In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
OPTIMIZATION OF A TURBINE USED IN COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS BASED ON IN...ijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the effect of inlet steam temperature coming from the boiler on
thermoeconomic performance of a steam turbine used in a coal fired thermal power plant. Second law of
thermodynamics is used to develop the thermoeconomic model for the turbine. Analyses based on exergetic
and exergoeconomic criteria are done for the turbine used in a 210 MW power plant. Methodology is
explained with the help of an example. Effect of inlet steam temperature on the exergetic efficiency of the
turbine, unit product cost of turbine and unit product boiler has been shown. Optimization has been done
for the turbine as a trade off between the unit product cost of inlet steam from the boiler and unit product
cost of the turbine.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Impact of solar radiation and temperature levels on the variation of the seri...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is well-known that the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic modules decreases with temperature. This paper discusses the
variation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules with temperature which affect their efficiencies. A tool, “MY PV TOOL”,
has been developed to help in simulating the variations of series and shunt resistances for different levels of solar radiation and
temperature using experimental measurements as well as theoretical equations of the PV module.
Keywords: Solar Radiation, Solar Temperature, Shunt Resistors, Photovoltaic Modules
Exergy analysis as a tool for energy efficiency improvements in the Tanzanian...Patrick VanSchijndel
The story behind energy efficiency in industrial processes is productivity, industrial competitiveness, jobs, and a clean environment. A method for energy efficiency evaluation is to carry out an energy analysis, a so called First-Law analysis. With such an energy-audit, however, it is impossible to compare different kinds of energies like electrical energy, mechanical work, high and low temperature streams, etc. A better tool for comparing different kinds or qualities of energy is exergy analysis in which the quality or exergy of all energy streams is calculated. In this way the energies are calculated and compared in a more scientifically correct and accurate manner. Advantages of the exergy analysis is to get a better understanding of the energy losses in, parts of, an industrial process, which means it is easier to find out in what part of a process energy use can be decreased.
In this paper two analyses of energy intensive processes in Tanzania and Zambia are described. First, the energy and exergy analyses of the Tanzania Portland Cement Co., Ltd., at Wazo Hill in Dar es Salaam are presented. It was possible to perform an exergy analysis using available energy and mass balance data and some basic thermodynamic data like enthalpies and Gibbs Free energies. The analysis predicted that the energy use in the cement production could be decreased by 15% and higher by improving the kiln process and by installing new equipment (pre- calciners). Secondly, energy evaluations concerning sugar production were performed. For heat-exchangers, exergy analysis identified temperature difference between the hot and the cold streams as a critical parameter in equipment efficiency calculations. A big problem affecting this temperature difference in heat exchangers is fouling, the formation of solid deposits on heat exchanger surfaces. Elimination or minimising fouling can lead to low exergy losses in heat exchangers and hence high equipment effectiveness. A research project formulated to investigate the problem of fouling in the sugar industry in Zambia is described.
Generally it can be concluded that an exergy analysis is more accurate than a thermal analysis because not only quantity but also quality of the energy used is calculated.
Analysis and optimization of mechanical utility systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The present paperhas discussed the analyzing and optimizing methodology of mechanical utility systems.A study was carried out at Melog Speciality ChemicalsLtd with the aim of optimising the company’s utility system efficiency. Energy conservation is a worldwide, concern and an important consideration for any industry. In a chemical plant, amajor portion of the supplied energy is consumed in the production of compressed air. This compressed air is used for various applications. Hence in order to increase the efficiency of the plant the input energy supplied has to be decreased by making use of the most effective methods of compression which indirectly results in asaving of power.The paper revolves around the main objective of reducing the compression cost of air. This aim has been theoretically achieved by replacing the existing reciprocating compressor with a screw compressor. Cost saving due to the use of screw compressor is achieved because it requires low motor power to operate as compared to its reciprocating counterpart. Also, thereciprocating compressor needs frequent maintenance of various components like v- belt, piston rings, piston, etc. whereas screw compressor does not require frequent maintenance which decreases the compression system’s maintenance downtime. As there is no intercooler required in screw compressor the need to pump the cooling water at an intermediate stage of compression is eliminated, which is otherwise necessary for optimum operation reciprocating compressor. Keywords: Utility System, Economic Cost, Energy Conservation, Reciprocating Compressor, Screw Compressor
Exergy Based Performance Analysis of FGPS (NTPC Faridabad)Santosh Verma
Compute energy and exergy flows using the thermodynamic property values with the real time operation parameters at terminal points of crucial systems and evaluate exergy destruction at different systems
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
The use of ekf to estimate the transient thermal behaviour of induction motor...Mellah Hacene
In this paper, a survey is conducted to examine the problem of estimating the states and parameters of an asynchronous machine when some of these measures are not available or the estimation approach is the best solution. The modeling is based on the theory of power dissipation; heat transfer and the rate of temperature increase the stator and the rotor, taking into account the effect of speed on trade. The first purpose of this article is displayed the effect of variable losses depending on the load and constant losses on the thermal behavior of asynchronous motor. According to the sensor’s problems and the obtaining of the thermal information about the rotor, the second goal is the use of a sensorless method like the use of the EKF (extended Kalman filter), some simulation results are given and commented.
Modeling and Analysis of Bracket Assembly in Aerospace IndustryIJERA Editor
This project deals with the Model and static Analysis of Bracket assembly used in Aerospace Industry. This bracket assembly is used for placing components for various purposes like carrying fuel and air. The mounting bracket assembly consists of a circular plate with nine lugs for which three different tanks are mounted. The individual components i.e., circular plate, lugs etc are modeled and assembled through NX-CAD Software.The loads are transferred by the tanks to the bracket are considered as pressure loads. To reveal the stresses induced due to pressure loads, Finite Element (FE) Analysis is performed with the help of ANSYS. Then the occurrence of max stress is found and factor of safety is calculated. This project provides a methodology for analysis of an assembly consisting of components made of composite materials and metal components.
