D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
Energy analysis, thermodynamic second law and Rankine cycle are universal method for enhancing the performance of power plant. Experimental data of 75MW power plant was obtained, mass; energy balance and thermodynamic second law were used to analysis the exergy efficiency while Rankine cycle was used to calculate the overall efficiency of the plant as well as varying the condenser pressure. Results obtained showed that an increase in the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiency of the plant. Also as the condenser pressure increases, the efficiency of the plant decreases. The condenser pressure must be reduced in order to decrease the cause's irreveribilities in the system. Also, the plant should be operated above 50% of the operating capacity of the plant, to minimize wastage of energy consumption because more energy will be generated in the boiler even when not in used.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
Efficiency improvement by Energy optimization programme in Energy intensive i...Rahul Chaturvedi
Study of operation of entire power plant and recommend best solution for optimizing the efficiency where ever possible. study of thermal systems as well as electrical system in energy intensive industry. Study of the power plant and achieve maximum efficiency through Analyse the energy performance. Energy performance of heat loss by the system , which include radiation and convection loss by the system. leading to energy and cost savings where ever possible. Performance assessment of steam distribution system which is a valuable source of heat and pure water and condensate recovery through steam trap management
My results reveal that industry does not care about the energy management and there is an energy efficiency gap which is resulting lack of energy technology provided by the industry .It was reveal that the energy saving measures in the industry have potential to recover these energy wastage and implement energy efficient technology.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficienc...theijes
Energy analysis, thermodynamic second law and Rankine cycle are universal method for enhancing the performance of power plant. Experimental data of 75MW power plant was obtained, mass; energy balance and thermodynamic second law were used to analysis the exergy efficiency while Rankine cycle was used to calculate the overall efficiency of the plant as well as varying the condenser pressure. Results obtained showed that an increase in the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiency of the plant. Also as the condenser pressure increases, the efficiency of the plant decreases. The condenser pressure must be reduced in order to decrease the cause's irreveribilities in the system. Also, the plant should be operated above 50% of the operating capacity of the plant, to minimize wastage of energy consumption because more energy will be generated in the boiler even when not in used.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
Efficiency improvement by Energy optimization programme in Energy intensive i...Rahul Chaturvedi
Study of operation of entire power plant and recommend best solution for optimizing the efficiency where ever possible. study of thermal systems as well as electrical system in energy intensive industry. Study of the power plant and achieve maximum efficiency through Analyse the energy performance. Energy performance of heat loss by the system , which include radiation and convection loss by the system. leading to energy and cost savings where ever possible. Performance assessment of steam distribution system which is a valuable source of heat and pure water and condensate recovery through steam trap management
My results reveal that industry does not care about the energy management and there is an energy efficiency gap which is resulting lack of energy technology provided by the industry .It was reveal that the energy saving measures in the industry have potential to recover these energy wastage and implement energy efficient technology.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal...ijtsrd
Advanced thermal management systems for combustion engines will improve fluid temperature regulation and servomotor power consumption to positively impact the pipage emissions, fuel economy, and parasitic losses by better regulating the combustion method with multiple computer controlled parts. Advanced automotive thermal management systems integrate electro mechanical components for improved fluid flow and thermodynamic control action. Progressively, the design of ground vehicle heating and cooling management systems require analytical and empirical models to establish a basis for real time control algorithms. One of the key elements in this computer controlled system is the smart thermostat valve which replaces the traditional wax based unit. This paper gives a review of the cooling system and control model for improved engine thermal management and related work. Ankush Tandel | Amit Kaimkuriya "Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25267.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25267/review-report-on-cooling-system-and-control-model-for-improved-engine-thermal-management/ankush-tandel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Robust control of speed and temperature in a power plant gas turbineISA Interchange
In this paper, an H∞ robust controller has been designed for an identified model of MONTAZER GHAEM power plant gas turbine (GE9001E). In design phase, a linear model (ARX model) which is obtained using real data has been applied. Since the turbine has been used in a combined cycle power plant, its speed and also the exhaust gas temperature should be adjusted simultaneously by controlling fuel signals and compressor inlet guide vane (IGV) position. Considering the limitations on the system inputs, the aim of the control is to maintain the turbine speed and the exhaust gas temperature within desired interval under uncertainties and load demand disturbances. Simulation results of applying the proposed robust controller on the nonlinear model of the system (NARX model), fairly fulfilled the predefined aims. Simulations also show the improvement in the performance compared to MPC and PID controllers for the same conditions.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IRJET-CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous MachineIRJET Journal
