The Mobility in wireless cellular communication systems is its backbone so as to enhance the quality of service and maintain the continuous service. Handoff is an important task in maintaining the continuity of call in cellular systems and its failure can result in ongoing call termination. In cellular mobile networks, the coverage region is divided into smaller cells in order to achieve high system capacity. Each cell has a Base-Station (BS), which provides the service to the Mobile Terminals (MTs), i.e. users equipped with phones, within its region. Before a mobile user can communicate with other user(s) in the network, a group of the frequency bands or channels should usually be assigned. The MTs is free to move across cells. When the mobile user crossing a cell boundary or by deterioration in quality of the signal in the current channel, handoff process is initiated. The scope of this project is to design 802.11 handoff schemes to solve the handoff problems in closely-spaced WLANs.The major problem in multiple WLANs are so many users trying to use same access point(AP), and interferences from nearby WLAN. The better hand off scheme based on signal strength and velocity of the nodes is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed handoff scheme significantly reduces packet losses compared with existing handoff schemes.
Handover for 5G Networks using Fuzzy Logic: A ReviewAI Publications
The future organization world will be inserted with various ages of remote advances, like 4G and 5G. Simultaneously, the advancement of new gadgets outfitted with different interfaces is filling quickly as of late. As a result, the upward handover convention is created to give pervasive availability in the heterogeneous remote climate. Handover might be a fundamental a piece of any remote Mobile Communication Network. It is a way of mobile communication and portable communication during which cellular broadcast is relocate from one base station to another without losing connection to the mobile communication. Handover is one problem on Wireless Network (WN) and to unravel this problem various sorts of HO methods utilized in network. Fuzzy logic, Machine Learning and Optimization are the handover solving methods that are studied during this paper. This paper is a review of the handoff techniques. Fuzzy logic is that the best technique to unravel the HO problem and it's further implemented in 4G/5G network.
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
Multi-Criteria Handoff Decision Algorithms In Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA) aims to cover innovative topics to research findings to trends analysis on Mobile Computing and Application related theories, technologies, methods, applications, and services from all engineering, business and organizational perspectives
Analysis of Simulation Parameters of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter for WCDMAijsrd.com
The application of signal processing techniques to wireless communications is an emerging area that has recently achieved dramatic improvement in results and holds the potential for even greater results in the future as an increasing number of researchers from the signal process and communications areas participate in this expanding field. From an industrial viewpoint also, the advanced signal processing technology cannot only dramatically increase the wireless system capacity but can also improve the communication quality including the reduction of all types of interference. The present paper deals with simulation model of square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter for WCDMA with different parameters of the filter at 5Mhz.The present paper deals with study of Simulation Parameters (Number of Bits, Number of Errors) of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter at different value of group delay(2,4,6,8) to the calculate BER for WCDMA.
DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION SCHEME TO HANDLE HANDOFF IN WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKcscpconf
The rapid growth in the demand for mobile communications has led to an intense research effort to achieve an efficient use of the scarce spectrum allocated for cellular communications. In this paper, the authors devise a new scheme DCAS (Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme) for call admission control. In this new scheme, the number of guard channel(s) is adjusted automatically based on the average handoff blocking rate measured in the past certain period of time. The handoff blocking rate is controlled under the designated threshold and the new call blocking rate is minimized. The performance evaluation of the DCAS is done through simulation of nodes. The result shows that the DCAS scheme outperforms the Static Channel Allocation Scheme by controlling a hard constraint on the handoff rejection probability. The proposed scheme achieves the optimal performance by maximizing the resource utilization and adapts itself to changing traffic conditions automatically.
Overview of handover decision strategies in heterogeneous networks by narendr...Narendra Prajapati
The availability of diverse wireless access technologies such as (Wi-Fi), (WiMAX), and (UMTS) allows users to stay “always on” in fast roaming too using IEEE802.21.
Vertical handovers had made possible for user to transfer itself to other technology service without disturbances in ongoing process.
Its is known that security problems in GSM authentication when it comes to high speed moving users, because of there frequent change of cell sites.
Handover could be horizontal or vertical and per user requirement. MIH (media independent handover) though provide vertical handover but on other hand 802.11had provided us fast and secure connection oriented handover from one access point to another with in same mobility domain.
Thus feature of security and authentication is integrated with handover for user security.
What are heterogeneous networks?
Evolutions of Generations
The Cellular GSM Transitions
Overview of 4G Communications
Concept of Handover /Handoff
Handovers distinguished according to criteria
The Vertical handover IEEE 802.21 & its phases.
VHO Management procedures
Requirements of Handover mechanism in heterogeneous networks
Performance evaluation (Technology )
Performance evaluation in Handover mechanisms
Handover for 5G Networks using Fuzzy Logic: A ReviewAI Publications
The future organization world will be inserted with various ages of remote advances, like 4G and 5G. Simultaneously, the advancement of new gadgets outfitted with different interfaces is filling quickly as of late. As a result, the upward handover convention is created to give pervasive availability in the heterogeneous remote climate. Handover might be a fundamental a piece of any remote Mobile Communication Network. It is a way of mobile communication and portable communication during which cellular broadcast is relocate from one base station to another without losing connection to the mobile communication. Handover is one problem on Wireless Network (WN) and to unravel this problem various sorts of HO methods utilized in network. Fuzzy logic, Machine Learning and Optimization are the handover solving methods that are studied during this paper. This paper is a review of the handoff techniques. Fuzzy logic is that the best technique to unravel the HO problem and it's further implemented in 4G/5G network.
