This document discusses principles of cartography and map presentation. It defines what maps are, their purposes, and different types of maps. It describes various map elements like scale, projection, symbols, color, grids and how they are used to represent geographic information and features. It also discusses cartographic conventions for labeling maps and representing locations, elevations, administrative boundaries and other natural or man-made features. The document is intended to teach the fundamentals of cartography and map reading.

1. Applying map presentation
Applying map presentation
Applying map presentation
Applying map presentation
principles
principles
principles
principles
SURVEYING Level III
US TEVET COLLEGE
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2. LO1. Apply understanding
LO1. Apply understanding
LO1. Apply understanding
LO1. Apply understanding of cartography
of cartography
of cartography
of cartography principles
principles
principles
principles
1.1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
cartography
• Cartography (from Greek word khartes,”map”; and graphein,
”write”) or map making , has been an integral part of the
human story for a long time, possibly up to 8000years.
• Cartography is both an art and science of making map.
• Map is a two-dimensional representation of a particular place.
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3. Map
• A map is a graphical (selective, symbolized and generalized)
representation, usually on a plane surface, and at an established (at
a reduced) scale, of natural or artificial features on the surface of a
part or the whole of the Earth or other planetary body.
• Map is a picture or representation of the earths surface showing
how things are related to each other by distance, direction and size.
• A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relation ships between
elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.
• Map is Not the photograph of the earths surface.
• Maps can show many things that that a photograph cannot show.
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4. • A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of
a place, usually drawn on a flat surface.
• The features are positioned relative to a coordinate reference
system defined on the basis of some scientific convention.
• Map enables us to depict special phenomena on paper.
• Maps usually show the land scape as it would be seen from
above, looking directly down.
• Maps give a broad understanding of location and features of an
area.
• Maps will often show other features such as roads, rivers,
buildings, trees and lakes.
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5. Purpose of mapping (cartography)
Purpose of mapping (cartography)
Purpose of mapping (cartography)
Purpose of mapping (cartography)
• Maps are used by various types of people and professions for
many different purposes
• The purpose of the map determines what features are included
and how they are represented.
• The different purposes such as orientation and navigation,
physical planning, management, and education lead to different
categories of maps.
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6. • The look of a map depends largely on its intended use and
intended audience. Examples,
• Store geographic information
• Aid navigation or mobility
• Aid analysis, such as measuring or computing
• Summarize large amounts of statistical data for forecasting or
detecting trends
• Visualize what was otherwise invisible
• The reader may gain an understanding of the type of landscape,
the location of urban places, and the location of major
transportation routes all at once.
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7. Generally, the purpose of map is
Generally, the purpose of map is
Generally, the purpose of map is
Generally, the purpose of map is
• To communicate geographic information in a graphic form as a
digital image or a paper map (analog)
• To position the surroundings, location and etc…
• Graphics is better than description
[ A picture tells a thousand words!]
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Principle of task of cartography
Principle of task of cartography
Principle of task of cartography
Principle of task of cartography
• Communicate geographical information graphically
• basic focus of cartographer -- communicate the information
beautifully and accurately
• graphic artist – beauty
• surveyor -- accuracy

8. 1.2 Identifying & describing different types of maps
There are many different types of maps.
The type of map you would choose depends on why you need it.
Maps can be also classified based on
I, Users,
II, scale,
III, Function,
IV, Subject matter, etc…
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9. I, User
A. Civilian maps
• Are maps that contain geographic and topographic information
with in the public domain.
• Used as geographic data source for commercial projects and for
public or private research.
• The plane metric and height accuracies of such maps vary
indefinitely and their usability for any purpose depends on the
criticality of the tasks which they are put.
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10. B. Military maps
• Are maps reserved for application in the military where they
serve as geographic information aids in the execution of military
operations on land and sea.
• These maps are usually very detailed and accurate in terms of
plan metric and height information coverage.
• Generally full under classified information there by rendering
them inaccessible to the general public.
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11. II, Depending on Scale
A. Small Scale
B. Medium Scale
C. Large Scale
Small Scale
Large Scale
1:500,000
1:50,000
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12. III, Depending on Function
A. General Reference map: Reference maps show the location
of geographic boundaries, physical features of Earth, or cultural
features such as places, cities, and roads.
• Political maps, physical maps, road maps, topographic maps,
time zone maps, geologic maps, and zip code maps are all
examples of reference maps.
B. Thematic/Special Maps: display distributions, or patterns,
over Earth’s surface.
• Thematic content (geology, climate, population,
transportation, etc.) is drawn on a base map, which is most
often either a simplified topographic map or a set of data
layers.
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13. C. Navigational charts: are another invaluable tool when it comes
to actually getting around, whether you’re at sea or in the air.
• Maps for the ocean are typically referred to as charts, and the
same applies to air navigation mapping.
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Thematic/Special Maps
Reference map