Modification on Energy Efficient Design of DVB-T2 Constellation De-mapperIJERA Editor
The second generation of terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard (DVB-T2) offers several advantages for greater efficiency. Signal Space Diversity (SSD) contains rotated constellation and Q-Delay (RQD), which is one of advantage that offered to improve the performance over fading channels compared to the non-rotated modulation. In this journal, the proposed low-power de-mapper design of this work attempts to employ the introduced SSD to reduce power through replacing LLR calculations by a significantly less complex projection-based de-mapping whenever possible. It benefits from an algorithm that applies projection-based de-mapping to significantly reduce LLR computations without deteriorating performance. Two versions are introduced for hard de-mapping and soft de-mapping. The design uses several techniques simultaneously to be even more energy efficient without affecting the performance. Prototype results indicate significant reduction of LLR calculations as Eb/N0 increases with no performance degradation. The idea and energy saving techniques can be easily applied to any rotated constellation de-mapper.
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
OPTIMIZATION OF A TURBINE USED IN COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS BASED ON IN...ijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the effect of inlet steam temperature coming from the boiler on
thermoeconomic performance of a steam turbine used in a coal fired thermal power plant. Second law of
thermodynamics is used to develop the thermoeconomic model for the turbine. Analyses based on exergetic
and exergoeconomic criteria are done for the turbine used in a 210 MW power plant. Methodology is
explained with the help of an example. Effect of inlet steam temperature on the exergetic efficiency of the
turbine, unit product cost of turbine and unit product boiler has been shown. Optimization has been done
for the turbine as a trade off between the unit product cost of inlet steam from the boiler and unit product
cost of the turbine.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Impact of solar radiation and temperature levels on the variation of the seri...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is well-known that the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic modules decreases with temperature. This paper discusses the
variation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules with temperature which affect their efficiencies. A tool, “MY PV TOOL”,
has been developed to help in simulating the variations of series and shunt resistances for different levels of solar radiation and
temperature using experimental measurements as well as theoretical equations of the PV module.
Keywords: Solar Radiation, Solar Temperature, Shunt Resistors, Photovoltaic Modules
Exergy analysis as a tool for energy efficiency improvements in the Tanzanian...Patrick VanSchijndel
The story behind energy efficiency in industrial processes is productivity, industrial competitiveness, jobs, and a clean environment. A method for energy efficiency evaluation is to carry out an energy analysis, a so called First-Law analysis. With such an energy-audit, however, it is impossible to compare different kinds of energies like electrical energy, mechanical work, high and low temperature streams, etc. A better tool for comparing different kinds or qualities of energy is exergy analysis in which the quality or exergy of all energy streams is calculated. In this way the energies are calculated and compared in a more scientifically correct and accurate manner. Advantages of the exergy analysis is to get a better understanding of the energy losses in, parts of, an industrial process, which means it is easier to find out in what part of a process energy use can be decreased.
In this paper two analyses of energy intensive processes in Tanzania and Zambia are described. First, the energy and exergy analyses of the Tanzania Portland Cement Co., Ltd., at Wazo Hill in Dar es Salaam are presented. It was possible to perform an exergy analysis using available energy and mass balance data and some basic thermodynamic data like enthalpies and Gibbs Free energies. The analysis predicted that the energy use in the cement production could be decreased by 15% and higher by improving the kiln process and by installing new equipment (pre- calciners). Secondly, energy evaluations concerning sugar production were performed. For heat-exchangers, exergy analysis identified temperature difference between the hot and the cold streams as a critical parameter in equipment efficiency calculations. A big problem affecting this temperature difference in heat exchangers is fouling, the formation of solid deposits on heat exchanger surfaces. Elimination or minimising fouling can lead to low exergy losses in heat exchangers and hence high equipment effectiveness. A research project formulated to investigate the problem of fouling in the sugar industry in Zambia is described.
Generally it can be concluded that an exergy analysis is more accurate than a thermal analysis because not only quantity but also quality of the energy used is calculated.
Analysis and optimization of mechanical utility systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The present paperhas discussed the analyzing and optimizing methodology of mechanical utility systems.A study was carried out at Melog Speciality ChemicalsLtd with the aim of optimising the company’s utility system efficiency. Energy conservation is a worldwide, concern and an important consideration for any industry. In a chemical plant, amajor portion of the supplied energy is consumed in the production of compressed air. This compressed air is used for various applications. Hence in order to increase the efficiency of the plant the input energy supplied has to be decreased by making use of the most effective methods of compression which indirectly results in asaving of power.The paper revolves around the main objective of reducing the compression cost of air. This aim has been theoretically achieved by replacing the existing reciprocating compressor with a screw compressor. Cost saving due to the use of screw compressor is achieved because it requires low motor power to operate as compared to its reciprocating counterpart. Also, thereciprocating compressor needs frequent maintenance of various components like v- belt, piston rings, piston, etc. whereas screw compressor does not require frequent maintenance which decreases the compression system’s maintenance downtime. As there is no intercooler required in screw compressor the need to pump the cooling water at an intermediate stage of compression is eliminated, which is otherwise necessary for optimum operation reciprocating compressor. Keywords: Utility System, Economic Cost, Energy Conservation, Reciprocating Compressor, Screw Compressor
Exergy Based Performance Analysis of FGPS (NTPC Faridabad)Santosh Verma
Compute energy and exergy flows using the thermodynamic property values with the real time operation parameters at terminal points of crucial systems and evaluate exergy destruction at different systems
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
The use of ekf to estimate the transient thermal behaviour of induction motor...Mellah Hacene
In this paper, a survey is conducted to examine the problem of estimating the states and parameters of an asynchronous machine when some of these measures are not available or the estimation approach is the best solution. The modeling is based on the theory of power dissipation; heat transfer and the rate of temperature increase the stator and the rotor, taking into account the effect of speed on trade. The first purpose of this article is displayed the effect of variable losses depending on the load and constant losses on the thermal behavior of asynchronous motor. According to the sensor’s problems and the obtaining of the thermal information about the rotor, the second goal is the use of a sensorless method like the use of the EKF (extended Kalman filter), some simulation results are given and commented.