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
Multi-Criteria Handoff Decision Algorithms In Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA) aims to cover innovative topics to research findings to trends analysis on Mobile Computing and Application related theories, technologies, methods, applications, and services from all engineering, business and organizational perspectives
Analysis of Simulation Parameters of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter for WCDMAijsrd.com
The application of signal processing techniques to wireless communications is an emerging area that has recently achieved dramatic improvement in results and holds the potential for even greater results in the future as an increasing number of researchers from the signal process and communications areas participate in this expanding field. From an industrial viewpoint also, the advanced signal processing technology cannot only dramatically increase the wireless system capacity but can also improve the communication quality including the reduction of all types of interference. The present paper deals with simulation model of square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter for WCDMA with different parameters of the filter at 5Mhz.The present paper deals with study of Simulation Parameters (Number of Bits, Number of Errors) of Pulse Shaping FIR Filter at different value of group delay(2,4,6,8) to the calculate BER for WCDMA.
DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION SCHEME TO HANDLE HANDOFF IN WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKcscpconf
The rapid growth in the demand for mobile communications has led to an intense research effort to achieve an efficient use of the scarce spectrum allocated for cellular communications. In this paper, the authors devise a new scheme DCAS (Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme) for call admission control. In this new scheme, the number of guard channel(s) is adjusted automatically based on the average handoff blocking rate measured in the past certain period of time. The handoff blocking rate is controlled under the designated threshold and the new call blocking rate is minimized. The performance evaluation of the DCAS is done through simulation of nodes. The result shows that the DCAS scheme outperforms the Static Channel Allocation Scheme by controlling a hard constraint on the handoff rejection probability. The proposed scheme achieves the optimal performance by maximizing the resource utilization and adapts itself to changing traffic conditions automatically.
Overview of handover decision strategies in heterogeneous networks by narendr...Narendra Prajapati
The availability of diverse wireless access technologies such as (Wi-Fi), (WiMAX), and (UMTS) allows users to stay “always on” in fast roaming too using IEEE802.21.
Vertical handovers had made possible for user to transfer itself to other technology service without disturbances in ongoing process.
Its is known that security problems in GSM authentication when it comes to high speed moving users, because of there frequent change of cell sites.
Handover could be horizontal or vertical and per user requirement. MIH (media independent handover) though provide vertical handover but on other hand 802.11had provided us fast and secure connection oriented handover from one access point to another with in same mobility domain.
Thus feature of security and authentication is integrated with handover for user security.
What are heterogeneous networks?
Evolutions of Generations
The Cellular GSM Transitions
Overview of 4G Communications
Concept of Handover /Handoff
Handovers distinguished according to criteria
The Vertical handover IEEE 802.21 & its phases.
VHO Management procedures
Requirements of Handover mechanism in heterogeneous networks
Performance evaluation (Technology )
Performance evaluation in Handover mechanisms
Development And Implementation Of OFDM Transceiver For WLAN ApplicationsIJERA Editor
Multi-Carrier modulation is a technique for data transmission by multiplexing a low bit-rate data streams to modulated carriers into signal Wideband Carrier. Multi-Carrier transmission has a lot of useful properties such as delay-spread tolerance and spectrum efficiency that encourage their use in untethered broadband communication. OFDM is becoming the chosen modulation technique for wireless communications. OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation scheme with densely spaced sub-carriers that has gained a lot of popularity among the broadband community in the last few years. OFDM can provide large data rate with sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments. OFDM works on the principle of Orthogonality. The orthogonality between subcarriers which is at the core of OFDM modulation requires a perfect synchronization. OFDM has properties like high spectral efficiency, Resiliency to RF interference and Lower multi-path distortion. This work is concentrated in implementing both transmitter and receiver using Matlab software and also to verify whether the transmitted data is obtained at the receiver side. As we are using the OFDM technique we will be having bandwidth efficiency when compared to the normal FDM technique.
A STUDY ON QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF SPECTRUM HANDOFF IN COGNITIVE RADIO NET...ijwmn
The innovation of wireless technologies requires dynamic allocation of spectrum band in an efficient
manner. This has been achieved by Cognitive Radio (CR) networks which allow unlicensed users to make
use of free licensed spectrum, when the licensed users are kept away from that spectrum. The cognitive
radio makes decision, switching from primary user to secondary user and vice-versa, based on its built-in
interference engine. It allows secondary users to makes use of a channel based on its availability i.e. on the
absence of the primary user and they should vacate the channel once the primary user re-enters and
continue their communication on another available channel and this process in the cognitive radio is
known as spectrum mobility. The main objective of spectrum mobility is that, there is no interruption
caused due to the channel occupied by secondary users and maintains a good quality of service. In order to
achieve better spectrum mobility, it is mandatory to choose an effective spectrum handoff strategy with the
capability of predicting spectrum mobility. The handoff strategy with its parameters and its impact is an
important concept in spectrum mobility but fairly explored. In this paper an empirical study on quantitative
parameters involved in spectrum mobility prediction are discussed in detail. These parameters are studied
extensively because they play a vital role in the spectrum handoff process moreover the impact of these
parameters in various handoff methods can be used to predict the effectiveness of the system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Multi Channel Protocols In Cognitive Radio NetworksMuhammad Mustafa
Cognitive radio is a paradigm for wireless communication in which either a network or a wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. This alteration of parameters is based on the active monitoring of several factors in the external and internal radio environment, such as radio frequency spectrum, user behaviour and network state. this presentation discusses main approaches and protocols of multichannel cognitive radio networks.