Vishant G. Naik , Santosh Singh Negi"CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous Machine", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The unavailability of fossil fuel and increasing demand for energy has pushed us towards finding alternative source of energy. The solar energy can be used for excitation of synchronous machine as an alternative source of energy. Due to increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of PV cells, various MPPT algorithms have been implemented. In this paper a Cuk converter has been used in order to achieve constant excitation voltage which is required for exciting field winding of synchronous machine. MATLAB software has been used for simulation of both solar cell and Cuk converter which are modeled using sim power system blocks.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal...ijtsrd
Advanced thermal management systems for combustion engines will improve fluid temperature regulation and servomotor power consumption to positively impact the pipage emissions, fuel economy, and parasitic losses by better regulating the combustion method with multiple computer controlled parts. Advanced automotive thermal management systems integrate electro mechanical components for improved fluid flow and thermodynamic control action. Progressively, the design of ground vehicle heating and cooling management systems require analytical and empirical models to establish a basis for real time control algorithms. One of the key elements in this computer controlled system is the smart thermostat valve which replaces the traditional wax based unit. This paper gives a review of the cooling system and control model for improved engine thermal management and related work. Ankush Tandel | Amit Kaimkuriya "Review Report on Cooling System and Control Model for Improved Engine Thermal Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25267.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25267/review-report-on-cooling-system-and-control-model-for-improved-engine-thermal-management/ankush-tandel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Robust control of speed and temperature in a power plant gas turbineISA Interchange
In this paper, an H∞ robust controller has been designed for an identified model of MONTAZER GHAEM power plant gas turbine (GE9001E). In design phase, a linear model (ARX model) which is obtained using real data has been applied. Since the turbine has been used in a combined cycle power plant, its speed and also the exhaust gas temperature should be adjusted simultaneously by controlling fuel signals and compressor inlet guide vane (IGV) position. Considering the limitations on the system inputs, the aim of the control is to maintain the turbine speed and the exhaust gas temperature within desired interval under uncertainties and load demand disturbances. Simulation results of applying the proposed robust controller on the nonlinear model of the system (NARX model), fairly fulfilled the predefined aims. Simulations also show the improvement in the performance compared to MPC and PID controllers for the same conditions.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IRJET-CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous MachineIRJET Journal
Vishant G. Naik , Santosh Singh Negi"CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous Machine", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The unavailability of fossil fuel and increasing demand for energy has pushed us towards finding alternative source of energy. The solar energy can be used for excitation of synchronous machine as an alternative source of energy. Due to increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of PV cells, various MPPT algorithms have been implemented. In this paper a Cuk converter has been used in order to achieve constant excitation voltage which is required for exciting field winding of synchronous machine. MATLAB software has been used for simulation of both solar cell and Cuk converter which are modeled using sim power system blocks.
IRJET-Applications Of Social Media Analytics In Designing An Effective Market...IRJET Journal
Adarsh A, Astha Bhawsinka, Anuja Thakur "Applications Of Social Media Analytics In Designing An Effective Marketing Strategy.", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
Social Media Analytics (SMA) is the emerging technique by which one can extract information from the unstructured data taken from various social media platforms to improve business, marketing, sales, etc. Social media is not just a marketing media, it has multiple touch-points in an organization such as customer service, sales, and human resource management. By using this information companies can keep proactive watch on the market sentiments and take preventive and corrective actions in real-time to boost their brand image, and therein, keep ahead of competition by winning customer loyalty. The detailed research analysis in marketing context using SMA is not evident in the literature, and also the results revealed that the effectiveness of marketing strategy can be increased exponentially by using SMA. This paper explains how SMA can be used at each stage to design an effective marketing strategy
N K Kaphungkui, "Two stage Cascade BJT Amplifierl", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. p-ISSN:2395-0056, e-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net ,published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Two stage BJT amplifiers for very small signal amplification is presented in this work. With maximum 20V supply voltage and 6mV peak to peak input signal, a fraction of input signal 130uV goes to the first pre amplifier stage and produces an output signal of 11.25V peak to peak at the second stage. The overall gain of the circuit is 86538 times the small signal appearing across the input terminal of the first stage. The design circuit works best for input voltage swing from 100uV peak to peak till 6 mv peak to peak signal voltage. The variation of amplifier gain wrt Vcc is also analyzed. From 7V till 20V if Vcc is varied the gain linearly increases. Maximum gain of 65.24db without output distortion is obtained when the supply voltage is 20V with the least bandwidth. Minimum gain of 31db is obtained with the least 7V voltage supply but having the highest bandwidth. The output noise voltage is from 1.6uV/Hz till 270uV/Hz as supply voltage increases. The main objective of this work is to optimized and enhanced both gain and bandwidth of the amplifier for very small and low frequency signal amplification.
