secure continuity of use
from the product.
• Products need to
–have a low cost of ownership,
–be safe and reliable,
–maintainable in use and
–easy to use.
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48. Performance criteria
• look at processes or procedures currently
in place, and evaluate whether outcomes
are in line with what was intended
(objectives) or should have been achieved.
You must be able to:
1. Identify quality standards from
available information and clearly specify
to the people responsible for their
implementation.
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49. 2. Regularly check that work conforms to the
design requirements and the specified quality
standards
3. Identify work that fails to meet the
requirements and specified quality standards
and implement corrective action
4. Regularly inform decision makers about any
significant variations in quality standards.
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50. • QC is closely linked to QA, and the
outputs of each feed into the other
• Determine whether there is a need to:
–Recommend corrective actions.
–Modify the process improvement plan.
–Modify the quality management plan
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51. 4. RECORDING INFORMATION
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52. Record basic information on the quality
performance
• A performance record, in the quality
context, is the compilation of written
details concerning measures related to
process, product or service.
• Information’s that are recorded in a
precise and documented form, contribute
towards better communication and
understanding.
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53. • Provide documentation for the following
aspects of quality control:
–Performance and quality assessments.
–Recommended corrective actions and
corrective actions taken.
–Updates to baselines.
–Changes to the quality management
and quality assurance plans
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54. Recording and/or reporting Faults
• Basic information on the quality & other
production performance indicators is
recorded in accordance with work place
procedures.
• Errors, defects, issues, deviations and
noncompliance items identified in the
activities must be itemized, documented,
tracked to closure.
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55. • Causes of deviations from specified quality
standard for materials, component parts or
final products are investigated & reported , as
required , using the appropriate measuring
techniques in accordance with work place
procedures.
• The QA team must verify all problems were
tracked to closure and must provide continuing
feedback to management and the technical
support team concerning the status of the
problem.
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56. Maintain Records of work quality
The quality assurance manager is responsible
for maintaining all quality records, which
provides information regarding each type
fault.
• Identify and document what will be measured
or monitored, and how it will take place.
• Identify and document the types of
performance that indicators will be used to
measure and monitor against
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57. • Identify the time, place, and workers
responsible for undertaking measurement
and monitoring.
• Ensure corrective actions are identified
and implemented if non-conformities are
identified through measurement and
monitoring.
The database records must be backed up
daily (automatically using its own backup
facility).
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58. 5. STUDYING CAUSES OF QUALITY
DEVIATIONS
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59. Investigate and report Causes of
deviations
• Causes of deviations of results, products
and services from the final outcome
quality standard can be identified through
quality monitoring and control activities.
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60. Perform quality monitoring and control
activities as outlined in the quality
management plan,
–Monitor process quality indicators
–Generate charts and graphs to monitor
processes
–Perform process analysis if quality
requirements are not being met.
–Analyse and report on results of quality
assurance activities, checking that a
process met specifications, etc.
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61. Identification of Causes of faults consists of
• Observation =
Most faults provide obvious clues as to their
cause.
Though careful observation & a little bit of
reasoning, most faults can be identified as to
the actual component with very little testing
• Define problem area =
it is the stage that you apply logic and
reasoning to your observations to determine
the problem area.
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62. • Determine most problem causes =
once the list of possible causes has
been made , it is then necessary to
prioritize of it being the cause of the
defect or faults.
• Identify preferred corrective actions =
the basic steps in problem solving
techniques has to be used to find the
most suitable preventive and corrective
solutions implemented.
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63. Recommend Suitable preventive
action
• In the process of quality assurance preventive
action has to be implemented based on the
recommended Suitable preventive measures.
• Preventive action, such as implementing,
modifying or enforcing procedures or controls,
will be taken to avoid repetition of the
nonconformity, or to prevent a potential
nonconformity from occurring.
• Corrective action is necessary to remedy
weaknesses that are identified with respect to
the fulfillment of quality standards.
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64. Complete documentation
The documentation include:
• The date and time the deviation was observed;
• Nature of the deviation;
• Whether product or service are affected;
• What corrective actions are to be taken?
• The time frame for completion of corrective
actions;
• Signature of responsible employee; and
• Verification date, time and signature indicating
that the activity was completed satisfactorily.
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65. Three Golden Rules
• Rule Number 1:
Do it right the first time and every time.
• Rule Number 2:
There is always a better way of doing
things.
• Rule Number 3 :
Don't forget Rule Number 1 & 2
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