Modeling and Analysis of Bracket Assembly in Aerospace IndustryIJERA Editor
This project deals with the Model and static Analysis of Bracket assembly used in Aerospace Industry. This bracket assembly is used for placing components for various purposes like carrying fuel and air. The mounting bracket assembly consists of a circular plate with nine lugs for which three different tanks are mounted. The individual components i.e., circular plate, lugs etc are modeled and assembled through NX-CAD Software.The loads are transferred by the tanks to the bracket are considered as pressure loads. To reveal the stresses induced due to pressure loads, Finite Element (FE) Analysis is performed with the help of ANSYS. Then the occurrence of max stress is found and factor of safety is calculated. This project provides a methodology for analysis of an assembly consisting of components made of composite materials and metal components.
Modification on Energy Efficient Design of DVB-T2 Constellation De-mapperIJERA Editor
The second generation of terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard (DVB-T2) offers several advantages for greater efficiency. Signal Space Diversity (SSD) contains rotated constellation and Q-Delay (RQD), which is one of advantage that offered to improve the performance over fading channels compared to the non-rotated modulation. In this journal, the proposed low-power de-mapper design of this work attempts to employ the introduced SSD to reduce power through replacing LLR calculations by a significantly less complex projection-based de-mapping whenever possible. It benefits from an algorithm that applies projection-based de-mapping to significantly reduce LLR computations without deteriorating performance. Two versions are introduced for hard de-mapping and soft de-mapping. The design uses several techniques simultaneously to be even more energy efficient without affecting the performance. Prototype results indicate significant reduction of LLR calculations as Eb/N0 increases with no performance degradation. The idea and energy saving techniques can be easily applied to any rotated constellation de-mapper.
Intensify Denoisy Image Using Adaptive Multiscale Product ThresholdingIJERA Editor
This Paper presents a wavelet-based multiscale products thresholding scheme for noise suppression of magnetic resonance images. This paper proposed a method based on image de-noising and edge enhancement of noisy multidimensional imaging data sets. Medical images are generally suffered from signal dependent noises i.e. speckle noise and broken edges. Most of the noises signals appear from machine and environment generally not contribute to the tissue differentiation. But, the noise generated due to above mentioned reason causes a grainy appearance on the image, hence image enhancement is required. For the intent of image denoising, Adaptive Multiscale Product Thresholding based on 2-D wavelet transform is used. In this method, contiguous wavelet sub bands are multiplied to improve edge structure while reducing noise. In multiscale products, boundaries can be successfully distinguished from noise. Adaptive threshold is designed and forced on multiscale products as an alternative of wavelet coefficients or recognize important features. For the edge enhancement. Canny Edge Detection Algorithm is used with scale multiplication technique. Simulation results shows that the planned technique better suppress the Poisson noise among several noises i.e. salt & pepper, speckle noise and random noise. The Performance of Image Intesification can be estimate by means of PSNR, MSE.
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A Low Phase Noise CMOS Quadrature Voltage Control Oscillator Using Clock Gate...IJERA Editor
This project presents the low phase noise cmos quadrature voltage control oscillator using clock gating technique. Here the colpitts vco is used to split the capacitance in the Qvco circuit producing quadrature output. The startup condition in the oscillator is improved by using 퐺푚enhancement [12].This QVCO performs the operation anti phase injection locking fordevice reuse [8]. The new clock gating technique is used to reduce the power with thepower supply 1.5v. The QVCO uses a 0.5m퐴with phase error of 0.4표and exhibits a phase noise of -118dBc/HZ at 1MHZ offset at the centre frequency of 500MHZ.
Index terms: current switching, clock gating, phase noise, Qvco
Enhanced Seamless Handoff Using Multiple Access Points in Wireless Local Area...IJERA Editor
The Mobility in wireless cellular communication systems is its backbone so as to enhance the quality of service and maintain the continuous service. Handoff is an important task in maintaining the continuity of call in cellular systems and its failure can result in ongoing call termination. In cellular mobile networks, the coverage region is divided into smaller cells in order to achieve high system capacity. Each cell has a Base-Station (BS), which provides the service to the Mobile Terminals (MTs), i.e. users equipped with phones, within its region. Before a mobile user can communicate with other user(s) in the network, a group of the frequency bands or channels should usually be assigned. The MTs is free to move across cells. When the mobile user crossing a cell boundary or by deterioration in quality of the signal in the current channel, handoff process is initiated. The scope of this project is to design 802.11 handoff schemes to solve the handoff problems in closely-spaced WLANs.The major problem in multiple WLANs are so many users trying to use same access point(AP), and interferences from nearby WLAN. The better hand off scheme based on signal strength and velocity of the nodes is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed handoff scheme significantly reduces packet losses compared with existing handoff schemes.
Extract the ancient letters from decoratedIJERA Editor
Nowadays, large databases of ornaments of the hand-press period are available and need efficient retrieval tools
for history specialists and general users. This article deals with document images analysis. The purpose of our
work is to automatically determine the letter represented in an ornamental letter image. Our process is divided
into two parts: Wavelet transformation: Segmentation of the ornamental letter followed by a recognition step.
The segmentation process uses multi-resolution analysis to filter background decorations followed by
binarisation and morphologic reconstruction of the expected letter.