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Wireless sensor NetworksIJMER
Radio frequency spectrum is considered the most expensive and scarce resource among all wireless
network resources, and it is closely followed by the energy consumption, especially in low energy, battery powered
wireless sensor network devices. These days, there is a tremendous growth in the applications of wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) operating in unlicensed spectrum bands (ISM). Moreover, due to the rapid growth of wireless
devices that are designed to be operated in unlicensed spectrum bands, these spectrum bands have been overcrowded.
The problem with overcrowded spectrum or scarcity of spectrum can be solved by Dynamic Allocation of Spectrum.
In this paper we have presented the implementation and analysis of dynamic spectrum allocation in Wireless Sensors
Networks using the concept of Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network.
Transferring quantum information through theijngnjournal
Transmission of information in the form of qubits much faster than the speed of light is the important
aspects of quantum information theory. Quantum information processing exploits the quantum nature of
information that needs to be stored, encoded, transmit, receive and decode the information in the form of
qubits. Bosonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum
communication. This paper does the study of quantum channels and how best it can be implemented with
the existing infrastructure that is the classical communication. Multiple access to the quantum network is
the requirement where multiple users want to transmit their quantum information simultaneously without
interfering with each others.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
This is a presentation I did at the pre-Master studies at Ain shams University. It\'s about algorithms and techniques of call admission when a mobile node moves among cell in a wireless network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Quantitative Modeling Of Formation Damage On The Reservoir During Microbial E...IJERA Editor
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is an inexpensive, environmentally friendly method of oil recovery, utilizing the potentials of certain microbes to significantly influence oil productionwith wide range of oil recovery mechanisms including oil mobilization, reservoir re-pressurization, permeability alteration, mobility control and a range of other exploitable recovery techniques. This study presents an investigation on the degree of damage to the reservoir as a result of microbial injection. Results from this analysis shows that for a continuous microbial injection process, the pore area of the formation reduces equivalently due to microbial plugging and or as a result of biomass accumulation in the reservoir. The prevailing effects of formation damage (skin) due to these microbes are also presented. Residual fluid flow rates and corresponding velocities were found to reduce in magnitude with deducing pore area after several days of injection.
Statistical Optimization of process parameters for SiO2-Nickel nanocomposites...IJERA Editor
The optimum combination of process parameters - temperature, time of reduction under nitrogen atmosphere and amount of NiCl2 was delineated to find the maximum yield of nanocrystallite Ni in the synthesized silica gel matrix. A statistically adequate regression equation, within 95% confidence limit was developed by carrying out a set of experiments within the framework of design of experiment. The regression equation is found to indicate the beneficial role of the temperature and time of reduction.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development And Implementation Of OFDM Transceiver For WLAN ApplicationsIJERA Editor
Multi-Carrier modulation is a technique for data transmission by multiplexing a low bit-rate data streams to modulated carriers into signal Wideband Carrier. Multi-Carrier transmission has a lot of useful properties such as delay-spread tolerance and spectrum efficiency that encourage their use in untethered broadband communication. OFDM is becoming the chosen modulation technique for wireless communications. OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation scheme with densely spaced sub-carriers that has gained a lot of popularity among the broadband community in the last few years. OFDM can provide large data rate with sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments. OFDM works on the principle of Orthogonality. The orthogonality between subcarriers which is at the core of OFDM modulation requires a perfect synchronization. OFDM has properties like high spectral efficiency, Resiliency to RF interference and Lower multi-path distortion. This work is concentrated in implementing both transmitter and receiver using Matlab software and also to verify whether the transmitted data is obtained at the receiver side. As we are using the OFDM technique we will be having bandwidth efficiency when compared to the normal FDM technique.
A STUDY ON QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF SPECTRUM HANDOFF IN COGNITIVE RADIO NET...ijwmn
The innovation of wireless technologies requires dynamic allocation of spectrum band in an efficient
manner. This has been achieved by Cognitive Radio (CR) networks which allow unlicensed users to make
use of free licensed spectrum, when the licensed users are kept away from that spectrum. The cognitive
radio makes decision, switching from primary user to secondary user and vice-versa, based on its built-in
interference engine. It allows secondary users to makes use of a channel based on its availability i.e. on the
absence of the primary user and they should vacate the channel once the primary user re-enters and
continue their communication on another available channel and this process in the cognitive radio is
known as spectrum mobility. The main objective of spectrum mobility is that, there is no interruption
caused due to the channel occupied by secondary users and maintains a good quality of service. In order to
achieve better spectrum mobility, it is mandatory to choose an effective spectrum handoff strategy with the
capability of predicting spectrum mobility. The handoff strategy with its parameters and its impact is an
important concept in spectrum mobility but fairly explored. In this paper an empirical study on quantitative
parameters involved in spectrum mobility prediction are discussed in detail. These parameters are studied
extensively because they play a vital role in the spectrum handoff process moreover the impact of these
parameters in various handoff methods can be used to predict the effectiveness of the system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Multi Channel Protocols In Cognitive Radio NetworksMuhammad Mustafa
Cognitive radio is a paradigm for wireless communication in which either a network or a wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. This alteration of parameters is based on the active monitoring of several factors in the external and internal radio environment, such as radio frequency spectrum, user behaviour and network state. this presentation discusses main approaches and protocols of multichannel cognitive radio networks.