OPTIMIZATION OF A TURBINE USED IN COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS BASED ON IN...ijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the effect of inlet steam temperature coming from the boiler on
thermoeconomic performance of a steam turbine used in a coal fired thermal power plant. Second law of
thermodynamics is used to develop the thermoeconomic model for the turbine. Analyses based on exergetic
and exergoeconomic criteria are done for the turbine used in a 210 MW power plant. Methodology is
explained with the help of an example. Effect of inlet steam temperature on the exergetic efficiency of the
turbine, unit product cost of turbine and unit product boiler has been shown. Optimization has been done
for the turbine as a trade off between the unit product cost of inlet steam from the boiler and unit product
cost of the turbine.
An approach to evaluate the heat exchanger retrofit for installed industrial ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is the first part of a two-part study aiming to introduce a new integrated approach to evaluate the techno-economic value of recuperator retrofit on existing gas turbine engines. The original gas turbines are designed for combined cycles so that the pressure ratios are moderate to secure suitable exhaust temperatures. One way to enhance the thermal efficiency of some gas turbines is by using recuperation to recover some of the exhaust heat. In this part, the developed model is described and implemented for two gas turbine engines so the obtained characteristics are evaluated against the actual data. The new approach will assist users to select the suitable gas turbine models with favorable recuperator characteristics based on a technical and economic prospective. Besides, the performance results are used to design an appropriate shell and tube heat exchanger. Moreover, a new technique has been established to define the typical heat exchanger parameters in order to ensure the highest possible improvements over the original cycles. One of the main features of this method is that it depends only on the velocity of hot and cold heat exchanger streams from which the rest of the heat exchanger design and performance characteristics were derived. Key Words: integrated approach, techno-economic value, recuperation, shell and tube heat exchanger, velocity
Energy Based Analysis of a Thermal Power Station for Energy Efficiency Improv...IJMER
Despite of growth of renewable energy stations installations like wind, solar, Tidal power, the energy for the world depends heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. It is also expected to continue the dependence on fossil fuels for next few decades. Therefore, given the continued reliance on the fossil fuels for some time, it is important to note these plants must reduce their environmental impact by operating fossil fuels more efficiently. Two types of analysis namely, energy and exergy analysis can be developed for the system. Energy analysis based on first law of thermodynamics cannot be applied as it cannot justify the real useful energy loss because it does not differentiate between the quality and quantity of energy within the system. Whereas, exergy analysis will characterize the work potential of a system based on the second law of thermodynamics and the maximum work that can be obtained from the system when its state is brought to the reference or dead state (standard atmospheric conditions).This technical paper presents the results of exergy and energy analysis carried out on 62 MW coal-based thermal power plant to evaluate the performance. The performance of the plant was estimated by a component-wise modeling followed by a system simulation. A parametric study is conducted for the thermal plant under various operating conditions, including different operating condenser pressures, temperatures and flow rates of cooling water across the condenser etc, in order to determine which parameter that maximizes plant performance. Energy loss distribution to find out the amount and source of irreversibilities generated in boiler and turbine in a plant so that any process in the system having largest energy destruction can be identified and that helps the designer to re design the system components.