Radix-3 Algorithm for Realization of Type-II Discrete Sine TransformIJERA Editor
In this paper, radix-3 algorithm for computation of type-II discrete sine transform (DST-II) of length N =
3푚 (푚 = 1,2, … . ) is presented. The DST-II of length N can be realized from three DST-II sequences, each of
length N/3. A block diagram of for computation of the radix-3 DST-II algorithm is given. Signal flow graph for
DST-II of length 푁 = 32 is shown to clarify the proposed algorithm.
Investigating the Performance of NoC Using Hierarchical Routing ApproachIJERA Editor
The Network-on-Chip (NoC) model has appeared as a revolutionary methodology for incorporatingmany number of intellectual property (IP) blocks in a die. As said by the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), it is must to scale down the device size. In order to reduce the device long interconnection should be avoided. For that, new interconnect patterns are need. Three-dimensional ICs are proficient of achieving superior performance, resistance against noise and lower interconnect power consumption compared to traditional planar ICs. In this paper, network data routed by Hierarchical methodology. We are analyzing total number of logic gates and registers, power consumption and delay when different bits of data transmitted using Quartus II software.
Load Frequency Control, Integral control, Fuzzy Logic.IJERA Editor
An analysis of digital Phase-modulated signals is performed based on frequency spectrum which consists of a continuous and a number of discrete components at multiples of clock frequencies. The analysis shows that these components depend on the pulse shape function of multi-level digital signals to be phase modulated. In this paper, the effect of duty cycle, rise and fall times of these multi-level digital signals, on the frequency spectrum is studied. It is observed that the duty cycle variation of 10% results 30 dB increase in undesired component and the 10% increase in rise & fall times increase the power of undesired component by 12 dB. The theoretical observations of the effects are applied on the Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulated signals as a case study, to discuss their effects in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
Performance Analysis Of PV Interfaced Neural Network Based Hybrid Active Powe...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a comparative analysis of neural network controlled PV interfaced hybrid active power filter designed for harmonic compensation for nonlinear load.The neural network has been chosen for reference current generation because of its fast adaptiveness, simple calculation and high accuracy to eliminate harmonics.This paper shows a novel approach to interface PV array to hybrid active power filter to keep the capacitor voltage stable. To obtain efficient output from PV Array Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is employed in it. MPPT is able to extract maximum possible power from PV Array of change in atmospheric condition. Simulation and analysis of hybrid active power filter and PV Array is done under nonlinear load, sudden change in load and unbalanced load conditions. The detailed simulation results have been presented to validate the proposed methodology.
Radix-2 Algorithms for realization of Type-II Discrete Sine Transform and Typ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, radix-2 algorithms for computation of type-II discrete sine transform (DST-II) and type-IV
discrete sine transform (DST-IV), each of length 2 ( 2,3,.....)
m
N m , are presented. The odd-indexed
output components of DST-II can be realized using simple recursive relations. The recursive algorithms are
appropriate for VLSI implementation. The DST-IV of length N can be computed from type-II discrete cosine
transform (DCT-II) and DST-II sequences, each of length N/2.
Effect of Chemical Treatment and Curing Parameters on Mechanical Properties o...IJERA Editor
A brief overview on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is presented in this work. There is a growing trend to use non conventional and environmental friendly resources for engineering applications. In this scenario Natural fiber are offering a wide range of possibilities. Detailed and thorough study of structure of natural fiber indicates about its hydrophilic nature. Various types of chemical treatment techniques are used by researchers to increase the affinity of reinforcement and matrix .Studies shows that different factors like curing time, temperature, loading condition, fiber orientation etc. affect the properties of natural fiber composites. Lot of work has been carried out with the combination of different fibers and different polymers. Comparative data is presented on properties of different composite.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
Captivity to car use in Saudi Arabia: A Mixed logit model analysisIJERA Editor
A shortcoming with regard to current mode choice models in developing countries includes for example, the role of subjective factors in mode choice, which could vary significantly from developed countries; this is an issue which is not well understood. Captivity effects and the reluctance of personal vehicle users to use other travel modes remain to be better understood for demand forecasting applications. In specific, it is well known that only men are allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. However, the state of captivity to the private car has not been investigated. This paper investigates captivity to the private car in Saudi Arabia. Survey questionnaires were designed for data collection in Tabuk city of Saudi Arabia. Data has been collected on a number of characteristics including information relating to current travel modes and patterns, characteristics and opinions and ratings of alternative travel modes in relation to a number of different criteria. Also, personal data which included age, marital status and family positioning have also been collected. In total 1200 surveys were distributed throughout the city of Tabuk.
The Art of Financial Organizing is a no-nonsense approach to financial success. It will take skill and imagination to design a plan that is right for your life. A bit of effort is all you need to get this done. Have fun with it, this may be life changing!