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Wireless sensor NetworksIJMER
Radio frequency spectrum is considered the most expensive and scarce resource among all wireless
network resources, and it is closely followed by the energy consumption, especially in low energy, battery powered
wireless sensor network devices. These days, there is a tremendous growth in the applications of wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) operating in unlicensed spectrum bands (ISM). Moreover, due to the rapid growth of wireless
devices that are designed to be operated in unlicensed spectrum bands, these spectrum bands have been overcrowded.
The problem with overcrowded spectrum or scarcity of spectrum can be solved by Dynamic Allocation of Spectrum.
In this paper we have presented the implementation and analysis of dynamic spectrum allocation in Wireless Sensors
Networks using the concept of Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network.
Transferring quantum information through theijngnjournal
Transmission of information in the form of qubits much faster than the speed of light is the important
aspects of quantum information theory. Quantum information processing exploits the quantum nature of
information that needs to be stored, encoded, transmit, receive and decode the information in the form of
qubits. Bosonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum
communication. This paper does the study of quantum channels and how best it can be implemented with
the existing infrastructure that is the classical communication. Multiple access to the quantum network is
the requirement where multiple users want to transmit their quantum information simultaneously without
interfering with each others.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
This is a presentation I did at the pre-Master studies at Ain shams University. It\'s about algorithms and techniques of call admission when a mobile node moves among cell in a wireless network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Quantitative Modeling Of Formation Damage On The Reservoir During Microbial E...IJERA Editor
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is an inexpensive, environmentally friendly method of oil recovery, utilizing the potentials of certain microbes to significantly influence oil productionwith wide range of oil recovery mechanisms including oil mobilization, reservoir re-pressurization, permeability alteration, mobility control and a range of other exploitable recovery techniques. This study presents an investigation on the degree of damage to the reservoir as a result of microbial injection. Results from this analysis shows that for a continuous microbial injection process, the pore area of the formation reduces equivalently due to microbial plugging and or as a result of biomass accumulation in the reservoir. The prevailing effects of formation damage (skin) due to these microbes are also presented. Residual fluid flow rates and corresponding velocities were found to reduce in magnitude with deducing pore area after several days of injection.
Statistical Optimization of process parameters for SiO2-Nickel nanocomposites...IJERA Editor
The optimum combination of process parameters - temperature, time of reduction under nitrogen atmosphere and amount of NiCl2 was delineated to find the maximum yield of nanocrystallite Ni in the synthesized silica gel matrix. A statistically adequate regression equation, within 95% confidence limit was developed by carrying out a set of experiments within the framework of design of experiment. The regression equation is found to indicate the beneficial role of the temperature and time of reduction.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Summary of Self-compacting Concrete WorkabilityIJERA Editor
On the basis of a large number of domestic and foreign literature, situation and development of self-compacting concrete is introduced. Summary of the compacting theory of self-compacting concrete. And some of the factors affecting the workability of self-compacting concrete were discussed and summarized to a certain extent. Aims to further promote the application and research of self-compacting concrete
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Future of Supply Chain Management in Various food Production.IJERA Editor
This paper analyse the case of any production system and the structure of supply chain has evolved
progressively over the time of sequential supply chain, to global supply chain. This evolution has reflected the
change in business environment from static to dynamic. So the purpose of this paper is to propose an agenda for
future research in supply chain management. We also measure the effect of FDI in India to the existing
production industries in India.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Generalized Carleson Operator and Convergence of Walsh Type Wavelet Packet Ex...IJERA Editor
In this paper, two new theorems on generalized Carleson Operator for a Walsh type wavelet packet system and for periodic Walsh type wavelet packet expansion of a function 𝑓𝜖𝐿𝑝 0,1 , 1<𝑝><∞, have been established.
Preprocessing and Classification in WEKA Using Different ClassifiersIJERA Editor
Data mining is a process of extracting information from a dataset and transform it into understandable structure
for further use, also it discovers patterns in large data sets [1]. Data mining has number of important techniques
such as preprocessing, classification. Classification is one such technique which is based on supervised learning.
It is a technique used for predicting group membership for the data instance. Here in this paper we use
preprocessing, classification on diabetes database. Here we apply classifiers on this database and compare the
result based on certain parameters using WEKA. 77.2 million people in India are suffering from pre diabetes.
ICMR estimates that around 65.1million are diabetes patients. Globally in year 2010, 227 to 285 million people
had diabetes, out of that 90% cases are related to type 2 ,this is equal to 3.3% of the population with equal rates
in both women and men in 2011 it resulted in 1.4 million deaths worldwide making it the leading cause of
death.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reduction of PAPR and Efficient detection ordering scheme for MIMO Transmissi...IJERA Editor
The technical challenges for communication engineers is the development of best performance wireless
networks with negligible amount of distortions. We have to consider multipath propagation attenuation and
radio spectrum inefficiency. Now a days, In MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) systems there is a huge demand
for the networks with the high transmission rates and better quality of service which are having low PAPR ratio.
Instead of OFDMA, filter banks are used in massive MIMO to reduce the complexity. But they are error prone
to noise. This base paper discusses about PAPR reduction in MIMO systems using different precoding based
OFDM systems. Mainly, minimization of multi-antenna systems by controlling the transmission power and
reduction of PAPR using ZC (Zadoff-Chu) matrix transform.