14. IV, Depending on Subject matter
A. Cadastral map: Cadastral maps are a lot more specific, and
although they’re widely used, there’s a good chance you won’t
see when you get a house surveyed, and town planners will also
deal with them a lot. .
B. Plans: map out individual properties, offering details like
boundary information when houses or land are surveyed, and
can be joined together to create much larger cadastral maps.
C. Soil vegetation, Precipitation, etc….
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Cadastral Maps and Plans

16. Types of Map
Types of Map
Types of Map
Types of Map
• Political Maps show boundaries between countries, states,
counties, and other political units. the most widely used
reference maps.
• Usually colored by country or by state
• Political color make it easy to compare size, shape, and
location of given administrative unit
• Bold letters often make the country names stand out
• Symbols make it easy to tell capitals from other cities
• Also names certain physical features such as rivers and lakes
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19. • Physical maps are designed to show the natural landscape
features of Earth.
• Present, rivers mountains , lakes etc…
• Have colors that make natural patterns stand out
• Reliefs and shades can be depicted on these maps
• Higher elevations can have brown colors and lower areas
green to orange/yellow
• The colors on the map can stand for type of vegetation,
mountain and natural features.
• Names of big natural features are easy to see
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21. • Topographic maps are reference maps that show the shape of
Earth’s surface.
• Usually do this with lines of equal elevation known as
“contour lines”,
• Elevation can also be shown using colors (second map), color
gradients, shaded relief and a number of other methods.
• Also show other important natural features such as lakes,
rivers and streams
• They are also called baseline maps.
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23. • Climatic maps demonstrate information on climatic condition,
weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity…)
• The climate of the place is the weather it has season by
season, year after year.
• Rainfall and temperature are climate’s main ingredients.
• From these maps one can associate the relation ship among
elevation, distance from the ocean, and latitude.
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25. • Resource Maps communicate the geographic distribution of
natural resources.
• Maps might show countries with the highest diamond
production or the geographic extent of an oil or gas field.
• Help governments understand their natural resource assets
and the natural resource assets of their allies and potential
enemies.
• Help mining companies target their exploration efforts.
• Important for assessing the transportation opportunities
and problems associated with the distribution of resources
and the location of where they are consumed.
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27. • Elevation/Contour map
• Topographic map with
contour lines that
show points
that are on the same
level
• Contour lines
geographic height
representation
• Contour line numbers
show elevation along
the line
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28. Cartographic
Cartographic
Cartographic
Cartographic standards
standards
standards
standards
• Map content
• The features on a map are the map content.
• Features are displayed in the map content according to one of
the following criteria:
qualitative—the species are expressed (e.g. language map);
quantitative—the quantifiable properties (e.g. population
density map) are displayed;
topological—the features are represented by their ground
nature (the way they relate to the Earth surface) by point,
line and areal symbols (e.g. road map);
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1.3 Identifying cartographic conventions used on maps.
1.3 Identifying cartographic conventions used on maps.
1.3 Identifying cartographic conventions used on maps.
1.3 Identifying cartographic conventions used on maps.

29. Developmental—the changes in space and time are
displayed (e.g. troop movement map);
Meaning—or significance and the significance of a small
settlement in the desert is higher than that of a similar
settlement in a well-populated area and
Structural —the feature as a unit together with its sub-
components and interrelationships are represented (e.g.
map of the age structure of the population).
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30. • Map symbols
a symbol is a graphic pattern that is used to represent a feature on a
map
• Point map symbols a simple geometric, figurative or alphanumeric
picture allow for the expression of feature characteristics at a
particular location, using the shape, size, structure, fill and
orientation, both qualitative and quantitative characteristics can be
expressed
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Types of point map symbols.

