International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document discusses steam turbine power plant design and cycles. It describes typical steam conditions between 600-1450 psig at 750-950°F for Army power plants. Back pressure turbines exhaust at 250-15 psig and condensing turbines exhaust at 1-5 inches of mercury absolute. Cogeneration plants use back pressure or controlled extraction/condensing cycles to simultaneously produce electric power and steam for heat. The document compares plant heat rates, turbine heat rates, and discusses optimizing steam power plant cycles for maximum efficiency and economy.
The document summarizes an exergy and exergo-economic analysis of the Montazer Ghaem gas turbine power plant in Iran. The analysis finds that the combustion chamber has the highest exergy destruction due to the large temperature difference between the flame and operating fluid. The gas turbine's performance and efficiency are significantly affected by ambient temperature. An increase in ambient temperature decreases the net power output and exergy efficiency. The exergo-economic analysis determines that the combustion chamber also has the largest cost of exergy destruction.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Solar air heater (SAH), which is the most essential component of solar drying systems, receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy. This review presents descriptions and previous works conducted on performances analysis of SAHs. Exergoenviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, environmental, and exergy analyses are also presented. In addition, results on the performances of SAHs are summarized. The exergy and energy efficiencies of SAHs at laboratorium testing range from 8% to 61% and from 30% to 79%, respectively.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
This document evaluates the performance of an energy tower power plant (ETPP) without a solar collector for application in Saudi Arabia. A mathematical model is used to estimate the monthly electric power output from a 1200m tall, 400m diameter chimney under Saudi weather conditions. The results show the power tower could produce between 111.8MW and 137.8MW of electricity per month, with higher outputs in winter months. ETPPs use water spraying at the chimney top to cool air and create downdrafts to drive turbines, making them suitable for hot, dry climates like Saudi Arabia.
This document discusses steam turbine power plant design and cycles. It describes typical steam conditions between 600-1450 psig at 750-950°F for Army power plants. Back pressure turbines exhaust at 250-15 psig and condensing turbines exhaust at 1-5 inches of mercury absolute. Cogeneration plants use back pressure or controlled extraction/condensing cycles to simultaneously produce electric power and steam for heat. The document compares plant heat rates, turbine heat rates, and discusses optimizing steam power plant cycles for maximum efficiency and economy.
The document summarizes an exergy and exergo-economic analysis of the Montazer Ghaem gas turbine power plant in Iran. The analysis finds that the combustion chamber has the highest exergy destruction due to the large temperature difference between the flame and operating fluid. The gas turbine's performance and efficiency are significantly affected by ambient temperature. An increase in ambient temperature decreases the net power output and exergy efficiency. The exergo-economic analysis determines that the combustion chamber also has the largest cost of exergy destruction.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Solar air heater (SAH), which is the most essential component of solar drying systems, receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy. This review presents descriptions and previous works conducted on performances analysis of SAHs. Exergoenviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, environmental, and exergy analyses are also presented. In addition, results on the performances of SAHs are summarized. The exergy and energy efficiencies of SAHs at laboratorium testing range from 8% to 61% and from 30% to 79%, respectively.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
This document evaluates the performance of an energy tower power plant (ETPP) without a solar collector for application in Saudi Arabia. A mathematical model is used to estimate the monthly electric power output from a 1200m tall, 400m diameter chimney under Saudi weather conditions. The results show the power tower could produce between 111.8MW and 137.8MW of electricity per month, with higher outputs in winter months. ETPPs use water spraying at the chimney top to cool air and create downdrafts to drive turbines, making them suitable for hot, dry climates like Saudi Arabia.
1) The document discusses the performance of a solar chimney power plant with collector for application in Saudi Arabia. A mathematical model is developed to estimate parameters like power output, pressure drop, chimney height, airflow properties, and overall efficiency.
2) The results showed that a solar chimney power plant with a 200m chimney height, 10m diameter chimney, and 500m collector diameter could produce 118-224 kW of average monthly electric power.
3) Recommendations are made to reduce the construction costs of solar chimney power plants.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
This document reviews various techniques for enhancing heat transfer through surfaces like tubes and ducts, specifically the use of ribs, fins, and inserts. It begins by classifying heat transfer enhancement techniques as active, passive, or compound. The majority of the document then focuses on passive techniques, including extended surfaces like fins and the use of inserts within ducts or tubes. It provides examples of different rib, fin, and insert configurations that have been used, and summarizes several studies that have experimentally analyzed heat transfer rates and pressure drops associated with these configurations under different parameters. Overall, the document serves as a literature review of using ribs, fins, and inserts to enhance heat transfer through surfaces in a passive manner without external power input.
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger with different baffle inclinations. The study aims to determine the optimal baffle inclination angle and mass flow rate. It analyzes heat transfer characteristics for baffle inclinations of 0, 10 and 20 degrees. The results indicate that a helical baffle configuration forces fluid rotation, increasing heat transfer rates and coefficients more than a segmental baffle design. Overall, the CFD simulation allows determination of outlet temperatures, pressure drops, and optimal design parameters for improved heat exchanger performance.
This document summarizes research on the influence of size parameters such as chimney height and collector diameter on the power output of solar chimney power plants. Theoretical modeling is presented that relates power output to chimney height, collector diameter, temperature difference, solar irradiance, and other factors. Calculations based on this modeling show that increasing chimney height and collector diameter leads to higher power outputs. Graphs demonstrate the relationship between chimney height and collector diameter with power output. The conclusion is that the efficiency and power output of the turbine in a solar chimney power plant increases with larger chimney heights and collector diameters.
Energy and exergy analysis of reverse brayton refrigerator for gas turbine po...fsnexuss
This document discusses energy and exergy analysis of a proposed system to boost gas turbine power output using a reverse Brayton refrigerator. The system involves extracting a portion of compressed air from the gas turbine compressor and running it through a reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle to cool the air before it enters the compressor. The document provides background on gas turbine power degradation in hot climates and various air cooling methods. It then describes the proposed coupled gas turbine and reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle system and presents equations for the energy analysis of the cycles. The objective is to investigate the potential power boost through both energy and exergy (second law) analysis of the system.
Analytics Project - Combined Cycle Power PlantJyothi Lakshmi
The document describes a dataset containing measurements collected from a combined cycle power plant over 6 years. The dataset contains 9568 hourly records of 4 ambient variables (temperature, exhaust vacuum, ambient pressure, relative humidity) and the corresponding electrical energy output. The records are split into training and test datasets. Exploratory data analysis finds strong correlations between the energy output and temperature, vacuum, and pressure. A multiple linear regression model will be used to predict the energy output based on the 4 ambient variables.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
The document summarizes research on the suitability of heat exchangers for use as solar receivers in solar thermal power applications. It discusses two main solar collector technologies - point focusing and line focusing collectors - and the receiver design requirements for each. It then outlines the methodology used, which includes designing and fabricating a shell and helical tube heat exchanger, modeling a porous disc line receiver with CFD, simulating different configurations and working fluids, and determining parameters for maximum efficiency. Literature on existing receiver models is reviewed and key findings are summarized. Experimental work involving a shell and helical tube receiver with nanofluid is described and optimization of parameters is discussed. Results from CFD analysis of the porous disc receiver showing heat transfer and fluid
Paper design and optimizaton of steam distribution systems for steam power pl...Tony Lewis
This document presents a methodology for optimizing the design of steam distribution networks (SDNs) for steam power plants. The methodology formulates the problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to minimize total annualized cost. The model determines the optimal structure, configuration, and operation of the SDN as well as its interaction with the heat recovery system. Case studies are used to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of the proposed simultaneous optimization approach.
balance de materia horno de arco electricowaddwqdsa
This document describes models for calculating electrical energy consumption in electric arc furnaces (EAFs). It presents a statistical formula developed using data from over 50 furnaces that estimates electrical energy demand based on process variables. It also describes an online energy balance model used at a DC EAF in Germany that includes gas analysis and energy loss measurements. A dynamic mass and energy balance model was created by combining the statistical and online models. The models provide tools to improve EAF operation and control.