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An approach to evaluate the heat exchanger retrofit for installed industrial ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This is part 2 of the conducted study to develop a new systematic method to evaluate the heat exchanger retrofit on existing industrial gas turbines. A new approach has been introduced and validated in the first part comparing with the measured data. This method was used to optimize the obtained cycle performance characteristics and the generated heat exchanger design options based on technical prospective to attain the highest possible improvement on the simple cycle performance. However, it is essential to consider the economic viability of using the recuperative cycle which will be investigated in thispaper. Although that there are several tools which can be used to achieve that objective, this study uses the Net Present Value (NPV) method due to its simplicity and accuracy. The established technique has been applied for the same described gas turbine cycles in the previous part. Based on the stated assumptions, it was found that by applying the recuperation in the first engine,W6BRC, and at full load and 100% utilization factor conditions, the payback period has increased by one year by applying over that of simple cycle. Moreover, at the end of the project life, the recuperative cycle of this engine is expected to achieve an increase of $11M in the NPV over that of simple cycle. This difference between the two cycles becomes greater in the case of the second engine, W7FA, which is ranging between $33.9M and $46.8M.However, the drop in the availability of the overall recuperative gas turbine by about 18% over the simple cycle gas turbine causes the NPV of both cycles to be equal. Moreover, this paper includes a sensitivity study to investigate the effects of utilization factor and recuperator effectiveness and pressure drop on the cumulative discounted cash flow. KeyWords:new systematic method,economic viability, Net Present Value, utilization factor,availability
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Figure 1.1: The comparison of input and outputs
‘Cogeneration VS conventional plant’
ENERGY SCENARIO
Electrical Energy Generation Trend
The Monthly Gross Electrical Energy Generated from the
captive cogeneration Power plant is presented in the
Figure 4.1 below:
Figure 4.1: Power Generation Trend
ENERGY USAGE BREAKUP:
The following table presents, the trend of usage pattern of
total electrical energy generated in the plant. The Main
consumers are Power plant auxiliaries, textile unit
connected to the plant and the power exported to grid.
The Table 4.1 given below gives the break-up of power
consumption of various consumers.
Table 2.1: Energy Break up of captive cogeneration power
plant
The above table can be presented as shares in power
generation in following Pie Chart.
Figure 4.2: Share of Power distribution
The Steam consumed by turbine for power generation
and for processing by textile units from the above steam
generated quantity is presented in Figure 4.3 below.
Figure 4.3: Steam Distribution to Turbine and Textile Unit
As seen from the above trends, the turbine accounts for
around 72% (748.15 TPD) of total generated steam while,
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the textile units accounts for the balance 28%
(290.35TPD).
COAL PURCHASED AND CONSUMPTION TREND
The monthly Coal purchased quantity (as received), coal
consumed (as fired) (tons) and also purchase cost of coal
(at the plant) by the plant for the period 2012-13 & 2013-
14, is presented in Table 4.3 as under:
Table 4.3: Details of coal purchased and consumed
5. FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND EVALUATIONS
5.1 Boiler Thermal Efficiency Assessment
The method of performance assessment chosen is the
indirect method of heat loss and boiler efficiency as per
BIS standard 8753 and the employed relationships can be
seen in boiler loss assessment calculations presented.
Note: TM: Total Moisture in coal, IM: Inherent Moisture in
coal, VM: Volatile matter in coal, FC: Fixed carbon in coal,
GCV: Gross calorific value of coal, ARB: As received basis,
ADB: Air dried basis, DB: Dry basis.
5.2 Turbine Thermal Efficiency Assessment
Performance assessment of turbine system, based on ‘As-
run trials’ was conducted during filed visits with the
objective of validation against design /PG test values. The
‘As- run trials’, findings are envisaged to help in assessing
the performance, vis-à-vis design/PG values, factors and
parameters affecting performance, key result areas for
improvement and attention.
Table 5.2.1 Summary of Turbine cylinder efficiency
5.2.2 Turbine Cycle Heat Rate
Along with turbine cylinder efficiency assessment the
‘Turbine Cycle Heat Rate’ value which is a key
performance indicator and defined as the ratio of energy
input to the turbine cycle to the net electrical generation
arrived at the relevant trial parameters.
Table 5.2.2 Evaluation of overall turbine heat rate
Table 5.2.3: Evaluation of heat load calculations
The Heat load of turbine is at as
run condition
= 28.6 million
Kcal/hr.
In comparison the design Heat
Load
= 27.53 million
Kcal/hr
5.3 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF CONDENSER
The assessment of condenser performance is important to
determine equipment performance degradation. The “As
run performance tests” can be used as the base line for
evaluating the performance improvement activities, as
well as maintenance efficiency. Before the actual
assessment is done, the list of condenser operating
parameters are monitored and corresponding transducer
reference in the data acquisition system were identified
and the same was monitored every 60 minutes interval.
