Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
The energy costs of a power plant consist of startup cost and cost of power usage. In contrast to
the existing literature, this study introduces at startup cost based on the duration of thermal power plant
downtime. The approach of startup cost function in this research is done by using startup type. Startup of a
steam power plant depends on its condition. Generally, there are three types of startup the power plant
when the turbine temperature is still very high, i.e. hot start, very hot start and very-very hot start. This
paper uses multistage optimization to solve the problem of hydrothermal scheduling with including the
startup type cost in the objective function. The simulation results showed operating cost savings when the
objective function for optimization also consider the cost based on startup type i.e. when compared with
the optimization result which the objective function does not take the cost of startup type.
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
OPTIMIZATION OF A TURBINE USED IN COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS BASED ON IN...ijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the effect of inlet steam temperature coming from the boiler on
thermoeconomic performance of a steam turbine used in a coal fired thermal power plant. Second law of
thermodynamics is used to develop the thermoeconomic model for the turbine. Analyses based on exergetic
and exergoeconomic criteria are done for the turbine used in a 210 MW power plant. Methodology is
explained with the help of an example. Effect of inlet steam temperature on the exergetic efficiency of the
turbine, unit product cost of turbine and unit product boiler has been shown. Optimization has been done
for the turbine as a trade off between the unit product cost of inlet steam from the boiler and unit product
cost of the turbine.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fatigue Analysis of Acetylene converter reactorIJMER
The structural integrity of mechanical components during several transients should be
assured in the design stage. This requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and structural analysis. As
an example, this study performs a fatigue analysis of the acetylene converter reactor during arbitrary
transients. Using heat transfer coefficients determined based on the operating environments, a transient
thermal analysis is performed and the results are applied to a finite element model along with the
pressure to calculate the stresses. The total stress intensity range and cumulative fatigue usage factor are
investigated to determine the adequacy of the design
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
Energy analysis, thermodynamic second law and Rankine cycle are universal method for enhancing the performance of power plant. Experimental data of 75MW power plant was obtained, mass; energy balance and thermodynamic second law were used to analysis the exergy efficiency while Rankine cycle was used to calculate the overall efficiency of the plant as well as varying the condenser pressure. Results obtained showed that an increase in the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiency of the plant. Also as the condenser pressure increases, the efficiency of the plant decreases. The condenser pressure must be reduced in order to decrease the cause's irreveribilities in the system. Also, the plant should be operated above 50% of the operating capacity of the plant, to minimize wastage of energy consumption because more energy will be generated in the boiler even when not in used.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF YEAR ROUND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR VARIABLE WET...IAEME Publication
This paper presents a study on different kinds of air conditioning systems in comparison to existing one to use through of the year. Mainly the system imparts all three regular weather conditions. Like hot and dry, hot and wet and cool and dry. For this the room condition will be fixed 25℃ dry bulb temperature (DBT) and 50% relative humidity.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper the photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector partially covered by glass and its energy and exergy analysis were
carried out. The various parameters were computed such as thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, exergy efficiency etc on daily
basis for Meteorological conditions of Bhopal, India in the month of May. It is found that the maximum temperature of hot water
from PVT system on particular day was found to be 47.5 0C with mass flow rate of 0.0025 kg/sec. The thermal efficiency,
electrical efficiency and energy saving efficiency of the system were found to be exceeding 67%, 9% and 67% respectively. The
use of PVT system, not only reduce the electrical load from conventional energy sources but also produces two form of energy
from single system i.e. electricity and thermal.
Key Words: Energy, Exergy, Solar PVT Collector, PVT System, Solar Energy, Performance Analysis
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF NICKEL BASED ALLOYS IN WEDMijmech
In contrast to conventional machining process, WEDM may be proved more economic and efficient in
precise machining of wide range of materials ranging from die steel to the high temperature resistance
super alloys. In this study, the effect of WEDM process parameters like peak current (Ip), pulse on time
(Ton), pulse off time (Toff) and servo voltage (V) on the surface roughness has been considered while
machining of Nimonic 90 and Monel 400 using Taguchi’s method. Using Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array,
process parameters were investigated for surface roughness. Analysis of variance shows that Ton and Ip
are highly significant process parameters for surface roughness.
Comparison of fuzzy logic and neural network for modelling surface roughness ...ijmech
Surface roughness is the main indicator of technological performances of a component for electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM process of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel was modelled. In this paper we used the fuzzy logic (FL) and neural network (NN) to predict the effect of machining variables (discharge current and pulse duration) on the surface roughness of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel in order to improve and increase its range of application. The experiments are carried out on
manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel, processed with electrodes made of copper. The values of surface
roughness predicted by these models are then compared. All models show good agreement with experimental results. When compared to the NN and FL models, the NN model has shown a significant forecast improvement. The results indicate that the NN model is an effective algorithm to forecast the surface roughness in EDM.