Design the High Speed Kogge-Stone Adder by UsingIJERA Editor
In this Technical era the high speed and low area of VLSI chip are very- very essential factors. Day by day number of transistors and other active and passive elements are growing on VLSI chip. In Integral part of the processor adders play an important role. In this paper we are using proposed kogge-stone adders for binary addition to reduce the size and increase the efficiency or processors speed. Proposing kogge stone adder provides less components, less path delay and better speed compare to other existing kogge stone adder and other adders. Here we are comparing the kogge stone adders of different-different word size from other adders. The design and experiment can be done by the aid of Xilinx 14.1i Spartan 3 device family.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Comparative Analysis of Vertical Handover Decision Process Algorithms for N...Editor IJMTER
Increasing consumer demand for access to services anywhere and anytime is driving a
hastened technological progression towards the integration of a variety of wireless access
technologies. Therefore one of the chief interest points of Next Generation Wireless Networks
(NGWNs), refers to the capability to support wireless network access equipments to guarantee a high
rate of services between dissimilar wireless networks. To answer these problems it is essential to
have decision algorithms to decide for every user of mobile terminal, which is the most excellent
network at some point, for a service or a precise application that the user needs. Therefore to make
these things, many algorithms use the vertical handoff technique. A series of algorithms based on
vertical handoff technique with a categorization of the different existing vertical handoff decision
strategies, which tries to resolve these issues of wireless network selection at a specified time for a
specific application of an user has been discussed in this paper. Also few parameters that are to be
considered during vertical handover have been discussed briefly.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
THE EFFECT OF ACCEPTED HANDOFF SIGNAL QUALITY ON THE QUEUED COMBINED GUARD ...ijwmn
The effect of handoff call signal strength on the performance of the combined guard channels and mobile
assisted handoff with handoff queueing is studied. If a handoff call arrives and it has an acceptable signal
quality, and there are not enough channels for its service, it is queued in a finite buffer. If during its dwell
time in the queue, enough channels become available, it is immediately serviced, otherwise if its dwell time
is completed, and no channels are available for its service it is dropped. Two customer types, narrowband
(voice calls) and wideband (data, video and media) are considered. Matrix algorithmic techniques are
used to solve the balance equations to calculate the different performance measures of the system. The
results indicate that when the handoff calls with good signal strength have higher probability of being
accepted, the blocking probability of new calls of both types increase much more than for the handoff call
dropping. Average channel utilization is also increased. Increasing the size of the queue, led to further
reduction in the handoff call dropping and increase in the bandwidth utilization. When both the probability
of accepting a handoff call with good quality and the queue size is increased, the blocking probability of
new calls is not affected while the handoff call dropping in reduced. In all cases, it is noticed that the
handoff call dropping of wideband calls is less than the handoff call dropping of narrowband calls.
The Effect of Accepted Handoff Signal Quality on the Queued Combined Guard Ch...ijwmn
The effect of handoff call signal strength on the performance of the combined guard channels and mobile assisted handoff with handoff queueing is studied. If a handoff call arrives and it has an acceptable signal quality, and there are not enough channels for its service, it is queued in a finite buffer. If during its dwell time in the queue, enough channels become available, it is immediately serviced, otherwise if its dwell time is completed, and no channels are available for its service it is dropped. Two customer types, narrowband (voice calls) and wideband (data, video and media) are considered. Matrix algorithmic techniques are used to solve the balance equations to calculate the different performance measures of the system. The results indicate that when the handoff calls with good signal strength have higher probability of being accepted, the blocking probability of new calls of both types increase much more than for the handoff call dropping. Average channel utilization is also increased. Increasing the size of the queue, led to further reduction in the handoff call dropping and increase in the bandwidth utilization. When both the probability of accepting a handoff call with good quality and the queue size is increased, the blocking probability of new calls is not affected while the handoff call dropping in reduced. In all cases, it is noticed that the handoff call dropping of wideband calls is less than the handoff call dropping of narrowband calls.
Handover is the process of switching among the
available services without any interruption. Vertical handover is
a technique of switching from one type of a network to another
type of network (e.g., from WiFi to WiMAX). Seamless handover
between different access technologies is a great challenge as it
needs to obey different performance of QoS and security
constraints. Service users are becoming more demanding
regarding roaming capabilities across different networking
technologies such as WiFi, WiMAX, and CDMA as they claim
service continuity with QoS requirement and good security
features. Vertical Handover Decision (VHD) algorithms need to
be designed to provide the required Quality of Service (QoS) to a
wide range of applications while allowing seamless roaming
among a number of access network technologies. This paper is
about the implementation of the VHD algorithms designed to
satisfy these requirements. A combination of 3 parameters i.e.
Data Rate, SINR and RSS are evaluated to take decision of the
best network among available.
HANDOVER NECESSITY ESTIMATION FOR 4G HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKSijistjournal
One of the most challenges of 4G network is to have a unified network of heterogeneous wireless networks. To achieve seamless mobility in such a diverse environment, vertical hand off is still a challenging problem. In many situations handover failures and unnecessary handoffs are triggered causing degradation of services, reduction in throughput and increase the blocking probability and packet loss. In this paper a new vertical handoff decision algorithm handover necessity estimation (HNE), is proposed to minimize the number of handover failure and unnecessary handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. we have proposed a multi criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm based on two parts: traveling time estimation and time threshold calculation. Our proposed methods are compared against two other methods: (a) the fixed RSS threshold based method, in which handovers between the cellular network and the WLAN are initiated when the RSS from the WLAN reaches a fixed threshold, and (b) the hysteresis based method, in which a hysteresis is introduced to prevent the ping-pong effect. Simulation results show that, this method reduced the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers up to 80% and 70%, respectively.