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Table 5.3.3: Calculations showing Predicted condenser
vacuum improvement
A profile of desirable vacuum conditions at varying inlet
CW temperature from 28OC to 36OC, with 8OC as CW
Temperature raise and 3OC as approach, are as follows
Table 5.3.4: Desirable Vacuum conditions at varying inlet
temperatures
5.4 ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF HP
HEATER
The performance of the HP heater (HPH) was assessed
based on as-run duty parameters. These measured
parameters were chosen based on various aspects of HPH
performance that were desired to be monitored and
assessed. To ensure consistency and reliability of as-run
data for the performance assessment of HPH, the data was
grouped and captured at regular one hour intervals by the
data acquisition system.
Table 5.6.1: Performance Evaluation of APH
5.7 ENERGY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
COOLING TOWER
The performance of the Cooling Tower (CT) was assessed
based on as-run duty parameters which were measured at
site location. These measured parameters were chosen
based on various aspects of Cooling Tower performance
that were desired to be monitored and assessed. To
ensure consistency and reliability of as-run data for the
performance assessment of Cooling tower, several sets of
measurements were taken and averaged. The cooling
Tower performance was conducted in afternoon period.
The performance of the I.D fans was assessed based on as-
run duty parameters. These parameters were chosen
based on various aspects of ID fans performance that was
desired to be monitored and assessed. To ensure
consistency and reliability of as-run data for the
performance assessment of ID Fans, the data was grouped
and captured at regular one hour intervals by the data
acquisition system. This information was captured over a
period of four days.
5.14 ENERGY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
PRIMARY AIR FAN
The performance of the PA fans was assessed based on as-
run duty parameters. These measured parameters were
chosen based on various aspects of PA fans performance
that were desired to be monitored and assessed. To
ensure consistency and reliability of as-run data for the
performance assessment of PA Fans, the data was
grouped and captured at regular one hour intervals by the
data acquisition system. This information was captured
over a period of four days.
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Table:5.14.1 Energy Performance of PA Fan –II Boiler-1
5.14.2 Observations for BH-100
A
s seen, the as-run air flow rate of PA fan II of BH100 is
measured to be 7253 m3/hr (@171oC) as against a
rated flow rate of 14580m3/hr. The as-run air flow
rate is nearly 75% lower than the rated value.
I
t is also seen that the operating head developed by
the fan is 445 mmWC against a rated value of 770
mmWC which again is 36% lower than rated.
I
n spite of huge margins on flow as well as head, the
margin on power in merely 20%, which is indicative
of inefficient operation of PA fan-motor system.
T
he above performance parameters show that the PA
fan II of boiler BH100 is performing below par on the
efficiency front with an as-run efficiency of around
25.4%. This is very low compared to expected
efficiencies of at least 75%.
T
he fans are operating at 95% of full rated speed
through VFD action.
The following table 5.14.2 encapsulates the key rated and
operating duty parameters of Boiler-BH-101 PA fan II.
Table 5.14.2: Energy Performance of PA Fan -II
Boiler-BH101
*Note: 10% of the FD air total flow is considered for PA fan
flow (As per CVL the design PA flow is factored at 8.33% of
FD flow.
Table 5.16.1: Performance of air compressors
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (ENCONS)
6.1 ENCON IN BOILERS
(i) The average boiler heat losses are 23.13 % and
23.37% as against design value of 15.16% and
14.93% for BH100 and BH101 respectively which
are a combination of controlled and uncontrollable
heat losses.
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(ii) The controllable losses like combustible loss in ash,
unburnts in flue gas, sensible heat loss to dry flue gas
in as run boiler trials are higher at 11.99% and
11.84% as against design of 8.58% and 7.71% in
BH100 and BH101 respectively. Based on as-run
boiler efficiency trails, it is seen that there is a
margin of 7-8% between present boiler thermal
efficiency and design efficiency. It is possible
through simple practical interventions to improve
boiler efficiency by around 2 to 3%.