OPTIMIZATION OF A TURBINE USED IN COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS BASED ON IN...ijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the effect of inlet steam temperature coming from the boiler on
thermoeconomic performance of a steam turbine used in a coal fired thermal power plant. Second law of
thermodynamics is used to develop the thermoeconomic model for the turbine. Analyses based on exergetic
and exergoeconomic criteria are done for the turbine used in a 210 MW power plant. Methodology is
explained with the help of an example. Effect of inlet steam temperature on the exergetic efficiency of the
turbine, unit product cost of turbine and unit product boiler has been shown. Optimization has been done
for the turbine as a trade off between the unit product cost of inlet steam from the boiler and unit product
cost of the turbine.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fatigue Analysis of Acetylene converter reactorIJMER
The structural integrity of mechanical components during several transients should be
assured in the design stage. This requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and structural analysis. As
an example, this study performs a fatigue analysis of the acetylene converter reactor during arbitrary
transients. Using heat transfer coefficients determined based on the operating environments, a transient
thermal analysis is performed and the results are applied to a finite element model along with the
pressure to calculate the stresses. The total stress intensity range and cumulative fatigue usage factor are
investigated to determine the adequacy of the design
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
Energy analysis, thermodynamic second law and Rankine cycle are universal method for enhancing the performance of power plant. Experimental data of 75MW power plant was obtained, mass; energy balance and thermodynamic second law were used to analysis the exergy efficiency while Rankine cycle was used to calculate the overall efficiency of the plant as well as varying the condenser pressure. Results obtained showed that an increase in the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiency of the plant. Also as the condenser pressure increases, the efficiency of the plant decreases. The condenser pressure must be reduced in order to decrease the cause's irreveribilities in the system. Also, the plant should be operated above 50% of the operating capacity of the plant, to minimize wastage of energy consumption because more energy will be generated in the boiler even when not in used.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF YEAR ROUND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR VARIABLE WET...IAEME Publication
This paper presents a study on different kinds of air conditioning systems in comparison to existing one to use through of the year. Mainly the system imparts all three regular weather conditions. Like hot and dry, hot and wet and cool and dry. For this the room condition will be fixed 25℃ dry bulb temperature (DBT) and 50% relative humidity.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper the photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector partially covered by glass and its energy and exergy analysis were
carried out. The various parameters were computed such as thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, exergy efficiency etc on daily
basis for Meteorological conditions of Bhopal, India in the month of May. It is found that the maximum temperature of hot water
from PVT system on particular day was found to be 47.5 0C with mass flow rate of 0.0025 kg/sec. The thermal efficiency,
electrical efficiency and energy saving efficiency of the system were found to be exceeding 67%, 9% and 67% respectively. The
use of PVT system, not only reduce the electrical load from conventional energy sources but also produces two form of energy
from single system i.e. electricity and thermal.
Key Words: Energy, Exergy, Solar PVT Collector, PVT System, Solar Energy, Performance Analysis
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF NICKEL BASED ALLOYS IN WEDMijmech
In contrast to conventional machining process, WEDM may be proved more economic and efficient in
precise machining of wide range of materials ranging from die steel to the high temperature resistance
super alloys. In this study, the effect of WEDM process parameters like peak current (Ip), pulse on time
(Ton), pulse off time (Toff) and servo voltage (V) on the surface roughness has been considered while
machining of Nimonic 90 and Monel 400 using Taguchi’s method. Using Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array,
process parameters were investigated for surface roughness. Analysis of variance shows that Ton and Ip
are highly significant process parameters for surface roughness.
Comparison of fuzzy logic and neural network for modelling surface roughness ...ijmech
Surface roughness is the main indicator of technological performances of a component for electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM process of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel was modelled. In this paper we used the fuzzy logic (FL) and neural network (NN) to predict the effect of machining variables (discharge current and pulse duration) on the surface roughness of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel in order to improve and increase its range of application. The experiments are carried out on
manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel, processed with electrodes made of copper. The values of surface
roughness predicted by these models are then compared. All models show good agreement with experimental results. When compared to the NN and FL models, the NN model has shown a significant forecast improvement. The results indicate that the NN model is an effective algorithm to forecast the surface roughness in EDM.
THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON HEAT TRANSFER AND HYDRO DYNAMICAL CHA...ijmech
Compact size and high heat transfer coefficient of helical coil heat exchangers causes them to have an
important role in various industrial applications. This paper investigate numerically on the influence of
different parameters such as coil radius, coil pitch and diameter of tube on the hydrodynamic and
heat transfer characteristics of helical double tube heat exchangers using the CFD software which is
based on the principles of heat transfer, fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. The results indicated that
heat transfer augmentation occurs by increasing of the inner Dean Number, inner tube diameter, curvature
ratio and by the reduction of the pitch of heat exchanger coil. By increasing the radius of coils, the
secondary flow effects due to centrifugal forces diminishes and flow of fluid through the coils tends to flow
in a straight path and as a result, the friction coefficient decreases consequently.
techDynamic characteristics and stability of cylindrical textured journal bea...ijmech
The dynamic characteristics of cylindrical textured hydrodynamic journal bearing are presented in this paper. The Reynolds equation is solved numerically in a finite difference grid in an iterative scheme satisfying the appropriate boundary conditions. Stiffness and damping coefficients of fluid film and stability parameter are found using the first-order perturbation method for different eccentricity ratios and various texture parameters like texture depth and texture density.. From the present analysis, it has been found that stability is enhanced with increase in texture depth, whereas there is an optimum texture density corresponding to the maximum stability of the bearing
Design of quick connect disconnect hydraulic couplingijmech
Quick Connect-Disconnect Couplings (QCDCs) provide a means of rapidly disconnecting a fluid line without loss of hydraulic fluid or entrance of air into the system. They are most commonly used for hydraulic systems in aerospace applications like space stations, launch vehicles, etc. Information regarding the design of QCDCs is not available in open literature. This paper details the preliminary design and optimization of QCDCs for indigenization of the technology, and the general configuration arrived at. A
QCDC consists of two halves – a male half and a female half. The sealing action is achieved by using poppet valve in the male half and a moveable sleeve in the female half. O-rings are used to ensure that the design is leak-proof. Changes in pressure and velocity of the fluid flowing through the QCDC have been kept to a minimum by ensuring gradual changes in cross-section wherever possible.