31. • Line map symbols-various forms of lines, express both
qualitative and quantitative characteristics of linear features by
thickness, structure, colour and orientation.
• Simple lines (solid, dotted, dashed, dash-and-dot) and
• Complex lines (with various supporting map symbols-crosses,
"teeth," ripples, images) are used to express the quality of
linear features.
• The thickness of the line symbol is determined by the
relationship to the quantity of the feature (e.g., traffic
volume) or importance or super-ordination (e.g., state,
provincial, municipal borders).
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• The qualitative characteristics of linear features are mostly
expressed through colour (another feature = other colour).

33. • Six basic variables
• Size (taille): variation in the area size covered by a sign at a constant
shape.
• Value (valeur): variation in the ratio of the total amount of black and
white in the perceived color of a given area.
• Texture (grain): variation in the amount of discernable uniform marks
per unit area at a constant value.
• Hue (couleur): wavelength variation within the visible part of the
electromagnetic spectrum between two areas at a constant value
• Orientation (orientation): angular difference between several arrays of
parallel signs
• Shape (forme): variation in the outline character (form) of a sign at a
constant size
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35. Color
Color
Color
Color
• Colour perception has psychological, physiological and
conventional aspects
• The color parameters/ Dimensions of color are
• Hue - basic colour we perceive (red, blue, green, yellow, orange,
etc.), eg 12 step wheel
• Value - lightness or darkness.
Can be hard to perceive
variations in value
• Saturation - intensity or purity
compared to a neutral grey.
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36. • Color for Basic Map Elements
• Administrative boundaries
• Either Black or Grey
• Higher Administrative unit the thicker the line
• Roads
• Red
• Tracks dashed lines (light red/brown)
• Rivers and Lakes
• Blue
• Streams dashed lines light blue
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37. Use of text
Use of text
Use of text
Use of text
• Descriptive text is used to give a map its title, to explain the
legends and label features.
• Text characteristics:
• Family Arial vs Helvetica
• Style (face) bold vs italic
• Font 32 point vs 48 point
• Color black vs blue
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38. Location on a map
• A coordinate system enables every location on the earth to be specified
by a set of coordinates of known location on a grid.
• There are two major global coordinate systems, know as the
Universal transverse Mercator (UTM) projection፡(easting/ northing)
Geographic (GCS): degrees and minutes (longitude/latitude)
• The projection used for topographic maps is UTM.
• The UTM grid is a square grid system of lines depicted on maps and
based on the transverse Mercator projection.
• It can be used to accurately locate the position of features on the map
by distance or direction.
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39. • Are expressed in meters and can be determined on the map by
using the UTM grid lines.
• These grid lines are equally spaced horizontal and vertical lines
superimposed over the entire map.
• The coordinate value for each grid line can be found along the
edge of the map.
• Northing values can be read along the east or west edges of the
map and easting values can be read along the north or south
edges of the map.
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UTM grid coordinates (easting, northing)

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UTM
UTM
UTM
UTM Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid
• World is divided into 60 zones and 20 Lat. Bands.
• Each zone is 6° of longitude wide.
• Zones are numbered 1 to 60, starting at 180°
and progressing to the east.

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• This 1km square is located at
706.6km E 4344.2km N
10S 0706635
4344275
• UTM Display on a GPS Receiver
10S The UTM Zone
0706635 The E-W coordinate in m
Easting
4344275 The N-S coordinate in m
Northing

43. Geographic coordinates (
Geographic coordinates (
Geographic coordinates (
Geographic coordinates (GCS
GCS
GCS
GCS)
)
)
) (longitude, latitude)
are expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds and can be
determined on the map by using
• Latitude (placed along the north and south,
vertical line, parallel to the prime meridian) and
• Longitude (placed along the east and west edges,
horizontal line parallel to equator) graticules placed
along the edges of the map.
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1 Degree=60 nautical miles (69.09 miles); 1 Minute=1 nautical mile;
and 1 Second=100.8 feet.
One degree of longitude at equator = 111.321 km (WGS-84)
One degree of longitude at 60°latitude = 55.802 km (WGS-84)