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
Dependence Of Energy Efficiency Indices On Individual Energy Technological Pr...IJRES Journal
An energy system combining various technical elements for a single purpose – manufacturing products –, requires methods taking into account the specifics of systematic combination of its values (efficiency index) for individual elements to specify the general systematic value of the energy efficiency. The main difference between of energetic consumption systems (ECS) and transmission systems is the energy technological processes (ETP). In addition to the definition of ECS given above as a process of influencing a specific technological environment with energy to give it new properties or qualities, it should be noted that this process either creates new energy carries or creates new conditions for interaction between this environment and the surroundings, and these possibilities can be combined with different results. It should also be noted that ETPs are usually irreversible processes (except for the increase in potential energy due to work), and the amount of energy received by the new carrier may depend on numerous factors. Nevertheless, the understanding of energy processes in different environments is quite well-developed, and this suggests that values of specific energy per unit of result R are available for common manufacturing processes. The specificity of the analysed energy processes in the elements of ECS lies not only in their mathematical models. It can be agreed that the model in a form of expression based on the assumption of linearity of the relative reduction of the second energy derivative can be applied both to the transmission elements and the ETP. In the physical sense, the difference lies in the fact that the energy in the elements of transmissions creates losses (they should be reduced in relation to the transmitted energy) whereas in the ETP, energy creates a result (the amount of absorbed energy should substantially exceed the amount of energy transmitted through the ETP). This difference can be called an inversion of efficiency, and it (the inversion produced in the ETP) must be regarded as a sign of consumer system which is distinctive from the systems of energy generation and transmission.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
Energy analysis, thermodynamic second law and Rankine cycle are universal method for enhancing the performance of power plant. Experimental data of 75MW power plant was obtained, mass; energy balance and thermodynamic second law were used to analysis the exergy efficiency while Rankine cycle was used to calculate the overall efficiency of the plant as well as varying the condenser pressure. Results obtained showed that an increase in the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiency of the plant. Also as the condenser pressure increases, the efficiency of the plant decreases. The condenser pressure must be reduced in order to decrease the cause's irreveribilities in the system. Also, the plant should be operated above 50% of the operating capacity of the plant, to minimize wastage of energy consumption because more energy will be generated in the boiler even when not in used.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE IN ENERGY RECOVERY FROM EXHAUST GASE...IAEME Publication
This paper describes thermal analysis and optimization of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) integrated with a power generating stationary diesel engine. A simple ORC, with a regenerator, is considered here as a bottoming cycle for producing additional power by recovering waste energy
from the exhaust gases of the engine. Taking evaporation pressure and condensation temperature as two decision variables, a genetic algorithm is used for simultaneously maximizing three objective functions - exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific network.
Photovoltaic thermal (PVT), which is the popular technology for harvesting solar energy, receive solar energy and convert it into electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. In this review, design, heat transfer, energy modelling and performance analysis of PVT systems are presented. Four types of PVT systems base on heat transfer medium; air-based PVT system, water-based PVT system, the combination of water/air-based PVT system, and nanofluid-based PVT system are presented. In addition, major finding on energy and exergy analysis of PVT systems are summarized.
Fatigue Analysis of Acetylene converter reactorIJMER
The structural integrity of mechanical components during several transients should be
assured in the design stage. This requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and structural analysis. As
an example, this study performs a fatigue analysis of the acetylene converter reactor during arbitrary
transients. Using heat transfer coefficients determined based on the operating environments, a transient
thermal analysis is performed and the results are applied to a finite element model along with the
pressure to calculate the stresses. The total stress intensity range and cumulative fatigue usage factor are
investigated to determine the adequacy of the design.
Fatigue Analysis of Acetylene converter reactorIJMER
The structural integrity of mechanical components during several transients should be
assured in the design stage. This requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and structural analysis. As
an example, this study performs a fatigue analysis of the acetylene converter reactor during arbitrary
transients. Using heat transfer coefficients determined based on the operating environments, a transient
thermal analysis is performed and the results are applied to a finite element model along with the
pressure to calculate the stresses. The total stress intensity range and cumulative fatigue usage factor are
investigated to determine the adequacy of the design
Similar to Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying Operating Conditions (20)
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying Operating Conditions
1. Dr. Soupayan Mitra Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2015, pp.25-31
www.ijera.com 25 | P a g e
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a
Power Plant under Varying Operating Conditions
Dr. Soupayan Mitra1
, Shubhankar Sarkar2
1
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jalpaiguri Govt. Engineering College, India
2
Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jalpaiguri Govt. Engineering College, India
Abstract
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been
investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure
and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following
orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process
parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating
parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and
found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Keywords: Exergy, Thermal power plant, Ambient temperature, Condenser pressure, Steam temperature,
Taguchi, Orthogonal array, Regression analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Improvement of the energy efficiency in any
energy consuming process is a key aim of economy
considering energy conservation, energy security,
pollution potentials and cost involvement aspects.
This trend will continue to increase in future.
Considering this exergy analysis has become a very
important tool to effectively analyze energy related
systems such as thermal power plants [1-8]. Exergy
is defined as the maximum useful work that can be
obtained from a system. The exergy analysis method
is based on the second law of thermodynamics. It
deals with the performance of supplied energy and
various losses associated during process operation
both qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore the
exergy analysis gives more insight into the problem
and help design and analysis of energy systems more
effectively. We can get the location, type and true
magnitude of exergy loss or ‘quality destruction of
energy’ in a system performance. On the other hand,
energy analysis, based on the first law, deals only
with quantitative assessment of the various losses
occurring in any process operation like in a thermal
power plant.
Thermal power plants are responsible for the
production of most electric power in the world, and
even small increases in efficiency can mean large
savings of fuel requirement and help mitigate
atmospheric pollution in a large extent. Therefore,
every effort is made to improve the efficiency of the
cycle on which thermal power plants operate.
Basically efficiency of a power plant depends on
many factors like final steam temperature and
pressure, ambient temperature, final flue gas
temperature, condenser vacuum etc. The main
purposes of present investigation is to study a 160
MW coal-fired steam power plant , all operating data
for which are taken from [6,7], and determination of
exergy efficiency for various relevant values of
ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam
temperature to find out the individual effects of these
parameters on the plant exergy efficiency. To study
the individual and combined effects of these
important parameters on exergy efficiency, a 2nd
order polynomial equation has been developed
following Taguchi orthogonal methodology and
regression analysis. Some investigators like [7]
followed Taguchi analysis, but the development of
2nd order polynomial equation following L9
orthogonal array is uncommon.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
In this present study a 160 MW coal based steam
power plant and its relevant data are considered for
analysis as mentioned earlier. Fig. 1 depicts the line
diagram of the considered plant. Temperature and
pressure for different locations are given in Table 1
corresponding to Fig. 1.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Dr. Soupayan Mitra Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2015, pp.25-31
www.ijera.com 26 | P a g e
Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of power plant
The plant uses coal with an average calories of
~13 000 kJ kg-1
as fuel. The main components of the
system are boiler, high pressure turbine (HPT),
intermediate pressure turbine (IPT), low pressure
turbine (LPT), three low pressure feed water heaters
(LPH), two high pressure feed water heaters (HPH),
condenser, pumps and a dearator. The energy
released by combustion of coal is transferred to the
water in the boiler. Normal steam temperature of the
plant is 5380
C and pressure is 13.7 MPa, The total
mass flow rate of the steam is 477 003 kg h-1
at the
inlet of the HPT. The mass flow rate of coal to boiler
is 3000 ton/day. The volumetric flow rate of air to
boiler and the combustion products from boiler are
400 000 m3
h-1
and 600 000 m3
h-1
respectively. The
power plant is described in more detail in [6, 7] and
not described here. The important process data for the
unit is summarized in Table 1.