HANDOVER NECESSITY ESTIMATION FOR 4G HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKSijistjournal
One of the most challenges of 4G network is to have a unified network of heterogeneous wireless networks. To achieve seamless mobility in such a diverse environment, vertical hand off is still a challenging problem. In many situations handover failures and unnecessary handoffs are triggered causing degradation of services, reduction in throughput and increase the blocking probability and packet loss. In this paper a new vertical handoff decision algorithm handover necessity estimation (HNE), is proposed to minimize the number of handover failure and unnecessary handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. we have proposed a multi criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm based on two parts: traveling time estimation and time threshold calculation. Our proposed methods are compared against two other methods: (a) the fixed RSS threshold based method, in which handovers between the cellular network and the WLAN are initiated when the RSS from the WLAN reaches a fixed threshold, and (b) the hysteresis based method, in which a hysteresis is introduced to prevent the ping-pong effect. Simulation results show that, this method reduced the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers up to 80% and 70%, respectively.
Wap based seamless roaming in urban environment with wise handoff techniqueijujournal
This paper highlights the studies performed to arrive at a novel handoff scheme in achieving uninterrupted connectivity. Every wireless communication user prefers seamless mobility and uninterrupted communication. Achieving this scenario is quite challenging both technologically and economically. Few of the reasons are geographical and man made constraints. Dynamic changes in environment and ever changing geographical landscape also pose serious difficulties to engineers involved in design of wireless systems. The following schemes have been suggested in an effort to improve Q.o.S of wireless mobile communication scenarios.
Call Admission Control (CAC) with Load Balancing Approach for the WLAN NetworksIJARIIT
The cell migrations take place between the different network operators, and require the significant information exchange between the operators to handle the migratory users. The new user registration requires the pre-shared information from the user’s equipment, which signifies the user recognition before registering the new user over the network. In this thesis, the proposed model has been aimed at the development of the new call admission control mechanism with the sub-channel assignment. The very basic utilization of the proposed model is to increase the number of the users over the given cell units, which is realized by using the sub-channel assignment to the users of the network. The proposed model is aimed at solving the issue by assigning the dual sub channels over the single communication channel. Also the proposed model is aimed at handling the minimum resource users by incorporating the load balancing approach over the given network segment. The load balancing approach shares the load of the overloaded cell with the cell with lowest resource utilization. The proposed model performance has been evaluated in the various scenarios and over all of the BTS nodes. The proposed model results have been obtained in the form of the resource utilization, network load, transmission delay, consumed bandwidth and data loss. The proposed model has shown the efficiency obtained by using the proposed call admission control (CAC) along with the new load balancing mechanism. The proposed model has shown the robustness of the proposed model in handling the cell overloading factors.
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
BIO-INSPIRED SEAMLESS VERTICAL HANDOVER ALGORITHM FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKSijwmn
One of the most important factors to implement VANET is by considering the variety of wireless networks available around the city as well as the vehicles traffic scenarios. However, by providing a diverse range of wireless access technologies, it is necessary to provide continuous network connectivity as well as selecting the most suitable network technology and performance. Many researchers have worked on building algorithms for selecting the best network to improve the handover process. However, with high-speed vehicles mobility, the vertical handover process became the most challenging task in order to achieve realtime network selection. This paper proposes a bio-inspired network selection algorithm influenced by insect's behaviour which combines Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed algorithm is applied to process multi-criteria parameters to evaluate the best available network and then execute the handover process seamlessly. The results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed Multi-Criteria ABC-PSO method by reducing the handover decision delays by 25%. It gives the optimum performance in terms of network selections and reduces the handover latency by 14.5%. The proposed algorithm also reduces the number of unnecessary handovers by 48% for three different mobility scenarios based on traffic environments (highway, urban and traffic jam).
Intelligent location tracking scheme for handling user’s mobilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Enhanced Seamless Handoff Using Multiple Access Points in Wireless Local Area Network
1. Prabhavathy.G Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2015, pp.46-50
www.ijera.com 46 | P a g e
Enhanced Seamless Handoff Using Multiple Access Points in
Wireless Local Area Network
Prabhavathy . G, Elangovan. K
1
(PG Scholar, Department of ECE, Sri Ram Engineering College/Anna University, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Sri Ram Engineering College/Anna University, India)
Abstract
The Mobility in wireless cellular communication systems is its backbone so as to enhance the quality of service
and maintain the continuous service. Handoff is an important task in maintaining the continuity of call in
cellular systems and its failure can result in ongoing call termination. In cellular mobile networks, the coverage
region is divided into smaller cells in order to achieve high system capacity. Each cell has a Base-Station (BS),
which provides the service to the Mobile Terminals (MTs), i.e. users equipped with phones, within its region.
Before a mobile user can communicate with other user(s) in the network, a group of the frequency bands or
channels should usually be assigned. The MTs is free to move across cells. When the mobile user crossing a cell
boundary or by deterioration in quality of the signal in the current channel, handoff process is initiated. The
scope of this project is to design 802.11 handoff schemes to solve the handoff problems in closely-spaced
WLANs.The major problem in multiple WLANs are so many users trying to use same access point(AP), and
interferences from nearby WLAN. The better hand off scheme based on signal strength and velocity of the
nodes is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed handoff scheme significantly reduces packet
losses compared with existing handoff schemes.