Exergy analysis - a tool for sustainable technology - in engineering educationPatrick VanSchijndel
This document discusses exergy analysis as a tool for evaluating and improving the sustainability of industrial processes. Exergy analysis examines both the energy and entropy of process streams to identify opportunities to reduce resource use and waste generation. The document provides examples of student projects applying exergy analysis to waste gasification and cement production processes. It finds that exergy analysis can help optimize processes by pinpointing sources of inefficiency and evaluating design tradeoffs between environmental and economic performance.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle Using Alternative Working...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the energy and exergy efficiency of organic Rankine cycles (ORC) using different working fluids, including HFO-1234yf, HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, ethanol, and iso-pentane. The study models saturated and trilateral ORC cycles and compares the thermal and exergetic efficiency of the cycles using different working fluids. The results show that HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a have the highest thermal and exergetic efficiencies. HFO-1234yf is identified as a promising working fluid for low to medium temperature ORC applications due to its low global warming potential, zero ozone depletion, and low evaporation temperature. The paper
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
Exergy analysis as a tool for energy efficiency improvements in the Tanzanian...Patrick VanSchijndel
This document describes an exergy analysis performed on the cement production process at the Tanzania Portland Cement Company plant in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The analysis focused on Kiln 3, which has the highest production capacity. It was found that the burning and cooling sections of the kiln have the highest energy usage. The exergy analysis calculated the physical, chemical, and other exergy values for input and output streams. It predicted that energy usage could be decreased by 15% or more by improving the kiln process and installing new equipment like pre-calciners. The simple and rational efficiencies of Kiln 3 were calculated to be 62% and 46% respectively based on the exergy analysis.
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat pump system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. It first provides background on heat pumps and their operation. It then describes using fuzzy logic to determine thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, which are important for heat pump performance simulation and optimization. Next, it outlines using a genetic algorithm to optimize parameters of an air-source heat pump system with R-404a refrigerant. Fuzzy logic was employed to predict refrigerant properties for use in the genetic algorithm optimization of the heat pump system design. The approach showed potential for simplifying heat pump system optimization.
Feasibility evaluation of two solar cooling systems applied to a cubanyamile diaz torres
This document analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of two solar cooling systems - a solar-powered absorption cooling system (SACS) and a photovoltaic cooling system (PCS) - applied to a hotel in Cuba. Both systems were simulated considering regional weather conditions and the thermodynamic principles that govern them. The results show that both systems can reduce energy consumption and the environmental impact of HVAC systems compared to conventional electric systems. However, the economic analysis found that the PCS has a lower cooling generation cost, while the energy assessment determined the SACS has better thermal performance for the climate and conditions of the case study hotel. Equations are provided describing the thermal and electrical models used to simulate the performance of the two solar
Design and Implmentation of Circular Cross Sectional Pressure Vessel Using Pr...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Prospect of bioenergy substitution in tea industries of North East IndiaIJMER
Coal Straw
Thermal energy requirement (GJ/year) 12592 12592
Quantity required (tonnes/year) 3616 2610
Cost of fuel (Rs/tonne) 3500 1370
Total annual cost (Rs. Lakhs) 23.06 15.46
Savings (Rs. Lakhs) - 11.6
1) The document discusses the potential for substituting conventional fuels with bioenergy sources in tea processing industries in Northeast India to reduce costs and dependency on fossil fuels.
2) It analyzes the feasibility of biomass gasification, use of agricultural residues for process heating, and biodiesel production from non-ed
1) The document discusses the performance of a solar chimney power plant with collector for application in Saudi Arabia. A mathematical model is developed to estimate parameters like power output, pressure drop, chimney height, airflow properties, and overall efficiency.
2) The results showed that a solar chimney power plant with a 200m chimney height, 10m diameter chimney, and 500m collector diameter could produce 118-224 kW of average monthly electric power.
3) Recommendations are made to reduce the construction costs of solar chimney power plants.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
This document reviews various techniques for enhancing heat transfer through surfaces like tubes and ducts, specifically the use of ribs, fins, and inserts. It begins by classifying heat transfer enhancement techniques as active, passive, or compound. The majority of the document then focuses on passive techniques, including extended surfaces like fins and the use of inserts within ducts or tubes. It provides examples of different rib, fin, and insert configurations that have been used, and summarizes several studies that have experimentally analyzed heat transfer rates and pressure drops associated with these configurations under different parameters. Overall, the document serves as a literature review of using ribs, fins, and inserts to enhance heat transfer through surfaces in a passive manner without external power input.
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger with different baffle inclinations. The study aims to determine the optimal baffle inclination angle and mass flow rate. It analyzes heat transfer characteristics for baffle inclinations of 0, 10 and 20 degrees. The results indicate that a helical baffle configuration forces fluid rotation, increasing heat transfer rates and coefficients more than a segmental baffle design. Overall, the CFD simulation allows determination of outlet temperatures, pressure drops, and optimal design parameters for improved heat exchanger performance.
This document summarizes research on the influence of size parameters such as chimney height and collector diameter on the power output of solar chimney power plants. Theoretical modeling is presented that relates power output to chimney height, collector diameter, temperature difference, solar irradiance, and other factors. Calculations based on this modeling show that increasing chimney height and collector diameter leads to higher power outputs. Graphs demonstrate the relationship between chimney height and collector diameter with power output. The conclusion is that the efficiency and power output of the turbine in a solar chimney power plant increases with larger chimney heights and collector diameters.
Energy and exergy analysis of reverse brayton refrigerator for gas turbine po...fsnexuss
This document discusses energy and exergy analysis of a proposed system to boost gas turbine power output using a reverse Brayton refrigerator. The system involves extracting a portion of compressed air from the gas turbine compressor and running it through a reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle to cool the air before it enters the compressor. The document provides background on gas turbine power degradation in hot climates and various air cooling methods. It then describes the proposed coupled gas turbine and reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle system and presents equations for the energy analysis of the cycles. The objective is to investigate the potential power boost through both energy and exergy (second law) analysis of the system.
Analytics Project - Combined Cycle Power PlantJyothi Lakshmi
The document describes a dataset containing measurements collected from a combined cycle power plant over 6 years. The dataset contains 9568 hourly records of 4 ambient variables (temperature, exhaust vacuum, ambient pressure, relative humidity) and the corresponding electrical energy output. The records are split into training and test datasets. Exploratory data analysis finds strong correlations between the energy output and temperature, vacuum, and pressure. A multiple linear regression model will be used to predict the energy output based on the 4 ambient variables.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
The document summarizes research on the suitability of heat exchangers for use as solar receivers in solar thermal power applications. It discusses two main solar collector technologies - point focusing and line focusing collectors - and the receiver design requirements for each. It then outlines the methodology used, which includes designing and fabricating a shell and helical tube heat exchanger, modeling a porous disc line receiver with CFD, simulating different configurations and working fluids, and determining parameters for maximum efficiency. Literature on existing receiver models is reviewed and key findings are summarized. Experimental work involving a shell and helical tube receiver with nanofluid is described and optimization of parameters is discussed. Results from CFD analysis of the porous disc receiver showing heat transfer and fluid
Paper design and optimizaton of steam distribution systems for steam power pl...Tony Lewis
This document presents a methodology for optimizing the design of steam distribution networks (SDNs) for steam power plants. The methodology formulates the problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to minimize total annualized cost. The model determines the optimal structure, configuration, and operation of the SDN as well as its interaction with the heat recovery system. Case studies are used to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of the proposed simultaneous optimization approach.
balance de materia horno de arco electricowaddwqdsa
This document describes models for calculating electrical energy consumption in electric arc furnaces (EAFs). It presents a statistical formula developed using data from over 50 furnaces that estimates electrical energy demand based on process variables. It also describes an online energy balance model used at a DC EAF in Germany that includes gas analysis and energy loss measurements. A dynamic mass and energy balance model was created by combining the statistical and online models. The models provide tools to improve EAF operation and control.