The development of high performance material such as composites and advanced ceramics has a variety of
manufacturing challenges. It is known that many of these materials cannot be effectively machined by conventional machining methods. Apart from economics, the process selection is based on the machined surface integrity. The high pressure waterjet with abrasive additives known as abrasive water jet (AWJ) is one viable alternative to conventional processing and has been suggested for use in post mold shaping of composites and other hard to cut material. The research works on water jet cutting is discussed in this paper. Omni directional cutting potential as well as minimal thermal and mechanical loading are few
advantages. There are several parameters influencing the performance of abrasive water jet machining. Important process parameters which mainly affect the quality of cutting are traverse speed, hydraulic pressure, abrasive flow rate, standoff distance, and abrasive type, work material. Material removal rate(MRR) and surface roughness (Ra), taper of cut, width of cut are important quality parameters of AWJM.
Designing, implementation, evolution and execution of an intelligent manufact...ijmech
This paper shows a framework of the different techniques for the design of the planning and governing components, implementation, Evolution and execution of an intelligent manufacturing system. Architecture of a modern manufacturing industry is presented, which makes possible to create specific manufactrons system for the specific tasks, depending on the self-operated analysis of its essential characteristics. The manufactronic industry concept helps in the integration of intelligence and to increase flexibility at the maximum level of the manufacturing system as well as at the minimum level of the particular machine. This concept is implemented & demonstrated in the automobile and aeronautical industries, but can be simply applied to nearly all manufacturing industries. Implementation of manufactronic techniques in the industries helps to forecast and to fulfill the rapidly varying customer requirements, to produce high
quality products in sufficient quantities with reduction in costs. The Modern Intelligence Technologies are
also presented in this paper.
DIMINUTION OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION INSIDE THE CABIN OF A HOUSEHOLD REFRIGE...ijmech
This work shows the effect phase change material (PCM) on temperature fluctuation inside the evaporator cabinet of a household refrigerator. The experiment has been done at different thermal loads with two different PCMs (Water and Eutectic solution (90% H2O + 10% NaCl) of melting point 0°C and -5°C respectively). The PCM is placed around the five sides of the evaporator cabinet in which the evaporator coil is immersed. The experimental results with PCM confirm the notable reduction of the fluctuation of the cabin temperature at lower load but at higher load this effect is not so significant. Between two PCM, the reduction of temperature fluctuation for Eutectic solution is better than water PCM. This reduction of temperature fluctuation ultimately improves the food preservation quality of the refrigerator
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF NANO-NEWTON CMOS-MEMS CAPACITIVE FORCE SENSOR FOR BIO...ijmech
In this research, we investigated about sensitivity of a Nano-Newton CMOS-MEMS capacitive force sensor.Sensitivity analysis is an important factor to reach a more optimized structure for MEMS force sensors and improve their efficiency. The procedure is based on scaling rules of the electrodes. The most change of capacitance (increased capacitance + decreased capacitance) occurs in =2/3. By this , gap, w (thickness of metals) and L (the length of comb fingers) become 2 (μm), 0.46 (μm) and 66.67 (μm) respectively. In this case, sensitivity of increased capacitance and decreased capacitance are 0.0585 fF/nN (8.33% increase) and 0.09 fF/nN (2.27% increase) respectively. By combining all the results, it can be obtained to increase w and L and decrease gap (g) simultaneously which consequently leads to 1.2×w, 1.2×L and 2/3×gap.Such results show sensitivity for increased capacitance is 0.19 fF/nN (251.85% increase) and for decreased capacitance is 0.3 fF/nN (240.9% increase).. by these selections, length (L), thickness of metal (w) and gap become 120 (μm), 0.828 (μm) and 2 (μm) respectively.
LAB SCALE PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA THERMAL BA...ijmech
Ceramic based coatings are routinely being engineered to protect metallic components from high
temperature environments in applications like gas turbines and jet engines. However, although a wellresearched
technology, detailed and realistic information on the effects of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
in improving the performance of commercial diesel engines is either classified or inconsistent. Additional
information by means of lab scale and analytical evaluation of TBCs prepared from 8%Y2O3-ZrO2 plasma
sprayable powders (prepared in the laboratory by using organic binders), coated onto aluminium
substrates, corroborated by simulation model is one part of this paper. The findings are supplemented by
studying the influence of the TBCs on aluminium pistons in a single cylinder nine horsepower class diesel
engine, thereby carrying out realistic performance of the engine involving parameters such as Power
(Brake, Indicated and Frictional), thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, effects of ceramic insulation on
emission and exhaust temperature and peak cylinder pressure, as the concluding part of the studies.
PREDICTIONS AT THE BLOW END OF THE LD-KGC CONVERTER BY A SEMI-DYNAMIC CONTROL...ijmech
The decision to perform direct turn-down or not, based on an accurate estimate of temperature at the blow end, prevents two types of problems: (a) the loss of productivity due to the wait time in the steelmaking; and (b) tapping of off-specification heat.
In the present work, a technique and model for temperature prediction at the blow end are briefly discussed, along with their limitations and perspectives for application. As a result of this analysis, a mathematical model based in heat and mass balances has been developed with a view to evaluating the possibility of improving this prediction capability. The formulation of said model and its preliminary adjustment to industrial data are presented and discussed, and the main limitations and difficulties in the application of the methodology are highlighted.
The study here presented focuses the development of a semi-dynamic control model in the LD-KGC converter (Linz-Donawitz-Kawasaki Gas Control Converter). The control model enables one to predict the temperature of the blow end by solving both the energy and mass equations. The computational language adopted is Fortran 90; the equations are solved iteratively until a solution for temperature is found. The inputs to the control model are the load data of the LD-KGC converter at the blow beginning and the collected data by the lance to 89% of oxygen blow. The results obtained in the present work were compared to the data measured in steel making. The semi-dynamic control model results agree well with data for LDKGC converters. However, the model is sensitive to the premises here adopted, like those pertaining to the exit gas composition (CO and CO2).