III. ENERGY AND EXERGY
ANALYSIS
In this present investigation Energy and Exergy
analyses are carried out first. Exergy is a combined
property and depends both on the state of the system
and the environment. A system that is in complete
equilibrium with its surroundings has zero exergy and
is said to be at the dead state. The temperature and
pressure of the environment i.e. at the dead state are
denoted by T0 and P0. In this study, normal dead
(reference) state values used for T0 and P0 are
considered as 298.15 K and 101.325 kPa
respectively.
General balance equations for a control volume at
steady state process are given below:
The mass balance equation
𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡 (1)
where 𝑚 is the mass flow rate.
The energy balance equation
𝐸𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛
+ 𝑄 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ 𝑊 (2)
The entropy balance equation
𝑆
𝑖𝑛
+
𝑄
𝑇
𝑖𝑛
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑆
𝑜𝑢𝑡
+
𝑄
𝑇
𝑜𝑢𝑡
(3)
The exergy balance equation of the control volume in
a general form can be defined by
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛
+ 𝐸𝑥 𝑄 = 𝐸𝑥 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ 𝑊 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑑 (4)
where 𝐸𝑥 𝑄 and 𝐸𝑥 𝑑 are exergy transfer with 𝑄 and
exergy destruction (irreversibility 𝐼 = 𝐸𝑥 𝑑 =
𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 ) respectively.
The exergy by heat
𝐸𝑥 𝑄 = (1 −
𝑇0
𝑇
)𝑄 (5)
where T0 is the dead (reference) state temperature
varying between 50
C and 300
C, and 𝑄 is the output
heat transfer rate in the system. The potential and
kinetic energies in the system are neglected in our
calculations.
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Total exergy flow rate 𝐸𝑥 in the exergy balance
equation of the control volume is written as
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑒𝑥 (6)
The energy flow rate equation is given by
𝐸 = 𝑚 × (7)
where ex is the specific exergy. The specific exergy
is given by
𝑒𝑥 = − 0 − 𝑇0 𝑠 − 𝑠0 (8)
where h and s present the specific enthalpy and
entropy respectively.
The thermal efficiency (energy efficiency) of the
power plants can be calculated as follows
𝜂𝐼 =
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
(9)
where 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 and 𝐸𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 are the net work output and
exergy input rate (LHV𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 ) from and to the power
plant respectively.
The exergy efficiency of the power plants can be
computed as
𝜂𝐼𝐼 =
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝐸𝑥𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
(10)
The exergy input rate can be described by
𝐸𝑥𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝜀𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 (11)
where 𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 is the mass rate of fuel consumption,
and 𝜀𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 is the exergy factor based on the LHV. 𝜀𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
is given as 1.06 [1,8].
IV. RESULT OF ENERGY AND
EXERGY ANALYSIS
In this study, the energy and exergy analysis of
the coal fired steam power plant, whose schematic
diagram is given in Fig. 1, is performed. Table 1
shows thermodynamic properties of the cycle at
different nodes given in Fig. 1. The energy and
exergy analysis of different components can be
obtained using these data. Enthalpy and entropy
values are taken from [9]. The T0 and P0 values for
the reference environment considered in the analysis
are taken as 250
C and 101.325 kPa respectively. The
energy and exergy flow rates and specific exergy
values for different nodes are also given side-by-side
of the property values in Table 1.
Table 1: Energy and exergy analysis of power plant when T0 = 298.15 K and P0 = 101.325 kPa
Point Temperat
ure T/0
C
Pressure
P/MPa
Mass flow rate
m/ton h-1
Enthalpy
h/kJ kg-1
Entropy
s/kJ kg-1
K-1
Specific exergy
ex/ kJ kg-1
Energy flow
rate 𝐸/kW
Exergy flow
rate 𝐸𝑥/kW
1 41.6 1.4 395.099 174.250 0.594 1.799 19123.89 197.46
2 72.3 1.4 395.099 302.600 0.983 14.169 33210.27 1555.03
3 72.8 1.4 395.099 304.700 0.989 14.480 33440.74 1589.18
4 100.1 1.4 395.099 419.460 1.308 34.130 46035.62 3745.77
5 100.1 1.4 395.099 419.460 1.308 34.130 46035.62 3745.77
6 134.5 1.4 395.099 565.240 1.682 68.402 62034.93 7507.10
7 167 18.300 477.003 710.100 1.992 120.835 94088.84 16010.81
8 194 18.300 477.003 825.510 2.274 152.167 109380.76 20162.28
9 190 18.300 477.003 807.620 2.236 145.607 107010.32 19293.04
10 234 18.300 477.003 1008.900 2.647 224.347 133680.09 29726.20
11 230 16.900 477.003 990.200 2.610 216.679 131202.33 28710.12
12 538 13.720 477.003 3428.430 6.535 1484.670 454269.83 196720.02
13 363 3.870 433.246 3128.230 6.652 1149.586 376470.32 138348.27
14 538 3.700 433.246 3535.350 7.236 1382.587 425465.62 166388.96
15 306 0.720 395.099 3071.110 7.310 896.284 337053.47 98366.90
16 41.6 0.06 335.023 2373.200 7.707 80.008 220854.61 7445.73
17 39 0.039 395.099 163.380 0.559 1.364 17930.91 149.75
18 208 4.707 43.757 890.400 2.410 176.509 10822.56 2145.42
19 172.3 1.863 62.727 729.320 2.065 118.291 12707.79 2061.12
20 105.1 0.343 23.336 440.560 1.364 38.534 2855.81 249.78
21 77.8 0.149 41.122 325.650 1.049 17.541 3719.83 200.37
22 45 0.06 60.076 188.450 0.634 4.073 3144.81 67.97
23 380 4.707 43.757 3150.390 6.601 1186.952 38292.12 14427.07
24 440 1.863 18.970 3337.550 7.284 1170.476 17587.03 6167.76
25 310 0.640 19.174 3081.440 7.379 886.042 16412.09 4719.16
26 245 0.343 23.336 2955.860 7.437 733.169 19160.54 4817.39
27 155 0.149 17.786 2782.700 7.472 559.574 13748.08 2764.60
28 100 0.039 18.954 2683.880 7.902 332.549 14130.63 1750.87
29 163 0.666 ….. 687.420 1.983 100.840 ….. …..