Table 6.1.1: Rationale of Energy Saving By improving
Boiler Efficiency
(iii) The ID fans are equipped with VFD at 50hz and is
operating very close to full load RPM (almost 96% of
rated RPM). There is very little room left for
operating flexibility, in-case of need, as the VFD is at
50Hz and has no scope for any further speed
increase. The existing input power of ID fan motor
for boilers BH100 & BH101 are 32.77kW & 33.01kW
and 32.02kW & 33.57kW respectively. It would
augur well, from the point of view of operational
flexibility to have a single large fan with a margin of
10% on flow and head, and accordingly size the VFD
such that it operates at 75% of its maximum speed
capability with ID fan at full rated duty conditions.
Due to larger duct diameter and elimination of
mismatch of flow distribution, around 20mmWC
pressure drop reduction can be expected.
Table 6.1.2: Rationale of Energy saving by changing to
Single ID fan with VFD per boiler from present system
(iv) The differential O2 analysis was conducted in the flue
gas path between Economizer out and ID fan out and
it was found that the O2 at Eco out, which figured on
an average at around 2.5% in both the boilers,
increased to around 9% at APH outlet and further to
10% at ID fan outlet. This is a sure indication of false
air ingress into the ID fan suction path between Eco
out and ID fan in, thus adding unwanted burden on
to the ID fan by way of false air ingress. The quantity
of false air ingress amounts to around 39TPH
(considering average 55TPH as actual air supplied),
which around 69 to 71% over and above the actual
air quantity that is required to be handled by ID fan.
Presently the two ID fan together draw around
66kW which is expended towards handling this
excess unwanted ingress air besides the actual flue
gas quantity. If at-least 50% of this ingress air is
eliminated (by sealing of all possible ingress air
points along the flue gas path between Eco out and
ID fan in) it would be reduce the combined twin fan
power consumption from the existing 66kW by
around 12.5kW at full load. The reduction of 12.5kW
load on ID fan per boiler amount to a monetary
savings of Rs.9.1 Lakhs per annum for two boilers.
This would also allow the presently saturated VFD to
kick-in and be able to operate the ID fans at lower
speeds. The maximum investment of Rs. 2lakhs
towards sealing false air ingress would be paid back
in around 3 months.
Table 6.1.3: Rationale of Savings by arresting False air
ingress in Flue gas path
Table 6.1.4: Rationalization of measured values of
Air viv-a-vis calculated
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Table 6.1.5: Rationale of Energy Saving By insulating
Furnace area of BH 101
6.2 ENCONS IN TURBINES
Based on the As-Run turbine performance test, the
performance parameters of turbine systems are
summarized as below:
Table 6.2.1: Rationale for Heat Rate loss of turbine
6.3 ENCONS IN CONDENSER
(i) It is recommended to install an accurate vacuum
gauge for regular monitoring of performance. (with
mbar reading).
(ii) The CW flow to condenser needs to be enhanced to
2700 CMH (rated condition) by improving the
performance of the MCW pumps.
Table 6.3.1 Power savings envisaged by installing air
cooled condenser
Table 6.3.2: Rationale for energy savings for condenser
vacuum
7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The energy audit of a cogeneration plant has brought out
several options that result in reduction in energy
consumption.
Boiler Thermal Efficiency
The method of performance assessment chosen for Boiler
evaluation is the indirect method of heat loss and boiler
efficiency as per BIS standard 8753. The Thermal
efficiencies of the boiler were evaluated at 76.87% against
the PG test efficiency of 84.84% for the Boiler BH100 and
76.63% against a PG test efficiency of 85.07% for Boiler
BH101. The controllable losses like combustible loss in
ash, unburnts in flue gas, sensible heat loss to dry flue gas
in as run boiler trials are higher at 11.99% and 11.84% as
against design of 8.58% and 7.71% in BH100 and BH101
respectively. Based on as-run boiler efficiency trails, it is
seen that there is a margin of 7-8% between present
boiler thermal efficiency and design efficiency. It is
possible through simple practical interventions to
improve boiler efficiency by around 2 to 3%. (Average
2.5%).
Turbine thermal efficiency assessment
The turbine cylinder efficiency was evaluated to be
around 86.26% as against the design value of 89.6%. The
as-run turbine heat rate has been evaluated at 3074
kCal/kWh, as against the design turbine heat rate of 2743
kCal/kWh and the Rankine cycle efficiency is evaluated at
27.97% as against design efficiency of 31.3%. The as-run
heat load on the turbine works out to 28658793 kCal/hr
as against the design value of 27539949 kCal/hr.