Exergy analysis - a tool for sustainable technology - in engineering educationPatrick VanSchijndel
This document discusses exergy analysis as a tool for evaluating and improving the sustainability of industrial processes. Exergy analysis examines both the energy and entropy of process streams to identify opportunities to reduce resource use and waste generation. The document provides examples of student projects applying exergy analysis to waste gasification and cement production processes. It finds that exergy analysis can help optimize processes by pinpointing sources of inefficiency and evaluating design tradeoffs between environmental and economic performance.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle Using Alternative Working...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the energy and exergy efficiency of organic Rankine cycles (ORC) using different working fluids, including HFO-1234yf, HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, ethanol, and iso-pentane. The study models saturated and trilateral ORC cycles and compares the thermal and exergetic efficiency of the cycles using different working fluids. The results show that HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a have the highest thermal and exergetic efficiencies. HFO-1234yf is identified as a promising working fluid for low to medium temperature ORC applications due to its low global warming potential, zero ozone depletion, and low evaporation temperature. The paper
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
Exergy analysis as a tool for energy efficiency improvements in the Tanzanian...Patrick VanSchijndel
This document describes an exergy analysis performed on the cement production process at the Tanzania Portland Cement Company plant in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The analysis focused on Kiln 3, which has the highest production capacity. It was found that the burning and cooling sections of the kiln have the highest energy usage. The exergy analysis calculated the physical, chemical, and other exergy values for input and output streams. It predicted that energy usage could be decreased by 15% or more by improving the kiln process and installing new equipment like pre-calciners. The simple and rational efficiencies of Kiln 3 were calculated to be 62% and 46% respectively based on the exergy analysis.
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat pump system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. It first provides background on heat pumps and their operation. It then describes using fuzzy logic to determine thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, which are important for heat pump performance simulation and optimization. Next, it outlines using a genetic algorithm to optimize parameters of an air-source heat pump system with R-404a refrigerant. Fuzzy logic was employed to predict refrigerant properties for use in the genetic algorithm optimization of the heat pump system design. The approach showed potential for simplifying heat pump system optimization.
Feasibility evaluation of two solar cooling systems applied to a cubanyamile diaz torres
This document analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of two solar cooling systems - a solar-powered absorption cooling system (SACS) and a photovoltaic cooling system (PCS) - applied to a hotel in Cuba. Both systems were simulated considering regional weather conditions and the thermodynamic principles that govern them. The results show that both systems can reduce energy consumption and the environmental impact of HVAC systems compared to conventional electric systems. However, the economic analysis found that the PCS has a lower cooling generation cost, while the energy assessment determined the SACS has better thermal performance for the climate and conditions of the case study hotel. Equations are provided describing the thermal and electrical models used to simulate the performance of the two solar
Design and Implmentation of Circular Cross Sectional Pressure Vessel Using Pr...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Prospect of bioenergy substitution in tea industries of North East IndiaIJMER
Coal Straw
Thermal energy requirement (GJ/year) 12592 12592
Quantity required (tonnes/year) 3616 2610
Cost of fuel (Rs/tonne) 3500 1370
Total annual cost (Rs. Lakhs) 23.06 15.46
Savings (Rs. Lakhs) - 11.6
1) The document discusses the potential for substituting conventional fuels with bioenergy sources in tea processing industries in Northeast India to reduce costs and dependency on fossil fuels.
2) It analyzes the feasibility of biomass gasification, use of agricultural residues for process heating, and biodiesel production from non-ed
This document summarizes the modeling and analysis of a spur gear for a sugarcane juice machine using finite element analysis. The goal is to replace the existing cast iron spur gear with a plastic gear made of either nylon or polycarbonate to reduce weight and noise. A 3D model of the spur gear was created in Pro-E software and imported into ANSYS for static load analysis. The stresses and deflections from the analysis will be used to determine the best plastic material that can replace the cast iron gear. Initial calculations show that both nylon and polycarbonate materials meet the allowable stress requirements and are viable alternatives to cast iron for this application.
This document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions for the MGT 330 Final Exam. There are 42 questions in total related to topics like decision making, planning, ethics and organizational behavior. The questions cover concepts such as programmed vs non-programmed decisions, the formal planning process, contingency plans, ethical issues, and group decision making.
This document contains information about New Zealand's economy, including:
- Key trading partners for exports like aircrafts, petroleum, fish, and wood.
- New Zealand has a market economy with advantages like consumer freedom but also disadvantages like potential for worker exploitation and overproduction.
- Unemployment rate is 4% and GDP is $112.4 billion with GDP per capita of $27,200.
- It discusses two large New Zealand companies, AMP Limited and APN News & Media, and notes the economy has been in recession since 2008.
- It presents data on GDP and forecasts economic growth and policies needed to boost prosperity through tax reform, tighter fiscal policy, and structural policy changes.
This document summarizes a study on the sintering mechanism of silica gel nanoparticles during initial heating stages. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss up to 600°C attributed to removal of absorbed water and hydroxyl groups. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed bonding changes - bridged hydroxyl groups were replaced by free hydroxyl and water molecules with heating. Heating also increased asymmetric stretching splitting, indicating greater long-range Coulombic forces from increased siloxane bonding between particles. The study concludes initial sintering is driven by dehydration and surface hydroxyl condensation forming siloxane bonds between particles.
This document analyzes public interest and industry satisfaction regarding houses on stilts in Woloan, Tomohon, Indonesia. It uses an Importance Performance Analysis tool to measure satisfaction and importance among the industrial community and those living nearby. The results indicate attention is needed to improve attributes like industrial area conditions, drainage infrastructure, waste treatment, and communications networks. For nearby residents, drainage, waste management, pollution, and community impacts need improvement. The study aims to assess clean production applied in construction to make it more cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
1) The document discusses the anatomy of a gecko's foot and how it is able to stick to surfaces using setae, tiny hairs, and spatulae. This sticking ability has inspired scientists to create synthetic versions for applications.
2) Gecko feet have over 500,000 setae that end in spatulae, allowing them to adhere to surfaces using van der Waals forces. This adhesion works on dry and wet surfaces.
3) Inspired by geckos, researchers have created synthetic materials that use millions of mushroom-shaped fibers to adhere in a similar way, with potential applications in robotics, medical devices, and more.
This document describes the design and development of a double offset butterfly valve. It includes calculations to determine the shell thickness, disc thickness, and stem diameter according to ASME and IBR standards. Finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS on models of the valve body, disc, and assembly to analyze von mises stress and displacement. The results found stresses below yield strengths, indicating a safe design for the chosen materials of WCB and CF8.
An Ontology Model for Knowledge Representation over User ProfilesIJMER
The document proposes an ontology model for representing user background knowledge to improve personalized web information gathering. It involves constructing personalized ontologies by extracting world knowledge from the Library of Congress Subject Headings system and discovering user background knowledge from local user information repositories. The model uses a two-dimensional ontology mining method called specificity and exhaustivity to analyze concepts in ontologies. It represents user profiles through personalized ontologies built using a given topic, integrating global knowledge bases and information from user's local data.
Education set for collecting and visualizing data using sensor system based ...IJMER
This article presents the issues of the wireless sensor measuring systems design which might
be used in education process of computer science faculty. The work shows the integration of a simple
measuring system, data management system, visual system and the hardware. Education set is designed
to consolidate knowledge in many fields of computer science and the interdependence between them, as
programming techniques, database, Web server, communications protocols, software and hardware.
Presented measuring sensor system consists of a number of measurement nodes, whose role is to
provide information about certain desirable characteristics, warning against natural hazards or
violation of the physical safety. An important part of the sensor system is a measuring subsystem and
the collecting measurement data subsystem. The article presents the temperature measurement sensor
system concepts and measurement data storage and visualization methods
Web search engines help users find useful information on the WWW. However, when the same
query is submitted by different users, typical search engines return the same result regardless of who
submitted the query. Generally, each user has different information needs for his/her query. Therefore,
the search results should be adapted to users with different information needs. So, there is need of
several approaches to adapting search results according to each user’s need for relevant information
without any user effort. Such search systems that adapt to each user’s preferences can be achieved by
constructing user profiles based on modified collaborative filtering with detailed analysis of user’s
browsing history.
There are three possible types of web search system which can provide personalized
information: (1) systems using relevance feedback, (2) systems in which users register their interest, and
(3) systems that recommend information based on user’s history. In first technique, users have to provide
feedback on relevant or irrelevant judgments which is time consuming and the second one needs
registration of users with their static interests which need extra effort from user. So, the third technique
is best in which users don’t have to give explicit rating; relevancy automatically tracked by user
behavior with search results and history of data usage. It doesn’t require registration of interests; it
captures changing interests of user dynamically by itself. The result section shows that user’s browsing
history allows each user to perform more fine-grained search by capturing changes of each user’s
preferences without any user effort. Users need less time to find the relevant snippet in personalized
search results compared to original results
A Novel Clustering Method for Similarity Measuring in Text DocumentsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
We shall state and prove a characterization for the Bloch space and obtain analogous characterization for the little Bloch space of analytic functions on the unit disk in the complex plane. We shall also state and prove three containment results related to Bloch space and Little Bloch space
This document summarizes a research paper on clustering algorithms in data mining. It begins by defining clustering as an unsupervised learning technique that organizes unlabeled data into groups of similar objects. The document then reviews different types of clustering algorithms and methods for evaluating clustering results. Key steps in clustering include feature selection, algorithm selection, and cluster validation to assess how well the derived groups represent the underlying data structure. A variety of clustering algorithms exist and must be chosen based on the problem characteristics.