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Geographic Coordin
ate System grid
Decimal Degrees
• 43.92741°
Degree Decimal-Minutes
• 64° 68.445 latitude,
• 92° 42.367 longitude
Degree, Minutes and Seconds
• 44° 40' 16.75 latitude,
• 93° 37' 10.05 longitude
Coordinate format
• EX=blue point - the latitude & longitude coordinates of
-“30,30”, “30,30W” or “30, -30”

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• EX=point P - the latitude & longitude coordinates of
=“30,20”, “30,20W” or “30, -20”

46. LO2.
LO2.
LO2.
LO2. basic cartographical practical
basic cartographical practical
basic cartographical practical
basic cartographical practical skills
skills
skills
skills
2.1 Identifying major elements and features on maps
2.1 Identifying major elements and features on maps
2.1 Identifying major elements and features on maps
2.1 Identifying major elements and features on maps.
.
.
.
The Elements of a Map
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Primary elements Secondary elements
1 Title Neat lines Graphics
2 Subtitle Graticules Map number, if series
3 Legend Network path Tables
4 Maps Disclaimer Copyright
5 North arrow Data sources Projection
6 Date Data citations Inset maps
7 Authorship Logos Descriptive text
8 Scale bars Graphs
9 Page border Photographs

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48. Title
Title
Title
Title
• The most important element of the map for acquiring information
efficiently is the title.
• The title identifies the map area and the type of map.
• Title may list the title simply or artistically.
• Titles of maps typically appear at the top of the map, but not
always.
• The title is one of the first map elements to catch the viewer’s eye
and succinctly pronounce the intent of the map. .
• The title should clearly and concisely explain the purpose of the
map and should specifically target the intended viewing audience.
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49. • The title should contain the
largest type on the map and be
limited to one line, if possible.
• It should be placed at the top-
center of the map unless there
is a specific reason otherwise.
• An alternate locale for the title
is directly above the legend.
• Never underline a title (or a
subtitle), and never put a colon
after a title.
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50. Directional Indicator/ north
Directional Indicator/ north
Directional Indicator/ north
Directional Indicator/ north arrow
arrow
arrow
arrow
• A directional indicator helps to determine the orientation of the
map.
• An arrow that points to the North Pole on the map, this is a
“north arrow.” or a “compass rose,” with arrows pointing to all
four cardinal directions.
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51. • One can control the alignment of the north arrow by selecting
one of the following options
• Data Frame Rotation—North arrow angle uses the rotation of
the data frame.
• True North—North arrow angle uses geodetic north or the
direction to the north pole.
• The true north calculation is based on the coordinate system
using the center point of the data frame.
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52. Legend
Legend
Legend
Legend or map key
or map key
or map key
or map key
• Information needed to read a map is found in the map legend.
• Most maps use symbols or colors to represent different
geographic features.
• The map legend helps determine what the symbols and colors
mean.
• The legend provides a self-explanatory definition for all symbols
used within the mapped area.
• Care must be taken when developing this map element, as a
multitude of features within a dataset can lead to an overly
complex legend.
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• Sometimes colors are used to
identify certain areas on a map.
• creative symbols can be used on
maps describing all unknown or
unique map symbols used.
• The legend serves as the decoder
for the symbology in the data
frame.
• Only the word "Legend" should
be written on your map (and not
"Map Legend", or "Switzerland
Legend", etc.).