Keywords—Handoff, mobile radio mobility management, wireless local area network (WLAN).
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Local Area Networking (WLAN) has
experienced tremendous growth in the last ten years
with the proliferation of IEEE 802.11 devices. In the
following century, radio communication and radar
proved to be invaluable to the military, which
included the development of spread spectrum
technology. WLANs use high-frequency radio waves
rather than wires to communicate between nodes.
These networks provide a very fast data speed
compared with the data rates of mobile
telecommunications technology, and their range is
very limited. Wi-Fi is the most widespread and
popular example of WLAN technology.
One of the challenges in network management is
to establish connection between end to end
heterogeneous wireless technologies. To provide
such end-to-end connection between heterogeneous
networks we need to perform handoff. Handoff is the
process of changing the channel associated with the
current connection, while a call is in progress, to the
neighboring cell in order to provide uninterrupted
service to the mobile subscriber.The IEEE 802.11
standard specifies IEEE 802.11 handoff operation
with three procedures namely scanning,
authentication and, reassociation. The scanning
mobile terminal (MT) may choose the best
appropriate APs for its handoff. The authentication
and reassociation procedures are used for validation
and connection establishment for the mobile terminal.
We propose a velocity based handoff scheme in
multiple wireless local area network. In our proposed
method MT will choose the AP based on the signal
strength of the AP and velocity of the node
movement. Each APs propagates its coverage range,
initially we set a threshold value for better handoff.
When the RSSI drops below the threshold value, it
will scan the best AP for handoff. Threshold value is
generated by signal strength and velocity of the MT.
The MT makes the handoff decision according to
signal quality, which can be measured by the RSSI
(Received signal strength indicator).
This paper is organised as follows. In Section II,
we discuss the previous work with an overview of
scanning. In Section III, we discuss handoff
operation .In Section IV, we propose a velocity based
handoff operation and provide experimental results.
Finally, we conclude in Section V.
II. PREVIOUS WORK
Handoff schemes can be categorized into
prioritized handoff and non-prioritized handoff
schemes. In non-prioritized schemes, handoff calls
and new calls are served equally. When the BS has an
idle channel, it is assigned due to first-come first-
serve basis regardless of whether the call is new of
handoff. Since, no priority is given to a handoff
request over a new call, the CDP(Call Droping
Probability) is increased. All available channels in
the BS are shared by handoff and new calls. This
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN
ACCESS
2. Prabhavathy.G Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2015, pp.46-50
www.ijera.com 47 | P a g e
scheme results in high channel utilization. The
Complete Sharing (CS) and Complete Partitioning
(CP) policies are used as NPS. This policy can lead to
waste capacity if the load offered by a traffic stream
drops below its allocated capacity. On the other hand,
prioritized schemes ought to minimize both the CDP
(Call Dropping Probability) and CBP (Call Blocking
Probability) by giving the priority to handoff calls
over new calls in some way. Most handoff
prioritization schemes have the same mechanism:
lowering the CDP while increasing CBP due to the
quality of service (QoS) perspective, new call would
rather being denied than terminating of ongoing call.
With respect to scanning process performed in
mobile terminal, active or passive scanning is defined.
During passive scanning the mobile terminals should
receive access point’s beacon frames, which is
transmitted every beacon interval. A beacon interval
is typically 100 ms. On the contrary, a mobile
terminal with active scanning should broadcast probe
request frame in a channel and wait for the probe
response frame. The probe response frame is sent by
the nearby access points to the mobile terminal on
receiving the probe request frame. The mobile station
performs scanning process in all available channels.
Thus, the scanning time increases in proportion to the
number of available channels and introduces packet
loss and latency.
III. III.HANDOFF OPERATION
A seamless handoff is defined as a handoff
scheme that maintains the connectivity of all
applications on the mobile device when handoff
occurs. The two goals of seamless handoff are low
latencies and few packet losses.Handoff can be
classified based on several factors, like the type of
the network, the involved network elements or the
number of active connections and the type of traffic
that the network supports. Classification of handoff
is explained as follows,
A. Network Types Involved
This is the most common classification factor.
Handoffs can be classified as either horizontal or
vertical. This depends on whether a handoff takes
place between a single type of network interface and
a variety of different network interfaces.
i)Vertical handoff:
Mobile terminal can be handovered to access
points those supporting different network
technologies. For example, the changeover of signal
transmission from WiMax base station to LTE
network is considered a vertical handoff process.
ii) Horizontal handoff:
Mobile terminal hand overed between access
points supporting the same network technology. For
example, the changeover of signal transmission
between same type of network i.e. WiMax-to-WiMax
base station is considered as a horizontal handoff
process.
B. Number of Connections Involved
i) Hard handoff:
In a hard handoff, the radio link to the old base
station is released at the same time a radio link to the
new base station is established. In other words, using
hard handoff, a mobile node is allowed to maintain a
connection with only one base station at any given
time.
FIGURE 1:HANDOFF TYPES
ii) Soft handoff:
A mobile node maintains a radio connection with
no less than two base stations in an overlapping
handoff region and does not release any of the signals
until it drops below a specified threshold value. Soft
handoffs are possible in situations where the mobile
node is moving between cells operating on the same
frequency.
iii) Softer handoff:
A softer handoff is very similar to a soft handoff,
except the mobile terminal switches connections over
radio links that belong to the same access point.