The document discusses techniques for constant bit rate video streaming over packet switching networks. It proposes adapting variable bit rate video to a constant bit rate by controlling the video encoder's output rate based on buffer level feedback. This allows transporting video over networks using constant bit rate channels while avoiding network congestion issues. The key techniques involve bit allocation to each coding unit based on buffer status, and adjusting encoder quantization parameters to encode units with the allocated bits. Simulation results show the approach maintains constant compression ratio and peak signal-to-noise ratio while varying group of picture size and quality settings.
The document summarizes research optimizing factors affecting glucuronic acid production in yogurt fermentation using two bacterial strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Gluconacetobacter nataicola. A Plackett-Burman design screened seven factors and identified five significant factors. Response surface methodology with a central composite design (RSM-CCD) modeling optimized the five factors. The design determined the optimal conditions for maximum glucuronic acid concentration of 59.81mg/L were 4.43 log CFU/mL G. nataicola density, 5.1 log CFU/mL L. acidophilus density, 9.96% sucrose, initial pH 5, and incubation at 32
Theoretical Analysis for Energy Consumption of a Circulation-Type Superheate...IJMER
Recycled waste material has recently become of interest because of the huge amount of
natural resource consumption worldwide. It is necessary to introduce a material recycle system in
municipal and industrial waste management. Quality improvement of oily metal waste disposed from
metalworking factories as recycling materials is one of the issues. Here, the degreasing system plays an
important role. In this paper, energy consumption of a circulation-type superheated steam degreasing
system was applied to oily metal waste disposed from a metalworking factory. This system was
compared to a once-through type superheated steam degreasing system. Flow rates of materials
applicable to the degreasing system were estimated based on preliminary experiments, and heat and
energy balances from the system were theoretically evaluated and compared between once-through and
circulation type systems. As a result, a circulation-type superheated steam waste degreasing system
that can process oily metal waste provides a promising energy-saving waste metal recycle system.
Effect of rotation on the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a layer of F...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
To Improve Thermal Efficiency of 27mw Coal Fired Power PlantIJMER
Booming demand for electricity, especially in the developing countries, has raised power generation technologies in the headlines. At the same time the discussion about causes of global warming has focused on emissions originating from power generation and on CO2 reduction technologies such as:
(1) Alternative primary energy sources,
(2) Capture and storage of CO2,
(3) Increasing the efficiency of converting primary energy content into electricity.
In the dissertation, the thermal efficiency of the power plant is improved when Control of furnace draft (nearer to balanced draft). Oxygen level decreases percentage of flue gases. Above this level heat losses are increases & below this carbon mono-oxide is formed. Steam power plant is using fuel to generate electrical power. The used of the fuel must be efficient so the boiler can generate for the maximum electrical power. By the time the steam cycle in the boiler, it also had heat losses through some parts and it effect on the efficiency of the boiler. This project will analyze about the parts of losses and boiler efficiency. to find excess air which effect heat losses in boiler. By using the 27 MW coal fired thermal power plant of Birla Corporation Limited, Satna (M.P.) the data is collect by using types of Combustion & heat flow in boiler. Result of the analysis show that the efficiency of boiler depends on mass of coal burnt & type of combustion .This study is fulfilling the objective of analysis to find the boiler efficiency and heat losses in boiler for 27 MW thermal power plant of Birla Corporation Limited, Satna (M.P.)
POWER GENERATION BASED ON WASTE HEAT RECOVERYIRJET Journal
This document discusses power generation using waste heat recovery with the Kalina cycle. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of generating electricity from low-grade heat sources. The Kalina cycle is proposed as a solution, using ammonia and water as a working fluid that allows for heat recovery from flue gases. Simulation of the Kalina cycle was performed using Aspen Plus software. The simulation varied the ammonia fraction and calculated the generated power and efficiency. Previous studies on the Kalina cycle are also summarized that found it can increase efficiency over Rankine cycles for waste heat sources.
Energy Based Analysis of a Thermal Power Station for Energy Efficiency Improv...IJMER
Despite of growth of renewable energy stations installations like wind, solar, Tidal power, the energy for the world depends heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. It is also expected to continue the dependence on fossil fuels for next few decades. Therefore, given the continued reliance on the fossil fuels for some time, it is important to note these plants must reduce their environmental impact by operating fossil fuels more efficiently. Two types of analysis namely, energy and exergy analysis can be developed for the system. Energy analysis based on first law of thermodynamics cannot be applied as it cannot justify the real useful energy loss because it does not differentiate between the quality and quantity of energy within the system. Whereas, exergy analysis will characterize the work potential of a system based on the second law of thermodynamics and the maximum work that can be obtained from the system when its state is brought to the reference or dead state (standard atmospheric conditions).This technical paper presents the results of exergy and energy analysis carried out on 62 MW coal-based thermal power plant to evaluate the performance. The performance of the plant was estimated by a component-wise modeling followed by a system simulation. A parametric study is conducted for the thermal plant under various operating conditions, including different operating condenser pressures, temperatures and flow rates of cooling water across the condenser etc, in order to determine which parameter that maximizes plant performance. Energy loss distribution to find out the amount and source of irreversibilities generated in boiler and turbine in a plant so that any process in the system having largest energy destruction can be identified and that helps the designer to re design the system components.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
This document presents an exergy analysis of a 4.5MW biomass-based steam power plant in Karempudi, India. The analysis finds that the boiler has the highest exergy destruction of any component. The thermal efficiency of the plant is about 18.25% while the exergetic efficiency is 16.89%, indicating a difference of 1.36% due to irreversible losses. Key results include the boiler efficiency being 75.69% and its exergetic efficiency being 70.08%. The turbine efficiency is calculated to be 88%. The analysis determines exergy values at various points in the Rankine cycle and calculates the exergy destruction in the boiler, turbine, and condenser.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
A description of how my optimization of carbon dioxide and propane mixture ratio as a working fluid helps reduce operating pressure by 33%, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) by 6.36% and total power output from a diesel powered plant by 8% through waste heat recovery.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF A MICRO-COGENERATION STIRLING ENGINE FOR ...Denny John
The document describes an experimental and numerical analysis of a commercial Stirling engine unit capable of generating 8 kW of hot water and 1 kW of electricity using natural gas. Key points:
- An experimental campaign was conducted to collect internal and external measurements of the unit under testing at different temperatures to validate a numerical model.
- The numerical model divides the engine into five cells and simulates the thermodynamic conditions within each cell over short time steps to evaluate the engine's performance.
- The results from the experimental campaign and numerical model are compared to draw conclusions about the engine's efficiency under different operating temperatures.
This document summarizes a paper that presents a hybrid model for simulating the steady-state and dynamic behavior of a PEM fuel cell stack. The hybrid model combines an empirical model to represent the steady-state voltage-current relationship with an electrical circuit model to capture dynamic behavior. The model achieves over 93% accuracy in modeling experimental stack performance under steady and transient conditions. Fuel cells show promise for distributed power generation and transportation due to their high efficiency, low emissions, and ability to use hydrogen produced from renewable sources.
This document discusses exergetic and thermoeconomic analysis of a coal-fired power plant. It begins with definitions of exergy as usable work and explanations of energy and exergy analysis. It then describes various thermoeconomic analysis methods including Specific Exergy Costing (SPECO) and Modified Production Structural Analysis (MOPSA). SPECO and MOPSA are applied to a sample coal-fired power plant model to determine the unit exergy costs of each stream. The results of exergy and economic analyses of the plant are presented, identifying locations for potential efficiency improvements.