Precision robotic assembly using attractive regionsijmech
This paper describes a method for peg-in-hole insertion based on attractive regions a new approach to decompose 6D configuration space into two 3D subspaces. An impedance controller, in combination with the attractive regions, is integrated in a novel controller whereby human-like assembly performance is achieved without using a force sensor. In this paper, the insertion task uses three different pegs, as shown in Fig. 1. The strategy is to decompose the 6 DOF space in which the peg moves into two low-dimensional subspaces. The controller uses stereo-triangulation and a k nearest-neighbor (k-NN) algorithm to identify the parts. An impedance controller monitors the forces (estimated by motor current rather than a force transducer) applied to the system and uses events rather than time to determine the state and the evolution
of the assembly process. The approach is experimentally verified using a Barrett Technology’s WAM Arm,
a backdrivable 7 DOF robotic manipulator
VISION ALGORITHM FOR SEAM TRACKING IN AUTOMATIC WELDING SYSTEMijmech
Arc welding is an important technology for joining metals and repairing metal products in manufacturing
industries. It is usually performed by a skilled worker. Due to the shortage of skilled workers and due to the
hazardous and unpleasant working conditions, the automation of arc welding is gaining importance
nowadays. Existing welding robots require that the dimensions, position and orientation to be programmed
prior to the process. These robots suffer from an evident lack of flexibility. This paper presents an
automatic welding system assisted by a machine vision system to compute the dimension, position and
orientation of the workpieces. By analysing the image taken by the camera, a simple algorithm is developed
to detect the dimension, position and orientation of the workpieces. The calculated data is then fed to a
controller which controls the welding electrode movement. Use of machine vision system has eliminated the
need to pre feed the workpiece data to the robot and hence the system is made flexible.
tcStatistical and regression analysis of vibration of carbon steel cutting to...ijmech
Machining is a convoluted process in which many variables can deleterious the desired results. Among them, cutting tool vibration is the most decisive phenomenon which influences dimensional precision of the components machined, functional behavior of the machine tools and life of the cutting tool. In a machining operation, cutting speed, depth of cut and the tool feed rate principally influence cutting tool vibrations. In this paper, effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on cutting tool vibration in both the directions, i.e. axial and tangential are investigated by the statistical methods of signal to noise ratio
(SNR), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. Experiments have been conducted using the L9 orthogonal array in the centre lathe machine. Carbon steel was selected as cutting tool materials to conduct the experiments. From experimental results, the amplitude of vibration of the cutting tool was ascertaining for each machining performance criteria. The significance and percentage contribution of each parameter were determined by Analysis of variance (ANOVA).It has been observed that cutting speed has a maximum contribution on cutting tool vibration in both the directions. Variation of the vibration of cutting tool with machining parameters was mathematically modeled by using the regression analysis
method. The predicted value from the developed model and experimental values are found to be very close
to each other justifying the significance of the model. Confirmation runs demonstrates that the optimized result and the values obtained through regression analysis are within the prescribed limit
ELECTRONIC SYNCHRONOUS SHAFT FOR SWIVEL AXES DRIVEN BY COUPLED SELFLOCKING WO...ijmech
Coupling worm gears in large machine tool manipulator units (axes) can lead to overload damages under some operating conditions, like asymmetrical driving and emergency stop. This behaviour is caused by the self locking characteristic of worm gears with small pitch. If operated in the direction opposite to the designated one, self-locking can occur in the gears, subjecting the gears to an arbitrary torque which can be destructive. This condition can occur without counter torque on the driving side. In most gears, tooth engagement is based on a rolling motion. The slip component increases with a growing axis angle between the paired gears. In case of worm gears, the axis angle is 90_, and therefore the coupling is purely frictious.This friction coupling is important in modelling. Especially the transition between the static and dynamic friction, where the system parameters change abruptly by a factor of two, should not be neglected.Based on the evaluated model a synchronous controller has been developed. This controller gives the oppertunity to drive swiveling axes with coupled selflocking gears by a standard gantry topology with an overlayed state changing master-slave topology
Smart fluid self adaptive damper system (sfsads)ijmech
This paper is on fluid damper systems, which is self-adaptive and used to increase the speed and acceleration of vehicles. In normal dampers there is a time lag leading to break in contact between the wheel and the road reducing the acceleration. Now, our idea is about making the suspension adapt to varying road conditions. Due to irregularities in asphalt, a change occurs in the suspension damper position with the aid of the magnetic field and causes the suspension to change from softer to harder and vice versa giving more acceleration and increasing the pace of the vehicle.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE IN ENERGY RECOVERY FROM EXHAUST GASE...IAEME Publication
This paper describes thermal analysis and optimization of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) integrated with a power generating stationary diesel engine. A simple ORC, with a regenerator, is considered here as a bottoming cycle for producing additional power by recovering waste energy
from the exhaust gases of the engine. Taking evaporation pressure and condensation temperature as two decision variables, a genetic algorithm is used for simultaneously maximizing three objective functions - exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific network.
Exergy Based Performance Analysis of FGPS (NTPC Faridabad)Santosh Verma
Compute energy and exergy flows using the thermodynamic property values with the real time operation parameters at terminal points of crucial systems and evaluate exergy destruction at different systems
Effect of Compression Ratio on Performance of Combined Cycle Gas Turbineijsrd.com
It is known the performance of a gas turbine (GT) has strong dependence of climate conditions. A suitable solution to minimize this negative effect is to raise inlet turbine temperature and reduce temperature of inlet air to GT compressor. Combined cycles gas turbines (CCGT) are a lot used to acquire a high-efficiency power plant. Increases the peak compression ratio has been proposed to improve the combined-cycle gas-turbine performance. The code of the performance model for CCGT power plant was developed utilizing the MATLAB software. The simulating results show that the overall efficiency increases with the increase of the peak compression ratio. The total power output increases with the increase of the peak compression ratio. The peak overall efficiency occurs at the higher compression ratio with low ambient temperature and higher turbine inlet temperature. The overall thermal efficiencies for CCGT are higher compared to gas-turbine plants.