Handoff process is initiated when the mobile
terminal moves away from the serving base station
to the target base station. The handoff process
consists of the following stages-
Cell selection, handoff decision, hand off
initiation, make connection to target cell, mobile
terminal authorization, termination with the serving
cell. At first, the mobile terminal performs cell
selection by scanning for all the neighbouring access
points. The access point with strong signal strength is
selected for hand off by the mobile terminal.
3. Prabhavathy.G Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2015, pp.46-50
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FIGURE 2:HANDOFF PROCESS
The handoff decision and initiation process
denotes the beginning of handoff process. During
handoff decision stage , the mobile terminal decides
whether a handoff is necessary or not. If handoff is
required then the handoff initiation stage will
request the neighboring access point with strong
signal strength to serve the mobile terminal. In the
case where handoff is not required the mobile
terminal continues in the serving base station. Then
connection to the target base station or access point
is made by the mobile terminal. Next step is to
terminate the connection of the serving base station.
Before terminating the connection to the serving base
station the mobile terminal should receive a
authorization from the target base station. A good
handoff should minimize handoff delay and reduce
wireless channel resource wastes.
IV. PROPOSED HANDOFF SYSTEM
Wi-Fi and WLAN is based on IEEE 802.11
standard. Wi-Fi typically provides local network
access for around a few hundred feet with speeds of
up to 54 Mbps. Wi-Fi is intended for LAN
applications, users scale from one to tens with one
subscriber for each CPE device. Fixed channel sizes
(20MHz). The 802.11 standards focus on the bottom
two levels the ISO model, the physical layer and link
layer. Any LAN application, network operating
system, protocol, including TCP/IP and Novell
NetWare, will run on an 802.11-compliant WLAN as
easily as they run over ethernet.
802.11
FIGURE 3.IEEE 802.11 and OSI Model
The major motivation and benefit from Wireless
LANs is increased mobility. Untethered from
conventional network connections, network users can
move about almost without restriction and access
LANs from nearly anywhere. The other advantages
for WLAN include cost-effective network setup for
hard-to-wire locations such as older buildings and
solid-wall structures and reduced cost of ownership-
particularly in dynamic environments requiring
frequent modifications, thanks to minimal wiring and
installation costs per device and user. WLANs
liberate users from dependence on hard-wired access
to the network backbone, giving them anytime,
anywhere network access.
We propose a velocity based handoff scheme in
multiple wireless local area network. In our proposed
method mobile terminal will choose the access point
based on the signal strength of the AP and velocity of
the node movement. Each APs propagates its
coverage range, initially we set a threshold value for
better handoff. When the received signal strength
indicator (RSSI) drops below the threshold value, it
will scan the best AP for handoff. Threshold value
generated by signal strength of the APs. The MT
makes the handoff decision according to signal
quality, which can be measured by theRSSI(Received
signal strength indicator).
RSSI< THhandoff (1)
The THhandover represents the handoff
threshold. Handoff procedures are initiated when the
RSSI drops below the Thhandover . Also, handoff is
executed only if there is another AP for which the
RSSI is at least the minimum signal level. We know
that when the MS moves in a high velocity, the
CELL SELECTION
HANDOFF DECISION
HANDOFF INITIATION
MAKE CONNECTION
MT AUTHORIZATION
TERMINATING
CONNECTION WITH THE
SERVING BS
APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
SESSION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
DATA/LINK
PHYSICAL
TCP
IP
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network channel information will change frequently,
so that some unnecessary stages must be performed,
which makes severe degradation in system
performance such as handoff delay and network
resource waste. To overcome this we set two
threshold values – one threshold is set for nodes
moving with higher velocity and another for nodes
moving with lower velocity. If the Thhandover is set
higher, the frequency of handoff initiated will be
higher, thus the network channel information can be
acquired quickly. If the Thhandover is set lower, the
handoff frequency becomes lower and the wireless
channel resource is consumed less. Velocity or speed
of the MN is given by,
v= D0 /t (2)
D0 is the diameter of the serving cell and t is the time
taken by the MT to remain connected with AP/BS.
t= D0/v (3)
t= 2 R/v (4)
R is the radius of the serving cell. The
architecture of proposed system consists of angle
analyzer, position analyzer ,signal strength analyzer,
a threshold generator and handoff comparator within
the mobile station. The angle and position analyzer
periodically updates the position of the mobile node
within the cell to the serving AP. The threshold
generator generate a threshold value based on the
velocity and RSSI of the mobile node. The handoff
comparator compares the threshold value and selects
appropriate AP for handoff.
FIGURE 4: ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM
The simulation is performed using the network
simulator 2 (NS2) tool and the language used for
simulation is tool command language (TCL) at front
end and c++ at the backend. For simulation purpose
we create ten nodes with four access points. The
simulation results show that the proposed system has
reduced packet loss than the existing system and
throughput of proposed system has increased
substantially.
FIGURE 5: SIMULATION RESULT
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed an optimized handoff
scheme based on the speed of an mobile node in
wireless networks. We proposed two thresholds on
the speed of mobile node. The mobile node checks its
speed against the predefined threshold and according
to its current speed it selects the appropriate network.
A Wi Fi network cannot be used for fast mobile node
movement, because of its smaller coverage area and
frequent handover problem. The proposed scheme
outperforms the existing scheme by reducing the
packet loss.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE P802.16e/D12, ―Air interface for fixed
and mobile broadband wireless access
systems: amendment for physical and
medium access control layers for combined
fixed and mobile operation in licensed
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