54. The map legend must be:
• Complete —"what is in the map is then in the legend." The map legend
must contain all map symbols that are in the map. The map legend does
not contain information on construction elements (map projection,
geographic grid, etc.). The legend of thematic maps does not include the
symbols of the topographical base;
• Independent —one feature has only one symbol in the map legend;
• Ordered —the map legend map must be arranged in a logical structure,
usually by hierarchy of the features;
• In accordance with the symbol appearance in the map—the symbols in
the legend and in the map must be rendered identically (the same shade
of colour, the same size, the same thickness, the same width, etc.); and
• Understandable—the explanation of all symbols must be clear and easy
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55. Scale/ Distance
Scale/ Distance
Scale/ Distance
Scale/ Distance
• Scales/ Distance compare a distance measured on the map to the
actual distance on the surface of the earth.
• Scales appear on maps in several forms, but most cartographers
draw a line scale as a point of reference.
• A map displaying the entire surface of the earth with all the
continents and oceans would be drawn at a larger scale.
• A scale on this type of map would be drawn in thousands of miles
and kilometers.
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large cartographic scales (e.g., 1:25,000), small cartographic scales (e.g., 1:250,000

56. • The map scale is the ratio between a distance on a map and the
corresponding distance in the terrain.
• example, 1/1,000,000 or 1:1,000,000.
• This means that any given unit of measure on the map is equal to
one million of that unit on Earth.
• Scale controls the amount of detail and extent of area that can
be shown.
• A scale can be numerical (for example 1:50000) or graphical.
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57. • verbal scale is a sentence that relates distance on the map to
distance on Earth.
“one centimeter represents one kilometer”
“1 inch = 200 feet,”
• graphic scale looks like a ruler. Also called a bar scale, it is simply
a horizontal line marked off in miles, kilometers, or some other
unit measuring distance.
• Use the secondary division on the left of the scale bar for
measuring fractions of a kilometer.
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58. • Large-scale maps cover small areas, but can include a higher
level of detail than small-scale maps which depict larger areas at
lower detail.
• There are no precise definitions of large- or small-scale, but for
most map users, the following general scale categories apply:
• Large-scale: 1:250 to 1:1,000
• Medium-scale: 1:1,000 to 1:10,000
• Small-scale: 1:10,000 to 1:100,000
• Very Small-scale: 1: 100,000 to above
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59. Labels/map text
Labels/map text
Labels/map text
Labels/map text
• Labels are the words that
identify a location.
• They show places (streets,
rivers, and establishments)
with specific names and can
also be used to represent
something.
• Place names must be easy to
read and be placed at the
right location
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60. Grid
Grid
Grid
Grid and Index
and Index
and Index
and Index
• A grid and index are common in an atlas and on roadmaps.
• A grid is a regular pattern of parallel lines intersecting at right
angles and forming squares;
• A grid represents a series of horizontal and vertical lines running
across the map whereas index helps the map reader find a
particular location by following the numbers and letters in the
grid.
• Not all maps use a grid and index, but it really helps in finding
locations.
• The index is mainly in alphabetical order
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61. • it is used to identify precise
positions.
• locate position accurately on
the surface of the Earth (or
map sheet)
• topographic maps have two
kinds of referencing systems:
• universal transverse Mercator
(UTM) projection
(easting/northing)
• Geographic (GCS): degrees and
minutes (longitude/ latitude)
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62. Citation
Citation
Citation
Citation
• The citation portion of a map constitutes
the metadata (description) of the map.
• This is the area where explanatory data
about the data sources and currency,
projection information and any caveats
are placed.
• Citations help the viewer determine the
use of the map for their own purpose.
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63. • Maps: The map element is a large graphic that shows off data in
coordinate space.
• Data Sources : Originating agencies for the data used in the map
or maps are reported in the data sources section of the layout.
• Date: The date referred to here is the date on which the layout
was printed.
• Page border: A page border is used to group all the layout
elements together by means of a single graphic line surrounding
all of the elements.
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64. 2.2 Map Making process
2.2 Map Making process
2.2 Map Making process
2.2 Map Making process
• The cartographic process is a cycle that begins with a real or
imagined environment.
• map makers
• Collect data from the environment
(through technology and/or remote sensing),
• Use their perception to detect patterns and subsequently
prepare the data for map creation
(think about the datum, its patterns and how to best visualize
them on a map).
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65. • Next,
• Uses the data and attempts to signify it visually on a map
(encoding),
• Applying generalization, symbolization, and production methods
that will (hopefully) lead to a depiction that can be interpreted by
the map user in the way the map maker intended (its purpose).
• Then,
• The map user reads, analyzes, and interprets the map by
decoding the symbols and recognizing patterns.
• Finally, users make decisions and take action based upon what
they find in the map.
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66. Map generalization
• The process of reducing the amount of detail in a map in a
meaningful way is called generalization.
• Map generalization is the process that simplifies visualization to
produce a map at a certain scale with a defined and readable
legend.
• To be readable at a smaller scale, some objects are removed,
enlarged, aggregated, displaced or simplified.
• Map generalization includes several methods for reducing the
complexity of the real world
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67. Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
• to reduce the complexity of the data by strategically reducing unnecessary
details to make the resulting map more aesthetically pleasing.
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How?
How?
How?
How? • Simplification
• Smoothing
• Aggregation
• Amalgamation
• Merging
• Collapse
• Refinement
• Typification
• Exaggeration
• Displacement
• Classification