IJREI_A thermodynamic analysis of ejector type vapour refrigeration system us...Husain Mehdi
A thermodynamic analysis on Ejector Refrigeration Cycle (ERC), have been performed using eco-friendly refrigerants (i.e.R-404A, R-410A, R-407C, R-423A, R-500, R-502 and R-507C ) A numerical computation is carried out for finding COP, Second Law Efficiency (ηII) , Refrigeration Effect (RE) and Heat Input (Qin) of the ERC along with the variation in boiler temperature (Tb) , condenser temperature (Tc) and evaporator temperature (Te) for ecofriendly refrigerants for the ranges of the temperatures where the evaporator temperature is varying from 253K to 273K, with varying condenser temperature from 313K to 328K and with varying boiling temperature from 320 K to 345K. The maximum first Law Efficiency (ηI) is found in the range of 1.5-1.8 with fluid R-404A and condenser temperature 328K. At 253K evaporator temperature R-404A is working with maximum Second Law Efficiency (ηII) 37%. For the entire range of boiling temperature R-410A is having maximum Second Law Efficiency (ηII) except at 345K where R-404A is highest. The refrigeration effect is the maximum and is in the range of 200kW to 220kW for R-410A for all the ranges of temperatures. The highest COP is associated with R-404A with temperature variations
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
Now a day’s power generation is most important for
every country. This power is generated by some thermal
cycles. But single cycle cannot be attain complete power
requirements and its efficiency also very low so that to fulfill
this requirements to combine two or more cycles in a single
power plant then we can increase the efficiency of the power
plant. Its increased efficiency is more than that of if the plant
operated on single cycle. In which we are using two different
cycles and these two cycles are operated by means of different
working mediums. These type of power plants we can called
them like combined cycle power plants. In combined cycle
power plants above cycle is known as topping cycle and below
cycle is known as bottoming cycle. The above cycle generally
brayton cycle which uses air as a working medium. When the
power generation was completed the exhaust gas will passes
in to the waste heat recovery boiler. Another cycle also
involved in bottoming cycle. This cycle works on the basis on
rankine cycle. In which steam is used as working medium.
The main component in bottoming cycle is waste heat
recovery boiler. It will receive exhaust heat from the gas
turbine and converts water in to steam. The steam used for
generating power by expansion on steam turbine. Combined
cycle power plants are mostly used in commercial power
plants.
In this paper we are analyzing one practical
combined cycle power plant. In practical conditions due to
some losses it can not be generates complete power. So that
we are invistigated why it is not give that much of power and
the effect of various operating parameters such as maximum
temperature and pressure of rankine cycle, gas turbine inlet
temperature and pressure ratio of Brayton cycle on the net
output work and thermal efficiency of the combine cycle
power plant.
The outcome of this work can be utilized in order to
facilitate the design of a combined cycle with higher efficiency
and output work. Mathematical calculations and simple
graphs in ms excel, and auto cad has been carried out to
study the effects and influences of the above mentioned
parameters on the efficiency and work output.
Similar to COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMES (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMES
1. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
DOI : 10.14810/ijmech.2015.4406 67
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
SCHEMES
Nikhil Dev and Rajesh Attri
Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and
Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
KEYWORDS
First-law, Second-law, Exergy Destruction, Gas Turbine Cycle, Combined Cycle Power Plant, Waste Heat
Recovery Boiler.
1. INTRODUCTION
India is swift developing economy, with a need for independent and reliable supply of electricity
and to be a power sufficient country is one of its prime concerns. At present total installed
capacity of electricity generation in India by large scale power plants is 132,110.21 MW and per
capita electricity consumption in 2005-06 was about 631 KWH as calculated by CEA (Central
Electricity Authority). This electric power consumption may be compared with other developed
countries. Such as in U.S.A. per capita consumption of electric power is 13,338 KWH. The NEP
(National Electricity Policy) decided that to make the country a developed country it is required
the per capita consumption of electricity should be over 1000 units by 2012. Therefore, to achieve
the objective of developed nation, large number of new power plant erection projects are
currently in progress.
Power plants are numerous nature and out of these power plants TPP (thermal power plants)
generates 64.7% of the total installed electricity power generation capacity. Because of their
higher efficiency and reduced pollution emission gas turbine and CCPPs are becoming more and
more attractive. India is spending a great amount of money to import the fuels, alternatively it
could be used the in the development and growth of our country. In order to reduce power
2. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
68
shortage efforts are required to improve the performance of existing plants. The present work is
concentrated on determination of the exergy destruction of each component of the CCPP, and
comparison of exergy destruction in exhaust gas and each component of the plant by varying
overall CPR and turbine inlet temperature (TIT).
In recent times, exergy analysis has been used by scores of researchers for analysis of thermal
systems, especially for power plants (Caton, 2000). Exergetic analysis is a part of thermodynamic
analysis and it is based upon the second law of thermodynamics. Exergetic analysis takes care of
energy, exergy and mass balance across each component. Therefore, with the help of this analysis
it is possible to determine the magnitude of exergy and energy losses in different components.
Exergetic analysis is based upon the entropy generation and it is stated in thermodynamics that
every real time process increases the entropy of the universe. There are some real time processes
which are responsible for entropy generation or exergy destruction. Dev et al (2012) stressed that
it is the ambient temperature which decides the availability.