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted on a thermal power plant in Jordan. The power plant produces 14.36 MW through a Rankine cycle using natural gas. A preliminary energy audit evaluated the performance of the plant's components, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and pumps. The results showed deviations in efficiency for all components compared to their design specifications. Specifically, the boiler had the largest deviation of 4.9% efficiency, likely due to poor water and fuel quality and heat loss. Several solutions were proposed to improve the plant's efficiency.
Now a day’s power generation is most important for
every country. This power is generated by some thermal
cycles. But single cycle cannot be attain complete power
requirements and its efficiency also very low so that to fulfill
this requirements to combine two or more cycles in a single
power plant then we can increase the efficiency of the power
plant. Its increased efficiency is more than that of if the plant
operated on single cycle. In which we are using two different
cycles and these two cycles are operated by means of different
working mediums. These type of power plants we can called
them like combined cycle power plants. In combined cycle
power plants above cycle is known as topping cycle and below
cycle is known as bottoming cycle. The above cycle generally
brayton cycle which uses air as a working medium. When the
power generation was completed the exhaust gas will passes
in to the waste heat recovery boiler. Another cycle also
involved in bottoming cycle. This cycle works on the basis on
rankine cycle. In which steam is used as working medium.
The main component in bottoming cycle is waste heat
recovery boiler. It will receive exhaust heat from the gas
turbine and converts water in to steam. The steam used for
generating power by expansion on steam turbine. Combined
cycle power plants are mostly used in commercial power
plants.
In this paper we are analyzing one practical
combined cycle power plant. In practical conditions due to
some losses it can not be generates complete power. So that
we are invistigated why it is not give that much of power and
the effect of various operating parameters such as maximum
temperature and pressure of rankine cycle, gas turbine inlet
temperature and pressure ratio of Brayton cycle on the net
output work and thermal efficiency of the combine cycle
power plant.
The outcome of this work can be utilized in order to
facilitate the design of a combined cycle with higher efficiency
and output work. Mathematical calculations and simple
graphs in ms excel, and auto cad has been carried out to
study the effects and influences of the above mentioned
parameters on the efficiency and work output.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR POWERED COMBINED SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE...IRJET Journal
This document presents a thermodynamic analysis of a combined partial heating supercritical carbon dioxide (PSCO2) cycle and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) powered by solar energy. It describes the configuration of the system using a parabolic trough solar collector to heat syltherm 800 as a heat transfer fluid, which then heats the PSCO2 cycle. Some of the PSCO2 is partially heated before entering the main heater. The exhaust from the PSCO2 turbine then heats the ORC. The document reviews previous studies on similar combined systems and cycles. It discusses the selection of syltherm 800 and six organic fluids for the ORC. The objectives are to analyze the effects of incorporating the
Dynamic Simulation of a Hybrid Solar and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemIJRES Journal
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is à system in which electricity is produced using small temperature difference of warm surface water and deep cold water in oceans. This paper analyzes the dynamic stability and performance simulation results of a solar and ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system connected to a power grid through undersea cables. In SOTEC, the temperature of warm sea water was boosted by using a typical low-cost solar thermal collector. The complete system model is established from the dynamics of each subsystem and their interconnections. Specifically, we examine stability and performance of the power system against such disturbance conditions as slow variations of solar radiation and severe three-phase short-circuit fault at the power grid. Simulation results indicate that the design of a power system stabilizer can improve the damping of power system under various disturbance conditions.
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSinventy
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell to generate electricity. The study used a small test rig to run experiments supplying hydrogen and oxygen gases to the fuel cell. The experiments measured voltage, current, power output, and other parameters over time. The results showed that the fuel cell was able to produce up to 13.44W of power at 11.20V by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy. Producing power from hydrogen in a fuel cell is presented as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuel-based power generation.
Application of energy and exergy analyses to a ci engine usig biodiesel fueljohnmyls2000
This document discusses applying energy and exergy analyses to evaluate the performance of a diesel engine fueled by biodiesel and petroleum diesel. The researchers collected experimental data from tests of a four-cylinder diesel engine operating on soybean methyl ester biodiesel and petroleum diesel. They performed first and second law analyses to determine various performance parameters, including fuel energy, thermal efficiency, heat and exhaust losses, fuel exergy, and exergetic efficiency. Their results found the energetic performance of the biodiesel was similar to petroleum diesel. Additionally, the exergetic performance parameters generally followed trends consistent with the energetic parameters.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
Stochastic renewable energy resources integrated multi-objective optimal powe...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document proposes a method for solving single and multi-objective optimal power flow problems that integrate stochastic wind and solar power with traditional coal-based power plants. It models the uncertainties in wind and solar output using probability distribution functions. A multi-objective moth flame optimization technique is used to solve the optimization problems. The results are validated on an adapted IEEE 30-bus test system incorporating wind and solar plants.
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
The document discusses concentrating solar power (CSP) tower plants and novel high-efficiency thermodynamic power cycles. It analyzes the Supercritical-CO2 closed Brayton cycle with recompression and compares it economically against the mature Rankine cycle under different solar tower configurations. A base-load power plant was simulated for the two cycles with a 3 solar-multiple setup to achieve a 70% capacity factor. Exergy analysis showed around 71% efficiency for the recompression S-CO2 closed Brayton cycle at 900°C, while economic analysis found levelized costs of electricity of $0.11/kWhe for the Rankine cycle and $0.105/kWhe for the S-CO
Similar to Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal Power Plant -Review (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
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In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
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Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
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kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
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farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
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flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
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On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
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Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
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Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
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Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal Power Plant -Review
1. www.ijmer.com
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2615-2625
ISSN: 2249-6645
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based
Co-Generation on Thermal Power Plant -Review
Sarang J. Gulhane1, Prof. Amit Kumar Thakur2, A. P. Pathre3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sagar Institute of Science and Technology Bhopal, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sagar Institute of Science and Technology Bhopal, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raisoni College of Engineering and Management, Amravati, India
2
ABSTRACT: Effective energy utilization and its management for minimizing irreversibility has made human to look for
efficient energy consumption & conversion. Based on several research activity and local power plant experience some key
observation has made and is presented in this paper The aim of this paper is to be find out amount and source of
irreversibility’s generated in boiler of 35 TPH boiler in 6 MW captive power plant so that any process in the system that
having largest energy destruction can be identified that help designer to re design the system components.
Keyword: First law of thermodynamic, Second law of thermodynamic, Irreversibility.
I.
Introduction
Energy consumption is the most important problem in the today’s era. In the present scenario per capita energy
consumption determines the level of development of the nation. With the increased awareness that the world’s energy
resources are limited has caused many countries to reassess their energy policies and take measures for eliminating the
waste. It has also ignited the interest in the scientists and researchers to take a close look at the energy conversion devices
and to develop new techniques for better utilization of the available resources.
The First Law deals with the amounts of energy of various forms transferred between the system and its
surroundings and with the changes in the energy stored in the system. It treats work and heat interactions as equivalent forms
of energy in transit and offers no indication about the possibility of a spontaneous process proceeding in a certain direction.
The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, but satisfying the first law does not ensure that the process
can actually occur. This inadequacy of the first law to identify whether a process can take place is remedied by introducing
another general principle, the second law of thermodynamics
The exergy method of analysis is based on the Second law of thermodynamics and the concept of irreversible
production of entropy. The fundamentals of the exergy method were laid down by Carnot in 1824 and Clausius in 1865. The
energy-related engineering systems are designed and their performance is evaluated primarily by using the energy balance
deduced from the First law of thermodynamics. Engineers and scientists have been traditionally applying the First law of
thermodynamics to calculate the enthalpy balances for more than a century to quantify the loss of efficiency in a process due
to the loss of energy. The exergy concept has gained considerable interest in the thermodynamic analysis of thermal
processes and plant systems since it has been seen that the First law analysis has been insufficient from an energy
performance stand point. Keeping in view the facts stated above, it can be expected that performing an analysis based on the
same definition of performance criteria will be meaningful for performance comparisons, assessments and improvement for
thermal power plants. Additionally, considering both the energetic and exergetic performance criteria together can guide the
ways of efficient and effective usage of fuel resources by taking into account the quality and quantity of the energy used in
the generation of electric power in thermal power plants. The purpose of this study presented here is to carry out energetic
and exergetic performance analyses, at the design conditions, for the existing coal and gas-fired thermal power plants in
order to identify the needed improvement. For performing this aim, we summarized thermodynamic models for the
considered power plants on the basis of mass, energy and exergy balance equations. The thermodynamic model simulation
results are compared. In the direction of the comprehensive analysis results, the requirements for performance improvement
are evaluated.