30 22 0.200 10000 92.320 0.325 0.072 256444.44 198.78
31 34 0.200 10000 142.500 0.492 0.461 395833.33 1279.19
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V. APPLICATION OF TAGUCHI
METHOD
Taguchi methods [10-12] of experimental
design provide a simple, efficient and systematic
approach to test the sensitivity or, relative influence
of a set of response variables by a set of control
factors/parameters or, independent factors by
considering experiments in ‘Orthogonal Array’ with
an aim to attain the optimum setting of the control
parameters. Taguchi design method, extensively used
in engineering analyses, is a powerful tool to design
system parameters. In line with Taguchi method, the
steps followed in this present paper are:
1) Identification of the ‘Objective or, Response
Variable’ (here, in our case Exergy efficiency)
for the analysis
2) Identification of the ‘Process factors or, Control
Factors’ (here, in our case ambient temperature,
condenser pressure and steam temperature) that
may influence the ‘Objective or, Response
Variable’.
3) Determination of Control Factor’s ‘Levels’ (i.e.,
nature of variations or, different values) and their
possible interactions with ‘Response Variable’.
4) Selection of appropriate orthogonal array (OA)
and assign the factors at their levels to the OA
5) Conduct the test described in the trials of the
OA.
6) Development of 2nd order polynomial regression
equation in terms of response variable (exergy
efficiency) and process or control factors.
7) Verification of the developed equation with
actual results.
The control factors and each parameter level
used in the present investigation are given as shown
in Table 2. Three factors are selected as the main
operation condition parameters and it is considered as
ambient temperatures, condenser pressures and steam
temperatures. The design layout for the operation
condition parameters using L9 orthogonal array is
shown in Table 3.
Table 2: Assignment of the levels to the factors
Symbol Parameters
Levels
1 2 3
AT Ambient Temperature (0
C) 10 20 30
CP Condenser Pressure (MPa) 0.05 0.10 0.20
ST Steam Temperature (0
C) 520 540 560
Table 3: Control factors for L9 orthogonal array
Trial No. AT CP ST
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2
3 1 3 3
4 2 1 2
5 2 2 3
6 2 3 1
7 3 1 3
8 3 2 1
9 3 3 2
VI. REGRESSION ANALYSIS
By means of regression analysis, the relationship
between exergy efficiency and operation conditions
in evaluating the performance of power plant is
obtained. For regression analysis, we need to develop
some models which are known as regression models.
Regression models are the mathematical estimation
equations with response variable as a function of
process parameters. These models are developed
statistically by utilizing the information of the
measured response variable and the corresponding
design matrix. Considering the ‘n’ number of
independent process parameters, a generalized
regression model can be represented as
𝑦 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽𝑗 𝑥𝑗
𝑛
𝑗 =1
+ 𝛽𝑗𝑗
𝑛
𝑗 =1
𝑥𝑗
2
+ 𝛽𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗
𝑛
𝑗 =1
𝑛
𝑖=1
+ 𝜀 (12)
where y is a response variable, 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑥𝑗 refer to independent variables, 𝛽 refer to the regression coefficients and
𝜀 is the error term.
The estimated second order response surface model is represented as
𝑦 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽𝑗 𝑥𝑗
𝑛
𝑗 =1
+ 𝛽𝑗𝑗
𝑛
𝑗 =1
𝑥𝑗
2
+ 𝛽𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗
𝑛
𝑗 =1
𝑛
𝑖=1
(13)
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Or,
𝑦 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥1 + 𝛽2 𝑥2 + 𝛽3 𝑥3 + 𝛽11 𝑥1
2
+ 𝛽22 𝑥2
2
+ 𝛽33 𝑥3
2
+ 𝛽12 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝛽13 𝑥1 𝑥3 + 𝛽23 𝑥2 𝑥3 (14)
Replacing by the real problem variables in the above equation, the final regression equation becomes
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝐴𝑇 + 𝛽2 𝐶𝑃 + 𝛽3 𝑆𝑇 + 𝛽11 𝐴𝑇 × 𝐴𝑇 + 𝛽22 𝐶𝑃 × 𝐶𝑃 + 𝛽33 𝑆𝑇 × 𝑆𝑇 + 𝛽12 𝐴𝑇
× 𝐶𝑃 + 𝛽13 𝐴𝑇 × 𝑆𝑇 + 𝛽23 𝐶𝑃 × 𝑆𝑇 (15)
In this problem there are 3 independent variables and each variable has 3 levels and hence from the Taguchi
Orthogonal Array (OA) table L9 OA is best selected.