In literature (Dev et al., 2013a) exergy is defined as maximum possible work potential of a
thermal system w.r.t. the ambient environment being considered as the datum state. Any flow
stream with a temperature higher or lower than ambient is capable of performing some useful
work. The potential of work is further dependent upon the difference in between system and
surrounding. In a system entropy generation is due to heat transfer through finite temperature
difference (Dev et al., 2013a), chemical reaction (Dev et al., 2013b), mechanical friction (Dev et
al., 2013c), mixing of fluids at different temperature (Dev et al., 2013a) and vibration (Dev et al.,
2013b). In a CCPP chemical reaction in between air and fuel takes place in CC. The potential of
chemical reaction and exergy destruction is based upon the Gibbs free energy. Friction is present
in flow path due to surface tension of fluids (Dev et al., 2015).
In the literature (Dev et al., 2014a; 2014b) it is also reported that reliability is also one of the most
important parameter for the performance evaluation of the combined and cogeneration cycle
power plants. One approach named as Graph Theoretic Approach (GTA) was used for the
reliability analysis. This approach was extended further for the efficiency analysis also (Dev et
al., 2015). The results obtained with that methodology were in comparison to the results obtained
with exergetic analysis.
Butcher and Reddy (2007) carried out 2nd
law analysis of a WHRB (waste heat recovery boiler)
for different design and operating parameters. WHRB is used for steam generation in different
industries. Therefore, it is required to analyse its performance. The temperature profiles across
WHRB, work output, 2nd
law efficiency and entropy generation were the main parameters to be
analysed. In literature many computational techniques are suggested for the gas turbine (GT)
analysis. Ahmadi and Dincer (2011) used Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II)
for efficiency and multi-objective optimization of a GT power plant. The results were to improve
the cycle performance. Khaliq and Kaushik (2004) analysed performance of a GT cogeneration
system using exergetic analysis. Second law analysis was found to be useful for improving the
cycle performance. In another work Kotowicz and Bartela (2010) considered the more than one
parameters for the performance analysis. They carried out thermo-economic analysis by using
genetic algorithm based optimization programme. Poma et al. (2010) also used thermal and
economic based design optimization to improve thermal system. Woudstra et al. (2010) and
Regulagadda et al. (2010) conducted first and second law analysis for a coal-fired power plant. In
the present analysis exergetic analysis of the CCPP system shown in Figure 1 is carried out for
different operating parameters.
3. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
69
2. CCPP SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
In the Figure 1 schematic diagram of a GT based CCPP with inlet air cooling and evaporative
after cooling of the compressor discharge is represented. Ambient air is filtered, cooled and
humidified in the air filter (AF), air humidifier (AH1) before it counter passes the inlet air to the
low-pressure compressor (LPC) in the air cooler (AC), cooling the inlet air. Air at 3 is cooled to a
temperature that is close to the wet bulb temperature at 1. Compressed air from the low pressure
compressor at 4 is cooled to 5 in an indirect intercooler using ambient humidified air that is
humidified in the air humidifier (AH2) and has a lower temperature than ambient temperature.
This cooled air enters the high-pressure compressor (HPC) and is compressed from state 5 to state
6. The outlet air of HPC at 6 is heated in heat exchanger with the exhaust flue gas coming out
from turbine. Ambient air at point 6 enters the regenerative type heat exchanger (HE), and it
exchanges heat with power turbine (PT). Afterward exhaust at point 11 is heated at point 7 after
gaining heat and it is supplied to CC where fuel i.e. CNG is burned, producing hot gases at point
8. The hot flue gases are expanded at point 9 in the high-pressure turbine (HPT) and achieve
lower pressure and temperature before re-combusted in the re-heater, after which the reheat flue
gases are expands through a PT to drive air compressor and turbo-generator. Part of the heat of
hot exhaust gas is used in the HE, and part of this heat is utilized in the WHRB to generate steam,
and hence to produce the process heat.
Fig. 1. Schematic line diagram of CCPP for the analysis
4. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
70
3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Exergy analysis is the combination of the first and second laws of thermodynamics to evaluate
the efficiencies of processes and devices. If the system operates in a steady-state, steady flow
condition and all the nonreacting gases are arbitrarily assigned as zero thermo-mechanical
enthalpy, entropy, and exergy at the condition of ambient pressure and temperature regardless of
their chemical composition, then the entropy of mixing different gaseous components can be
neglected, and the general exergy-balance equation is given by:
. . . . .
1
( )
n
W Q D
i in out
E E i me me E
=
= + − −∑ ∑ ∑ (1)
For single stream flow,
. . . . .
( )W Q in out DE E me me me= + − − (2)
The mathematical equations for different components of the CCPP are tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1. The exergy destruction rate equations for plant components
Components Exergy Destruction Rate
Air Compressor
,D AC in out ACe e e W= − + &
Combustion Chamber ,D CC in f oute e e e= + −
Gas Turbine
, ( )D GT in out GTe e e W= − − &
Heat Exchanger
, m ( ) m ( )D HE air ai ao gas gi goe e e e e= − + −
WHRB , m ( ) m ( )D WHRB gas gin gout w wout wine e e e e= − − −
Air Filter , ( )D AF a ai aoe m e e= −
Air Humidifier ,D AH ai ai w w ao aoe m e m e m e= + −
Steam Turbine , ( )D ST s win wout STe m e e W= − −
Feed Water Heater First , 1 1 14 1 20 21( )D FWH s s s se m e m m e m e= + − −
Feed Water Heater Second , 2 2 15 1 2 18 1 19( ) ( )D FWH s s s s s se m e m m m e m m e= + − − − −
Condenser , 1( )( ) ( )D COND s s win wout cw cwin cwoute m m e e m e e= − − + −
Pump , ( )D P P s win woute W m e e= + −
5. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
71
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this work, the dependencies of first-law efficiency second-law efficiency and power-to-heat
ratio (PHR) on the operating parameters: pressure ratio (rp) and turbine inlet temperature (TIT) is
examined with energy and exergy balance across each component of the CCPP represented in
Figure 1.