Economizer Performance
The effectiveness of the economiser is seen to be higher in
as-run condition (30% for boiler BH-100 and 29.7% for
boiler BH-101, as against design value 28.6%). This is
again indicative of the good condition of the economiser
and slightly elevated performance, in as-run condition.
This cogeneration plant for textile unit has an overall
saving potential of around 34.05 Lakh Units/yr electrical
and 5065 Tons of coal per year. Implementing all of the
above options is likely to mitigate Green House gas
emission equivalent to around 11,334 Tons of CO2/yr
worth 11,334 CER (Certified Emission Reduction) in the
International Market as per Kyoto Protocol.
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8. FUTURE SCOPE
This thesis report details the methodology for conducting
and evaluating energy conservation and audit for a
cogeneration plant of 10 MW capacities. In future a
comparative study can be done among the captive
cogeneration plants of similar capacities with the plants
having latest technologies like organic Rankin cycle, ash
water reclamation, decentralization of compressed air
system, high pressure roller mills, etc.
9. BIBILOGRAPHY
1. BhansaliV.K., “Energy conservation in India -
challenges and achievement”, IEEE Department of
Electrical Engineering Jai Narain Vyas University,
Jodhpur. INDlA, 1995, PP 365-372.
2. Babu N. Sundar, Chelvan R. Kalai, Nadarajan R.,
“Restructuring the Indian Power Sector with Energy
Conservation as the motive for Economic and
Environmental Benefits” ,IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 1999, PP
1589-1596.
3. Bose Bimal K., Fellow Life, “Energy, Environment, and
Advances in Power Electronics”, IEEE Transactions on
power electronics, vol. 15, no. 4, July 2000, PP 688-
701.
4. Bathaee S.MT, Sorooshian S, “Reliability Analysis of
Auxiliary Service System of Steam Power Plant in
IRAN”, IEEE, Niroo Research Institute, 2000, PP 40-
46.
5. Bera S. C., Bhowmick M. S., “Study the Performances
of Induced Fans and Design of New Induced Fan for
the Efficiency Improvement of a Thermal Power
Plant”, IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third
ICIIS, Kharagpur, INDIA December 8-10, 2008, PP
479-483.
6. Bentarzi H.,Chentri R.A., Quadi A., “A new approach
applied to steam turbine controller in Thermal power
Plant”, IEEE, 2nd international on Control
instrumentation and automation (ICCIA), 2011, PP
236- 240PSPCL,“ Operation Manual for 2x210 MW
G.H.T.P. Stage-1 Lehra Mohabbat”, Bathinda, Library
G.H.T.P., lehra Mohabbat. PP 1-277.
7. Cropper Paul A., Wilkinson John R, “Comprehensive
performance audit of Utility”, IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, Vol. 6, No. 2. June 1991, PP 243-
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BIOGRAPHIES
D. Rajani Kant, He is current working as Deputy Director,
Energy Management Division, National Productivity
council. He received the M.Tech. Degree from JNTUH,
Hyderabad in 2015.
Dr. B. Sudheer Prem Kumar, he is current working as
Professor & Chairman (Board of Studies), JNTU College of
Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. He received
the B.Tech Mechanical Degree from JNTUA, Anantapur in
1985. The M.Tech. degree 1989 Coimbatore Institute &
Technology, and Ph.D. (Research work IC Engines)
awarded in 2002 from JNTUA, Anantapur. He is a member
of ASME and SAE.
N. Nagula ravi is currently working as Lecturer in JNTU
college of enginnering, Hyd. Telangana, India. He received
the B.Tech (Mechanical Engg.) from Osmania. University,
Hyderabad in 2008, M.Tech degree from Osmania
University Hyderabad in 2011
R. Virendra, He is current working as Deputy Director
General, National Productivity council. He received the
M.Tech. Degree from JNTUH, Hyderabad in 2015.
J. Suresh Babu is currently working as Assistant Professor
in MED, K.S.R.M. College of Engineering (Autonomous),
Kadapa, A.P., India. He received the B.Tech (Mechanical
Engg.) from S.V. University, Tirupati in 2006, M.Tech
degree from JNTUH, Hyderabad in 2010 His areas of
interest include, IC Engines, Thermal, Heat Transfer,
Design and Manufacturing.