REVIEW
II.
Energy and EXERGY Analysis Of Coal Fired Cogeneration Power Plant With Condensate Extraction
Turbine
In general coal based thermal plant works on Rankin cycle. Several advancement has made in recent thermal power
plant to increase the energy output per unite mass of fuel burnt like reheating, regeneration etc. The design of any power
plant is based on location, avaibility of fuel and it effectiveness. Since thermal power plant works on fossile fuel, it has
made great interest to research to look for more efficient utilization of this fuel due to it’s stock limitation under earth.
Which results into no. of analysis based on energy losses and irreversibility, various attempts where made to over come this
loss as and hence reheat cycle, regenerative cycle are the some fruitful outcome that came out for improvement.
2.1. Description of Coal fired power plant:
Several observed processes are considered for the analysis of a cumulative coal fixed thermal like lowering
condenser pressure, superheating the to high temperatures, increasing the boiler pressure, reheat regenerative Rankin cycle is
used.
www.ijmer.com
2615 | Page
2. www.ijmer.com
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2615-2625
ISSN: 2249-6645
Fig. 1. Flow diagram of cogeneration thermal power plant with condensate extraction turbine
Fig.1 describes the detail part of cogeneration coal based with condensate extraction turbine consists of Boiler (B),
Condensate extraction turbine with there stages (T) Pump (P), Decretory (D), a generator (S) , condense (c) high pressure
feed water heater (HPH). The thermodynamic models of power plant are based on fundamental mass and energy balances.
Using the energy and mass balance equation for each component in the power plant model, it is possible to compute energy
and energy contents in terms of turbine power outputs, pump power consumptions boiler heat requirements, energy and
exergy flows at each node of the plants, component first and second low efficiencies, component irreversibility in the plant
etc.
2.2. Energy Analysis
In an open flow system there are three types of energy transfer across the control surface like work transfer, heat
transfer, and energy associated with mass transfer and / or flow. The first law of thermodynamics or energy balance for the
steady flow process of an open system is given by
∑Qk+ m(
=m(ho+
ή=
The energy balance for boiler and its component
2.2.1. Energy balance for combustion of boiler
The energy balance for boiler form energy equation can be given as,
0=Qk- mw(h₈-h₂₄)-energy loss - ma(h₂-h₁)
Where mw is mass flow rate of water , ma is a mass flow rate of air
Energy loss = QK- mw(h₈-h₂₄)- ma(h₂-h₁)Type equation here.
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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2615-2625
ISSN: 2249-6645
The first law efficiency is given by
ή=
Energy input – Energy loss
₌
Energy input
=1-(enegy loss)/(energy input)
= 1ή=
this is efficiency of boiler
since air is heated in a preheated in boiler which would otherwise would have absorb the heat from boiler
2.2.2.Eenergy balance for turbine
From energy balance equation,
Wт ₌m₈(h₈₋h₉₎+(m₈₋m₉)(h₉₋h₁₀)+(m₈₋m₉₋m₁₀)(h₁₀₋h₁₁)-energy loss
Energy loss= ή =
=1=
2.2.3. Energy balance for condenser
From energy balance equations,
0=m₁₁(h₁₁₋h₁₆)- Q 𝐤- energy loss
0= m₁₁(h₁₁₋h₁₆)- mcw(h₁₉‒h₁₈)- energy loss
Energy loss= m₁₁(h₁₁₋h₁₆)- mcw(h₁₉‒h₁₈)
Efficiency of condenser is given by
ή=
=
=
2.2.4.Pump system
(a) Condensate extraction pump ie CEP pump
Wcp=m₁₆(h₁₇-h₁₆)-Energy loss
Energy loss=Wcp+ m₁₆(h₁₇-h₁₆)
ή=
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2617 | Page
4. www.ijmer.com
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2615-2625
ISSN: 2249-6645
=1- η condenser =
(b) Efficiency of DM water pump
Energy loss =m₂₁(h₂₂-h₂₁)+W
ή=
(c)Boiler feed pump
Energy loss =m₄(h₂₄-h₄)+
ή=
2.2.5. Energy flow equation for high pressure feed water heater
From fig and steady state energy equation is given by
0=m₁₂(h₁₂-h₁₃)-m₁₄(h₁₅-h₁₄)-energy loss
ή hph=
=
=
2.2.6. Dearetor sub system
It is well insulated system consider adiabatic one to which hot steam 13 ton from h.p heater and hot feed water from 15 enter
into mix together forming mixture as well as D.M is heated from atmospheric condition to some higher level and left to
dearator ,the energy supplied is sum of energies of hot steam and water and losing energy to cold water
The energy flow equation for dearetor is given by
0=m₁₃.h₁₃+m₁₅h₁₅-m₃(h₁₃-h₃)+m₁₀.h₁₀+m₁₇.h₁₇.-m₄.h₄-h₂₀.m₂₀-energy loss
Energy loss= m₁₃.h₁₃+m₁₅h₁₅-m₃(h₁₃-h₃)+m₁₀.h₁₀+m₁₇h₁₇..-m₄.h₄-h₂₀.m₂₀
But m₃=m₁₄=m₁₅
ή =1ή=
above is the efficiency of dearator
2.2.7. Energy balance for process steam application
The steam supplied to the process is consider as a lost steam from cycle even though it is utilized for some
application providing money
Energy utilized in the process = m₂₀ .h₂₀
Scop energy analysis for particular application not consider in this article.
2.3. Exergy Analysis of Condensate Extraction turbine
Exergy is a generic term for a group of concepts that define the maximum possible work potential of a system, a
stream of matter and/or heat interaction, the state of the (conceptual) environment being used as the datum state. In an open
flow system there are three types of energy transfer across the control surface namely working transfer, heat transfer, and
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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2615-2625
ISSN: 2249-6645
energy associated with mass transfer and/or flow. The work transfer is equivalent to the maximum work which can be
obtained from that form of energy. The exergy of heat transfer Q from the control surface at temperature T is determined
from maximum rate of conversion of thermal energy to work Wmax is given by. kinetic, potential and physical exergy. The
kinetic and potential energy are almost equivalent to exergy. The physical specific exergy and depends on initial state of
matter and environmental state. Energy analysis is based on the first law of thermodynamics, which is related to the
conservation of mass and degradation of the quality of energy along with the entropy generation in the analysis design and
improvement of energy systems. Exergy analysis is useful method, to complement but not to replace energy analysis. The
exergy flow for steady flow process of an open system is given by.
Wmax=Ψϙ=ϙ(
)
+
Where
Ψ=m
And
h°=h+
Where ψі and ψо are exergy associated will mass inflow and outflows are respectively, is useful work done on/by system I
destroyed is irreversibility of process and h0 is the enthalpy as summation of enthalpy, KE and PE. The other notations C is
the bulk velocity of the working fluid, Z is the altitude of the Steam above the sea level, g is the specific gravitational force.
The irreversibility may be due to various losses occurring like to overcome Friction may be surface and steam or between
adjacent layers of steam.Exergy analysis is an effective means to pinpoint losses due to irreversibility in a real situation.The
second law efficiency is defined as
ή=
=
To analyze the possible realistic performance, a detailed exergy analysis of coal fired cogeneration thermal power
plant with condensate extraction turbine has between carried out by ignoring the KE & PE change. For steady State flow the
exeran balance for a thermal system is given below.