Table 2. Effect of CPR on efficiency and heat rate of the proposed CCPP and simple GT cycle
Pressure
Ratio
Ist
law
efficiency of
gas turbine
(%)
IInd
law
efficiency of
gas turbine
(%)
Ist
law
efficiency
of CCPP
(%)
IInd
law
efficiency
of CCPP
(%)
Power to
heat ratio
12 51.3 50.8 54.5 51 14.2
20 52.1 51.1 56.2 51.8 12.8
28 52.3 51.4 57 52 11.2
36 52.4 51.5 57.4 52.1 10.1
44 52.1 51 56.8 52 9.6
52 52 50.5 56.3 51.9 8.9
Table 2 shows the variation of PHR, first law efficiency, and second-law efficiency for the
proposed CCPP and simple gas turbine cycle with variation in compressor CPR from 12 to 52 at
TIT=1600 K and RH=60%. As the CPR rp augment the compressor work is increased due to
higher aerodynamic resistance forces. It results in raising the temperature at the compressor outlet
due to absorption of higher work by the air. Air compressor and gas turbine are interconnected
and interdependencies is in such a manner that both energy absorbed by air compressor and work
generated by gas turbine are increased. Net result is dependent upon the increase in TIT also, if
possible. Higher flow of the air is adjusted with the inlet guide vanes with increase in
compression ratio. All the components of the cycle are interdependent. Therefore, as rp increases
the air temperature at the creek of HE decreases, that reduces the facility of HE due to lesser
amount of heat transfer. Hence, the flue gas temperature at HE outlet is augmented. As rp
increases the power-to-heat ratio decreases, since at much higher CPR the process heat increases
significantly. As the CPR increases, it is observed that air temperature at the inlet of the
combustion chamber decreases due to decrease in capacity of the HE, domino effect in increasing
the heat added. The ratio of net work output to the heat added represents the first-law efficiency
of the cycle. Hence, as rp increases, the first-law and second law efficiencies of the CCPP is
strong function at rp =36 with the values of 57.4% and 52.1% respectively (Table 2). Results
obtained are in line with the available in literature. Additional increase in rp reduces the
efficiencies significantly because, at much higher CPRs, air mass flow rate is to be increased to
fulfill the net requirement of work. Increase in air flow rate at compressor inlet increases fuel
addition in combustion chamber.
6. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
72
Table 3. Effect of TIT on efficiency and heat rate of the proposed CCPP and simple GT cycle
TIT (K) Ist law
efficiency of gas
turbine (%)
IInd law
efficiency of
gas turbine
(%)
Ist law
efficiency of
CCPP (%)
IInd law
efficiency
of CCPP
(%)
Power to
heat ratio
1300 44.2 44 47 44.1 23.1
1400 47.1 46.9 50.8 47 16.3
1500 49.2 49 53.9 49.1 12.2
1600 51.4 51.2 57 51.3 11.1
1700 53.2 53 59.7 53.1 9.7
1800 54.3 54.1 62 54.2 8.5
1900 56.2 56.1 64.8 56.2 8
Table 3 represents the deviation of the first-law, second-law efficiency, and PHR with the
alteration in turbine inlet temperature at rp =36 and RH=60% for the proposed CCPP and simple
gas turbine cycle. TIT is one of the most important design parameter. Its limiting value is
dependent upon the thermal stress bearing capacity of gas turbine blade material. First stage
turbine blades are more affected with the flue gas temperature than higher stage. Generally
compressor of the gas turbine cycle is with seventeen stages of compression aerodynamic and gas
turbine is with three stages of expansion. For a designed CPR and ambient relative humidity, the
first-law and second-law efficiencies are added up due to better utilization of waste heat and
increase in efficiency of gas turbine cycle. The increase in designed value of TIT enhances the
heat transfer rate by absorbing greater heat from turbine exhaust in the heat exchanger, and hence
the temperature of air inlet to the combustion chamber would increase, which in turn would
increase the mean temperature of heat addition that leads to reduction of the cycle heat addition.
Therefore, cycle efficiency increases with an increase in TIT. But the power-to-heat ratio
decreases noticeably for the reason that increase in generation of process heat is greater than the
electric power output at higher TIT (Table 3).
Table 4. Results of CPR on exergy destruction in different components of the cycle for TIT = 1600 K, φ =
60%, Patm = 1 bar, Tatm = 298 K
pr ,D LPEe
(kJ/kg
)
,D Ie
(kJ/kg
)
,D HPCe
(kJ/kg
)
,D HEe
(kJ/kg)
,D CCe
(kJ/kg
)
,D HPTe
(kJ/kg
)
,D RHe
(kJ/kg)
,D PTe
(kJ/kg
)
,D WHRBe
(kJ/kg
)
12 13.43 5.57 11.01 63.14 182.3 21.81 129.8 23.21 9.95
20 14.89 7.64 13.13 60.07 204.2 27.69 161.4 27.32 13.61
28 14.73 9.47 14.27 51.53 218 29.83 184.9 32.51 15.32
36 15.69 10.83 14.93 41.27 228 35.17 198.7 32.58 17.48
44 15.97 11.79 15.21 36.76 235.7 36.15 209.5 34.67 22.18
52 17.82 12.63 15.72 35.21 242.1 43.32 218.5 40.17 22.17
Table 4 gives an idea about the exergy destruction in each component of CCPP with the change
in overall cycle pressure ratio (CPR) for TIT=1600 K and RH=60%. Results in the Table 4
represents exergy destruction in the combustion process and it is found that combustion process
dominates the exergy destruction in CCPP, as expected; it represents over 60% of the total exergy
destruction in the overall system. The exergy destruction in the regenerative HE is next in the
7. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
73
line. As CPR increases, the exergy destruction in the CC and re-heater increases significantly.