68. When?
When?
When?
When?
• Congestion
• too many features in too little space
• Coalescence
• features touch due to inadequate symbolization
• Conflict
• feature symbol incompatible with background
• Complication
• data from different sources or at different scales or levels of
tolerance
• Inconsistency
• Generalization applied in a non uniform fashion across map
• Imperceptibility
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69. 1.Selection
• Depending on a map’s purpose, cartographers (map makers) select
what information to include and what information to leave out.
• Map makers must answer four questions: Where? When? What?
Why?
• example, a cartographer can create a map of
• Addis Ababa (where)
• Showing current (when)
• Traffic patterns (what) so that an
• Ambulance can take the fastest route to an emergency (why).
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70. 2. Classification
• Classification is the grouping of things into categories, or classes.
• By grouping attributes into a few discernible classes, new visual
patterns in the data can emerge and the map becomes more
legible.
• example above, the highways are classified into those
• without traffic detectors (gray) and those with traffic
detectors (in color) and
• within the latter, into slow (red), intermediate (yellow), and
fast (green) travel conditions.
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71. 3. Simplification
• Cartographers also need to simplify the features on a map beyond the
tasks of feature type selection and feature classification in order to make
a map more intelligible.
• This includes choosing to delete, smooth, typify, and aggregate entities
within feature types.
• Smoothing is the act of eliminating unnecessary
elements in the geometry of features.
• Example,
• Map makers must delete, certain elements in order to better serve the
purpose of the map.
• If, the purpose was to show the most important cities in the region,
then less important cities may deleted.
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72. 4. Exaggeration
• Deliberate exaggeration of map features is often performed
in order to allow certain features to be seen.
• Example, interstate highways are printed at roughly 0.035
inches in width, it would mean that the Interstate was nearly
2000 feet wide! This is a typical case of exaggeration to
create an abstraction.
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73. 5. Symbolization
• In the final process of creating a map, the cartographer symbolizes
the selected features on a map.
• These features can be symbolized in visually realistic ways, such as
a river depicted by a winding blue line.
• But many depictions are much more abstract, such as a circle or
star representing a city.
• Map symbols are constructed from more primitive “graphic
variables, the elements that make up symbols and Color Schemes.
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74. Map composition
• Map composition means the distribution of the graphic elements
on the map sheet.
• Map layout design
• Geographical contents
• Label placement
• Map composition must meet three basic requirements:
• to include all the basic composition elements;
• to be balanced, without empty or overfilled areas; and
• to present aesthetically pleasant conditions for map reading.
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75. Map compilation
• Map compilation is the selection, assembly and graphic
presentation of all relevant information for preparation of a map.
• Map compilation procedures include editorial and preparatory
work, compilation, and the preparation of map originals for
publication (map design)
• Compilation consists in transferring the cartographic data from
the source materials to a prepared base in order to make a
compilation original.
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76. Code of ethics
1. always have a straightforward agenda, and have a defining
purpose or goal for each map
2. always strive to know your audience, the potential/ likely
map users
3. do not intentionally lie with data
4. always show relevant data whenever possible
5. data should not be discarded simply because they are
contrary to the position held by the cartographer
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77. 6. at a given scale, strive for an accurate portrayal of the data
7. the cartographer should avoid plagiarizing; report all data
sources
8. symbolization should not be selected to bias the interpretation
of the map
9. the mapped result should be able to be repeated by other
cartographers
10. attention should be given to differing cultural values and
principles
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