Experiments have been carried out using Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal array experimental design which consists
of 9 combinations of Ambient Temperature (AT), Condenser Pressure (CP) and Steam Temperature (ST). It
considers three process parameters to be varied at three discrete levels. The experimental design has been shown
in above table. Using the values of three variables in the polynomial regression equation (15) we get the
following equations according to the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array table.
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 10𝛽1 + 0.05𝛽2 + 520𝛽3 + 100𝛽11 + 0.0025𝛽22 + 270400𝛽33 + 0.5𝛽12 + 5200𝛽13 + 26𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 10𝛽1 + 0.1𝛽2 + 540𝛽3 + 100𝛽11 + 0.01𝛽22 + 291600𝛽33 + 1𝛽12 + 5400𝛽13 + 52𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 10𝛽1 + 0.2𝛽2 + 560𝛽3 + 100𝛽11 + 0.04𝛽22 + 313600𝛽33 + 2𝛽12 + 5600𝛽13 + 112𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 20𝛽1 + 0.05𝛽2 + 540𝛽3 + 400𝛽11 + 0.0025𝛽22 + 291600𝛽33 + 1𝛽12 + 10800𝛽13 + 27𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 20𝛽1 + 0.1𝛽2 + 560𝛽3 + 400𝛽11 + 0.01𝛽22 + 313600𝛽33 + 2𝛽12 + 11200𝛽13 + 56𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 20𝛽1 + 0.2𝛽2 + 520𝛽3 + 400𝛽11 + 0.04𝛽22 + 270400𝛽33 + 4𝛽12 + 10400𝛽13 + 104𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 30𝛽1 + 0.05𝛽2 + 560𝛽3 + 900𝛽11 + 0.0025𝛽22 + 313600𝛽33 + 1.5𝛽12 + 16800𝛽13 + 28𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 30𝛽1 + 0.1𝛽2 + 520𝛽3 + 900𝛽11 + 0.01𝛽22 + 270400𝛽33 + 3𝛽12 + 15600𝛽13 + 52𝛽23
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 30𝛽1 + 0.2𝛽2 + 540𝛽3 + 900𝛽11 + 0.04𝛽22 + 291600𝛽33 + 6𝛽12 + 16200𝛽13 + 108𝛽23
By solving the above equations we can get the values of the coefficients i.e. β and then we can develop the
required 2nd order polynomial regression equation or, the Predicted Equation with those values.
VII. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Values of Coefficients for the Predicted Equation are determined by solving above equations by MATLAB
and are as follows:
𝛽0= −12.5441, 𝛽1= −0.5682, 𝛽2= −58.1056, 𝛽3= 0.2464, 𝛽11= −0.0013, 𝛽22= −37.0077,
𝛽33= −0.0003, 𝛽12= −0.2772, 𝛽13= 0.0013, 𝛽23= 0.1384
Now, Predicted equation from regression analysis for exergy efficiency becomes:
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = −12.5441 −0.5682(AT) −58.1056(CP) + 0.2464(ST) −0.0013(AT)2
−37.0077(CP)2
−0.0003(ST)2
−0.2772(AT)×(CP) +0.0013(AT)×(ST) +0.1384(CP)×(ST) (16)
The results obtained by the Predicted equation are given in Table 4 side-by-side with actual values.
Table 4: Results showing the Actual and Predicted exergy efficiency ( 𝜂𝐼𝐼 )
Trial No. AT CP ST
𝜂𝐼𝐼, %
Actual Predicted
1 10 0.05 520 36.1708 35.8739
2 10 0.1 540 35.5749 35.2557
3 10 0.2 560 35.0163 34.6729
4 20 0.05 540 36.0189 35.6497
5 20 0.1 560 35.4458 35.0513
6 20 0.2 520 36.6319 36.2833
7 30 0.05 560 35.8858 35.4455
8 30 0.1 520 37.1015 36.7125
9 30 0.2 540 36.4754 36.0585
where AT is Ambient Temperature (0
C), CP is Condenser Pressure (MPa) and ST is Steam Temperature (0
C).
VIII. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
The individual effect of ambient temperature and steam temperature on exergy efficiency are depicted in
Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b). In Fig. 2(a) steam temperature and condenser pressure are kept constant at 5400
C and 0.1
MPa. In Fig. 2(b) ambient temperature and condenser pressure are kept constant at 200
C and 0.1 MPa.
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Fig. 2(a): Influence of Exergy efficiency on Fig. 2(b): Influence of Exergy efficiency on
Ambient temperature Steam temperature
IX. CONFIRMATION TEST
The actual exergy efficiency values are compared with the predicted values by the regression Eqn. (16)
developed in the present study and given in Table 5. The % errors are noted for different conditions and it is
observed that the average error is about 1 % only.
Table 5: Operation conditions and comparative results for confirmation test
Trial
No.
Ambient
Temperature (0
C)
Condenser
Pressure (MPa)
Steam Temperature
(0
C)
Actual result Result as per
developed
model
Error %
1 10 0.05 520 36.1708 35.8739 0.8208
2 10 0.1 540 35.5749 35.2557 0.8973
3 10 0.2 560 35.0163 34.6729 0.9807
4 20 0.05 540 36.0189 35.6497 1.0250
5 20 0.1 560 35.4458 35.0513 1.1129
6 20 0.2 520 36.6319 36.2833 0.9516
7 30 0.05 560 35.8858 35.4455 1.2269
8 30 0.1 520 37.1015 36.7125 1.0485
9 30 0.2 540 36.4754 36.0585 1.1429
Average % error 1.0229
X. CONCLUSION
In this present study:
- The effects of some important parameters, viz. ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam
temperature, on exergy efficiency of a thermal power plant are investigated by applying L9 Orthogonal
Array of Taguchi methodology.
- A 2nd order polynomial equation is developed for predicting the exergy efficiency under different operating
and this type of equation for prediction of exergy efficiency is really uncommon in the literature.
- The predicted equation is compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average
error is about 1 % only.
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