This is because the increase in CPR implies higher combustion pressure, which leads to larger
destruction. As CPR increases the temperature at the inlet of the intercooler increases. Thus, the
temperature gradient for heat transfer in it increases with higher CPR. This explains more exergy
destruction in the intercooler for higher CPR. On the other hand, the exergy destruction in the
regenerative HE decreases as the CPR increases. This is because the higher CPR consequences in
the lower power turbine egress temperature as well as higher temperature at the inlet of the
WHRB. As a result, the exergy destruction in the WHRB increases with higher CPR. As CPR
increases, the exergy destruction in WH decreases because the gas temperature at the exit of the
WHRB decreases for a given PP (pinch point) temperature. At a given TIT, as the CPR increases
the exergy destruction in the compressor and turbine increases. The exergy destruction in AH and
AC are constant because at all CPR it has been used for the same working condition. The exergy
destruction in the evaporative after cooler increases as CPR increases.
Table 5. Effect of variation of TIT on exergy destruction in different components of the cycle for pr = 36,
φ = 60%, Patm = 1 bar, Tatm = 298 K
TIT
(K)
,D LPEe
(kJ/kg
)
,D Ie
(kJ/k
g)
,D HPCe
(kJ/k
g)
,D HEe
(kJ/k
g)
,D CCe
(kJ/k
g)
,D HPTe
(kJ/kg
)
,D RHe
(kJ/k
g)
,D PTe
(kJ/k
g)
,D WHRBe
(kJ/k
g)
130
0
16.1 10.73 14.93 26.41 208 35.32 189.2 29.86 6.13
140
0
16.1 10.73 14.93 37.23 215.3 35.67 192.6 29.91 10.18
150
0
16.1 10.73 14.93 39.71 221.9 35.42 195.7 31.83 13.12
160
0
16.1 10.73 14.93 43.62 228 35.33 198.7 31.94 15.67
170
0
16.1 10.73 14.93 53.74 233.7 35.36 201.5 33.41 20.96
180
0
16.1 10.73 14.93 59.13 239.1 35.72 204.3 34.24 25.27
190
0
16.1 10.73 14.93 64.65 244.3 35.83 207.2 31.78 29.96
Results in Table 5 shows the disparity of exergy obliteration in every constituent of CCPP with
the alteration in TIT at rp =36 and RH=60%. TIT is very much dependent upon the turbine blade
material. For the higher cycle efficiency it is desired that TIT should be as high as possible. For
higher TIT exergy destruction in the regenerative HE increases because the heat-transfer
temperature gradient in it is also increased. It is discussed earlier that higher is the temperature
difference amongst fluids more exergy is wasted. Constant heat transfer across higher
temperature leads to higher exergy destruction in comparison to lower temperature gradient. It is
due to higher degradation in energy quality. The exergy destruction in the CC and RH also
increases because the logarithmic mean combustion temperature for the whole cycle increases.
The exergy destruction in the WHRB increases because the temperature variation between the
two heat exchanging fluids (flue gas and steam) increases, and for the designed CPR, more steam
is generated by the WHRB with the higher TIT, which produces larger process heat. With
increase in TIT the exergy destruction in WH decreases as the gas temperature at the exit of the
WHRB decreases for a given pinch point temperature. The exergy destructions in AH, AC, EC,
8. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
74
intercooler, AC, and power turbines are also shown in Table 5 and are constant. Again, CC and
reheater are found to be a major source of irreversibility.
5. CONCLUSION
The proposed CCPP in the present work is more complex than the simple cycle gas turbine cycle.
It will increase the cost of installation and operation. For the life time cycle cost analysis
represents that major part of it is due to fuel cost. Therefore, increased efficiency of the proposed
CCPP will compensate for the installation and operation cost. Exergy analysis gives better insight
into causes of cycle inefficiencies. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out energy and exergy
analysis of a CCPP for the better understanding of the system.
Nomenclature
E
Exergy rate (kJ/s)
LHV Lower Heating Value
R Gas constant (kJ/kg K)
T Absolute temperature (K)
TP Process heat temperature (°C)
W Work (kJ/kg (dry air))
cp Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K)
cv Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg K)
e Specific exergy (kJ/kg (dry air))
eP Specific exergy associated with process heat (kJ/kg)
gr Gibbs function of fuel (kJ/kg)
h Enthalpy (kJ/kg (dry air))
hf Enthalpy of saturated water at process steam pressure
hg Enthalpy of saturated vapor at process steam pressure
m Mass (kg)
n Number of moles
p Pressure (bar)
Qp Process heat (kJ/kg (dry air))
rp Compression ratio
s Entropy (kJ/kg K)
t Temperature (°C)
v Specific volume (m3
/kg)
Greek Symbols
ω Humidity ratio (kg of water vapor per kg of dry air)
φ Relative humidity (%)
ε Effectiveness (%)
η Efficiency (%)
γ Specific heat ratio
Subscripts
AC Air compressor
CC Combustion chamber
D Destruction
GT Gas Turbine
P Product
9. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.4, No.4, November 2015
75
Q Heat
R Regenerator
SG Steam Generator
W Work
a Ambient air
av Average
f Fuel
g Gas
i Inlet
l Liquid
o Outlet
sat Saturated
v Water vapor
w Water
1,2,3,… State points in the cycle
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