Ψω=
+
Ψω=exergy summation supplied through heat transfer
= exergy summation supplied through heat transfer
m
Where,
= change in exergy summation of working fluid
Q=heat transfer
M=mass flow rate
Ψ=exergy flow rate per unit mass
Sgen=entropy generation rate
T0=ambient temp
Tk=temp of source
Component wise exergy balance of the coal fire co generating thermal power plant with condensate extraction turbine
2.3.1. Exergy balance for boiler combustion the exergy balance for the combustion
Exergy balance equation for combustion can be written as,
0=
mf = sum of mass of coal
mg=mass of product after combustion which give
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=
second law efficiency is given by
ή=
= 1 = 1
-
-
=
2.3.2. Exergy balance for high pressure turbine is given by
For high pressure turbine form fig ure and steady state ewqaution,
0=m₈(ψ₈- ψ₉)+(m₈-m₉)(ψ₉- ψ₁₀)+(m₈-m₉-m₁₀)(ψ₁₀- ψ₁₁)-T₀.Sgen
T₀.Sgen= m₈(ψ₈- ψ₉)+(m₈-m₉)(ψ₉- ψ₁₀)+(m₈-m₉-m₁₀)(ψ₁₀- ψ₁₁)And entropy generation rate is
Sgen= m₈(s₈- s₉)+(m₈-m₉)(s₉- s₁₀)+(m₈-m₉-m₁₀)(s₁₀- s₁₁)
Iirreversibility=exergy loss
= T₀.Sgen=T₀( m₈(s₈- s₉)+(m₈-m₉)(s₉- s₁₀)+(m₈-m₉-m₁₀)(s₁₀- s₁₁)
The second law efficiency is given by
ή=
=1=1=
2.3.3. Exergy balance for condenser is given by
From fig and steady flow energy equation,
0=m₁₁(ψ₁₁-ψ₁₆)-mcw(ψ₁₉₋ψ₁₈)-T₀.Sgen
T₀.Sgen= m₁₁(ψ₁₁-ψ₁₆)-mcw(ψ₁₉₋ψ₁₈)
Also,
Irreversibility=exergy loss
= T₀.Sgen
ή =1
=1=
ή condenser =
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2.3.4. Pump system
(a)Condenser pump
=m₁₆(
)
:.
=
= m₁₆(
ή=1=
(b)DM water feed pump
=
= m₂₁
(c)Boiler feed pump
= m₄
ή =
2.3.5. Exergy flow equation for high pressure feed water heater
Exrgy equation for high pressure feed water can be given as,
0=m₁₂(
=
m₁₂(
ήhph =1
=
2.3.6. Dearetor sub system
The exergy equation from fig can be given as
ή=1
=
III.
Discussion On Results Of Different EXERGY - Energy Study Of Co-Generation Power Plant
S. C. Kamate et.al. investigated cogeneration power plant in sugar industries for exergy analysis, with back pressure
turbine the exergy and energy efficiency is found better over condensate extraction turbine plant with boiler as least efficient
component and turbine is the most efficient component of the plant. Kotas [2] has been explained in this work the concept
of exergy used to define criteria of performance of thermal plant. [3] Yongping yan studied comprehensive base analysis
state of art USE CP plant the boiler has a largest energy destruction . [4] P Regulagada el al studied energy analysis of
thermal power plant with measured boiler and turbine losses in 32 MW coal fired boiler he determine power plant energy
efficiency 30.21 %for gross generation output as well as exergy efficiency is 25.38 % for gross generator output, the max
energy destruction is found to be in the boiler .Ganapathy e l a l . [5] studied with an exergy analysis performed on an
operating 50 MWe unit of lignite fired steam power plant at Thermal Power Station-I, Ncyveli Lignite Corporation Limited,
Neyveli. Tamil Nadu, India. The distribution of the exergy losses in several plant components during the real time plant
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running conditions has been assessed to locate the process irreversibility. The comparison between the energy losses and the
exergy losses of the individual components of the plant shows that the maximum energy losses of 39% occur in the
condenser, whereas the maximum exergy losses of 42.73% occur in the combustor.[6] selcuk atas studied comparative
energetic and exergetic performance analysis for coal fired nine thermal power plant performance under control govt of
turkey he use low quality of coal and boiler was conventional reheat . Kamate and Gangavati [7] studied exergy analysis of
a heat-matched bagasse -based cogeneration plant of a typical 2500 tpd sugar factory, using backpressure and extraction
condensing steam turbine is presented. In the analysis, exergy methods in addition to the more conventional energy anal) ses
are employed to evaluate overall and component efficiencies and to identify and assess the thermodynamic losses. Boiler is
the least efficient component and turbine is the most efficient component of the plant. The results show that, at optimal
steam inlet conditions of 61 bar and 475 C. the backpressure steam turbine cogeneration plant perform with energy and
exergy efficiency of 0.863 and 0.307 and condensing steam turbine plant perform with energy and exergy efficiency of
0.682 and 0.260.Arif hepbasli [8]thermodynamic analysis of a building using exergy analysis method heated by convection
boiler in a heating centre ,a convectional boiler in a heating centre and fan coil unit are consider in this analysis tatal exergy
input rate is to be 694.5kw while largest exergy loss rate is obtained to be 333kw .exergetic effiency of convectional boiler
and fan coil unit are also found to be 13.4% and 37.6%.for future work exergetic analysis is preferred for both the exergetic
and economical analysis. as per his experiment installation of well insulated building material support low exergy heating
system.
Datta etal [9] was presented work on exergy analysis of a coal-based thermal power plant is done using the design
data from a 210 MW thermal power plant under operation in India. The exergy efficiency is calculated using the operating
data from the plant at different conditions, viz. at different loads, different condenser pressures, with and without
regenerative heaters and with different settings of the turbine governing. The load variation is studied with the data at 100.
75. 60 and 40% of full load. Effects of two different condenser pressures, i . e . 76 and 89 mmllg (abs.). are studied. It is
observed that the major source of irreversibility in the power cycle is the boiler, which contributes to exergy destruction of
the order of 60%. Part load operation increases the irreversibility in the cycle and the effect is more pronounced with the
reduction of the load. Increase in the condenser back pressure decreases the exergy efficiency. Successive withdrawal of the
high pressure heaters shows a gradual increment in the exergy efficiency for the control volume excluding the boiler.M.K
Gupta [10] the energy and exergy analysis has been carried out of conceptually proposed direct steam generation solar
thermal power plant having only one feed heater the exergy loss are found in condenser followed by collector field ,it shows
that main source of energy destruction that was found in collector field,the results of exergy analysis of direct steam
generation point out that collector and receiver required improvement for reduced exergy loss the material of collector plays
an important role and reduced exergy loss in the receiver inlet temp should be optimum he maximum efficiencies equal to
16.13% be achieved by using two feed water heater without dry pump, it is found that if we use three water heater
maximum efficiencies improves was 16.60 and for higher efficiency three feed water heater is use , Aljundi [11] was
presented in this study, the energy and exergy analysis of Al-Hus-sein power plant in Jordan is presented. The primary objectives of this paper are to analyze the system components separately and to identify and quantify the sites having largest
energy and exergy losses. In addition, the effect of varying the reference environment state on this analysis will also be
presented. Energy losses mainly occurred in the condenser where 134 MW is lost to the environment while only 13 MW was
lost from the boiler system. The percentage ratio of the exergy destruction to the total exergy destruction was found to be
maximum in the boiler system (77%) followed by the turbine (13%), and then the forced draft fan condenser (9%). In
addition, the calculated thermal efficiency based on the lower heating value of fuel was 26% while the exergy efficiency of
the power cycle was 25%. For a moderate change in the reference environment state temperature, no drastic change was
noticed in the performance of major components. Anit patel [12] the energy and exergy analysis of boiler plant Indian coal
as fuel ,it seems that energy analysis found all inefficiency to losse is 23.46% ,the first law efficiency of the boiler is 76.64%
and second law efficiency is 37% there is large amount of energy degradation ,this degradation of energy reduce exergy of
second law efficiency and increase entropy generation, so stack loss are very less it is found major loss are in boiler so
increase the efficiency of boiler by 1% for that reduced the temp of flue gas by 22 degree so preheat combustion of a air with
a waste heat improvement oxygen control .R Saidur[13] in this paper the useful concept of energy and exergy utilization is
analyzed and applied to the boiler system in this paper he was calculate the energy and exergy efficiency 72.46%and
24.89%,accourding to his concept major contributor of energy destruction is combustors. Dai el al. [14] was done exergy
analysis for each cogeneration system is examined, and a parameter optimization for each cogeneration system is achieved
by means of genetic algorithm to reach the maximum exergy efficiency. The cement production is an energy intensive
industry with energy typically accounting for 50-60% of the production costs. In order to recover waste heat from the
preheated exhaust and clinker cooler exhaust gases in cement plant, single Hash steam cycle, dual-pressure steam cycle,
organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and the Kalina cycle are used for cogeneration in cement plant. The optimum performances for
different cogeneration systems are compared under the same condition. The results show that the exergy losses in turbine,
condenser, and heat recovery vapor generator are relatively large. R jyothu naik et [15]al studied exergy analysis of 120MW
of coal base thermal power plant, in this paper he investigate exergy value at all location ,it observed that exergetic
efficiency of overall plant is 39.75% and over all thermal effiency is 37% ,now difference of 2.75%is destruction of available
energy observed. the exergy analysis of boiler ,turbine is calculated and losses in exergy is calculate ,it can be seem that
maximum energy destruction is found in boiler with the value of 89.37% of total exergy destruction. the Rosen [16] reported
results were of energy- and exergy-based comparisons of coal-fired and nuclear electrical generating stations. A version of a
process-simulation computer code, previously enhanced by the author for exergy analysis, is used. Overall energy and
exergy efficiencies, respectively, are 37% and 36% for the coal-fired process, and 30% and 30% for the nuclear process. The
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losses in both plants exhibit many common characteristics. Energy losses associated with emissions '(mainly with spent
cooling water) account for all of the energy losses, while emission-related exergy losses account for approximately 10% of
the exergy losses. The remaining exergy losses are associated with internal consumptions. M.k Pal [17] st udied exergy and
energy analysis of a coal fired thetmal power plant he calculate the exergy and energy loss. In this paper energy and exergy
analysis of reheat and regeration rankine cycle is being carried out ,the energy analysis is done with the help of first law
effiency and exergy analysis is done with second law effiency the exergy loss or irreversibilities are maximum at the boiler
i.e 61% of total input while maximum exergy loss in low pressure turbine .Dincer and Rosen [18] present effects on the
results of energy and exergy analyses of variations in dead-state properties, and involves two main tasks: 1) examination of
the sensitivities of energy and exergy values to the choice of the dead-state properties and 2) analysis of the sensitivities of
the results of energy and exergy analyses of complex systems to the choice of dead-state properties. A case study of a coalfired electrical generating station is considered to illustrate the actual influences. The results indicate that the sensitivities of
energy and exergy values and the results of energy and exergy analyses to reasonable variations in dead-state properties are
sufficiently small. Alpesh mehata el al[19] studied in thermodynamic analysis of gandhinagar thermal power station of 210
MW in this paper seem that boiler efficiency is highest 86.84% and heat losses are only 13.16% out of all boiler losses
maximum heat loss occur in the 5.29% in flue gas .Turbine efficiency is very low that is 43.59% and power plant overall
efficiency is 37.01%.the effectiveness of HP heater is working good condition 0.85. Erdem el al. [20] analyzes
comparatively the performance of nine thermal power plants under control governmental bodies in Turkey, from energetic
and exergetic viewpoint. The considered power plants are mostly conventional reheat steam power plant fed by low quality
coal. Firstly, thermodynamic models of the plants are developed based on first and second law of thermodynamics.
Secondly, some energetic simulation results of the developed models are compared with the design values of the power
plants in order to demonstrate the reliability. Thirdly, design point performance analyses based on energetic and exergetic
performance criteria such as thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, exergy loss, exergetic performance coefficient are
performed for all considered plants in order to make comprehensive evaluations, Amir vosough el al [21]improvement of
power plant effiency with varying condenser pressure ,the analysis shows that condenser pressure is valuable parameter for
power putout.the maximum energy loss found to in condenser where as 60.86 %of input energy was lost to the environment
the major loss was found in the boiler is 86.21%of the fuel exergy input to the cycle was destroyed.the percent exergy
destruction in the condenser and other components was 13.22%,The calculated thermal and exergy effiency of the ower
cycle was found to be 38.89% ,45.85%.
Isam H Aljundi [22] studied energy and exergy analysis of steam power plant in jordan the primary objective of this
paper was analysise the system component separately and identify the exergy losses .according to him mainly energy losses
are found in condenser where 134MW is lost to the environment while In boiler 13 mw energy lost ,the percentage ratio of
exergy destruction to the total exergy destruction was found to be maximum in the boiler system 77%followed by turbine
13% and force draft fan in the condenser 9% the main conclusion of this paper boiler is major source of irreversibility in the
boiler . Vidal el al. [23] analysis exergy method was applied in order to evaluate the new combined cycle proposed by
Goswami. using Ilasan-Goswami-Vijayaraghavan parameters. This new combined cycle was proposed to produce both
power and cooling simultaneously with only one heat source and using ammonia-water mixture as the working fluid. At the
irreversible process two cases were considered, changing the environmental temperature. However, in order to know the
performance ol" the new cycle at different conditions of operation, the second irreversible case was analyzed varying the
rectification temperatures, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine and the return temperature of the chilled water. Exergy
effectiveness values of 53% and 51% were obtained for the irreversible cycles; with heat input requirements at temperatures
of 125 and 150*C. Solar collectors or waste heat are suggested as heat sources to operate the cycle.
Arai el al. [24] presents an exergy analysis on combustion and energy conversion processes, which is based on the
above-mentioned concept of exergy and energy supported by temperature level. When w e discuss high temperature air
combustion i n furnace, this process shows a higher performance than that of the ambient air combustion. beacause it will
reduced the coal combustion and increase the effiency of the boiler.
3.2. Captive and Combined Cycle Thermal Power Plants
Khaliq and Kaushik [27| presented thermodynamic methodology for the performance evaluation of combustion gas
turbine cogeneration system with reheat i.e steam at low stage of turbine again heated in the boiler with the help of reheater
and then again use in the turbine inorder to reduced the moisture. The energetic and exergetic efficiencies have been defined.
The effects of process steam pressure and pinch point temperature used in the design of heat recover) steam generator, and
reheat on energetic and exergetic efficiencies have been investigated. The power to heat ratio and second-law efficiency
increases significantly with increase in process steam pressure, but the first-law efficiency decreases with the same. Results
also show that inclusion of reheat provides significant improvement in electrical power output, process heat production, fuelutilization (energetic) efficiency and second-law (exergetic) efficiency.
3.3. Gas Turbine Based Thermal Power Plants
Khaliq and Kaushik [28] were presented theoretical second-law approach for the thermodynamic analysis of the
reheat combined Brayton/ Rankine power cycle. Expressions involving the variables for specific power-output, thermal
efficiency, exergy destruction in components of the combined cycle, second-law efficiency of each process of the gas-turbine
cycle, and second law efficiency of the steam power cycle have been derived. It is found that the exergy destruction in the
combustion chamber represents over 50% of the total exergy destruction in the overall cycle. The combined cycle efficiency
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and its power output were maximized at an intermediate pressure-ratio, and increased sharply up to two reheat-stages and
more slowly thereafter. Chen and Tyagi [29] were presented parametric study of an irreversible cycle model of a
regenerative-intercooled-reheat Brayton heat engine along with a detailed. The power output and the efficiency are
optimized with respect to the cycle temperatures for a typical set of operating conditions. It is found that there arc optimal
values of the turbine outlet temperature, inter cooling, reheat and cycle pressure ratios at which the cycle attains the
maximum power output and efficiency. But the optimal values of these parameters corresponding to the maximum power
output are different from those corresponding to the maximum efficiency for the same set of operating condition. Kaushik
and Tyagi [30]
IV.
Conclusion
Exergy analysis of cogeneration power plant. Proves useful tool for analyzing various losses occurring in different
parts of power plant and possibility for improvement in it. Exergy analysis in different power concluded the maximum losses
in boiler which we already tried to minimum by adopting different accessories. Further this plant can be improved by
adopting methodology used in big thermal power plant irreversibility generally due to temp, loss to atm and heat lost to
exhaust gas which is impossible to remove but can be minimized to optimum naw. The minimum exergy loss occur in
turbine generally due to insulation it, which works life adiabatic section with minimum losses. Condensers are important part
of condenser which is necessary to create the back pressure and increase the efficiency of power plant. This heat rejected by
steam or hot water is the reused by circulating cold feed water to hot water which could other wire be rejected to atmosphere.
The demand of power per day per hr. various with situation and the leads to fluctuation of load on to power plant.
According to different wading condition the exergy and energy analysis can be the scope of study for optimizing the
different values of parameter to act best Performa with varying. This also can be studied with change in operating parameter
and then its effect on load which difficult to carry out practical but with aid of new computational it may be possible to work
with some ready data calculation.
Acknowledgements
The author wish to thank Raymond India Limited, Yavatmal, for granting the permission to carry out work and their kind
support during work.
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