This document analyzes the performance of a 75MW steam power plant. It uses energy analysis, thermodynamic second law analysis (exergy), and Rankine cycle analysis. Experimental data from the plant was used to calculate various efficiencies. The results showed that increasing the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiencies of the plant. Additionally, as the condenser pressure increases, the plant efficiency decreases. The condenser pressure should be reduced to decrease irreversibilities in the system. Operating the plant above 50% capacity also helps minimize energy wastage by generating more steam even when not all is being used. Key components like the boiler, turbine, condenser and pumps were modeled to identify sources of energy and
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
The document outlines the process for conducting an energy audit. It discusses initiating an energy management program, analyzing energy bills, conducting an on-site audit by examining various systems and equipment, and developing an energy audit report that identifies energy management opportunities and recommends cost-effective solutions to reduce energy usage and costs. The goal of an energy audit is to understand current energy usage and identify ways to use energy more efficiently.
Exergy Based Performance Analysis of FGPS (NTPC Faridabad)Santosh Verma
The document discusses exergy analysis of a combined gas power station. It calculates the energy and exergy flows for various systems like the compressor, high pressure turbine, and low pressure turbine. The analysis found that the compressor had the highest exergy destruction, followed by the low pressure turbine and high pressure turbine. The conclusion is that minimizing exergy destruction in these components, especially the compressor, through proper operation and maintenance could improve the plant's efficiency.
This document discusses reliability indices for power generating units in Poland. It provides definitions for various reliability and performance indices calculated in Poland's "UNRELIABILITY" system, which is similar to the GADS (Generating Availability Data System) used in North America. The values of reliability and performance indices from recent years for Polish generating units are presented and compared to American generating unit data. Key indices include availability factor, forced outage factor, generation capacity factor, and scheduled outage factor. The document also provides an illustration of quantities used to calculate indices in GADS.
Enhanced Multi – Agent Based Industrial Process AutomationIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-agent control system for optimizing the operation of fossil-fuel power plants. The system uses multiple intelligent agents that make autonomous decisions based on plant conditions. One agent uses a neuro-fuzzy system to evaluate and optimize feedback control gains. A simulation showed this agent could successfully update gains to improve control when the plant output exceeded thresholds. The system allows for customizable, optimized multi-objective control to improve efficiency and operation of power plants.
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
IRJET- To Utilize Vehicle Heat and Exhaust EnergyIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses utilizing the heat and exhaust energy from vehicles through thermoelectric power generators.
2) Thermoelectric generators directly convert thermal energy into electrical energy through the Seebeck effect without moving parts, improving energy conversion efficiencies.
3) The system aims to capture waste heat from vehicle exhausts using thermoelectric modules to generate additional electrical power for uses like charging batteries.
IRJET- Energy Saving of a Commercial Building Jet Airways Godrej, BKCIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the energy consumption of HVAC systems in a commercial building in India over three months. The study found that running the water-cooled chiller (WCCH) as much as possible during peak hours (8am-6pm) led to significant energy savings in June compared to April and May. Data was recorded from daily load sheets and electricity consumption meters. Calculations showed energy savings of 31,368 units and Rs. 4,17,190 in June compared to April, and savings of 50,491 units and Rs. 6,71,530 compared to May. Running the WCCH more can save a minimum of Rs. 36,883 or 2773 units per month.
IRJET-Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration PlantIRJET Journal
D.Rajani Kant , B.Sudheer Prem Kumar, N.Ravi Kumar, R.Virendra,J.Suresh Babu " Detailed Energy Audit in a Captive Cogeneration Plant ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The rate of exploitation of the energy resources has been expanding over time and resulted in reduction of fossil fuel reserves. Efficiency of all resources is crucial both in environmental and economic sense. Using energy inefficiently creates waste in all the world’s economies. It has environmental impacts with regional, local and global implications.The key object is to adopt energy management in every field in order to reduce the wastage of energy sources and cost effectiveness without affecting productivity and growth.
The document outlines the process for conducting an energy audit. It discusses initiating an energy management program, analyzing energy bills, conducting an on-site audit by examining various systems and equipment, and developing an energy audit report that identifies energy management opportunities and recommends cost-effective solutions to reduce energy usage and costs. The goal of an energy audit is to understand current energy usage and identify ways to use energy more efficiently.
Exergy Based Performance Analysis of FGPS (NTPC Faridabad)Santosh Verma
The document discusses exergy analysis of a combined gas power station. It calculates the energy and exergy flows for various systems like the compressor, high pressure turbine, and low pressure turbine. The analysis found that the compressor had the highest exergy destruction, followed by the low pressure turbine and high pressure turbine. The conclusion is that minimizing exergy destruction in these components, especially the compressor, through proper operation and maintenance could improve the plant's efficiency.
This document discusses reliability indices for power generating units in Poland. It provides definitions for various reliability and performance indices calculated in Poland's "UNRELIABILITY" system, which is similar to the GADS (Generating Availability Data System) used in North America. The values of reliability and performance indices from recent years for Polish generating units are presented and compared to American generating unit data. Key indices include availability factor, forced outage factor, generation capacity factor, and scheduled outage factor. The document also provides an illustration of quantities used to calculate indices in GADS.
Enhanced Multi – Agent Based Industrial Process AutomationIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-agent control system for optimizing the operation of fossil-fuel power plants. The system uses multiple intelligent agents that make autonomous decisions based on plant conditions. One agent uses a neuro-fuzzy system to evaluate and optimize feedback control gains. A simulation showed this agent could successfully update gains to improve control when the plant output exceeded thresholds. The system allows for customizable, optimized multi-objective control to improve efficiency and operation of power plants.
Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment Considering the Effect of DG and DR P...IJECEIAES
Due to increase in energy prices at peak periods and increase in fuel cost, involving Distributed Generation (DG) and consumption management by Demand Response (DR) will be unavoidable options for optimal system operations. Also, with high penetration of DGs and DR programs into power system operation, the reliability criterion is taken into account as one of the most important concerns of system operators in management of power system. In this paper, a Reliability Constrained Unit Commitment (RCUC) at presence of time-based DR program and DGs integrated with conventional units is proposed and executed to reach a reliable and economic operation. Designated cost function has been minimized considering reliability constraint in prevailing UC formulation. The UC scheduling is accomplished in short-term so that the reliability is maintained in acceptable level. Because of complex nature of RCUC problem and full AC load flow constraints, the hybrid algorithm included Simulated Annealing (SA) and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) has been proposed to optimize the problem. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and considerable efficacy of the time-based DR program in reducing operational costs by implementing it on IEEE-RTS79.
IRJET- To Utilize Vehicle Heat and Exhaust EnergyIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses utilizing the heat and exhaust energy from vehicles through thermoelectric power generators.
2) Thermoelectric generators directly convert thermal energy into electrical energy through the Seebeck effect without moving parts, improving energy conversion efficiencies.
3) The system aims to capture waste heat from vehicle exhausts using thermoelectric modules to generate additional electrical power for uses like charging batteries.
IRJET- Energy Saving of a Commercial Building Jet Airways Godrej, BKCIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the energy consumption of HVAC systems in a commercial building in India over three months. The study found that running the water-cooled chiller (WCCH) as much as possible during peak hours (8am-6pm) led to significant energy savings in June compared to April and May. Data was recorded from daily load sheets and electricity consumption meters. Calculations showed energy savings of 31,368 units and Rs. 4,17,190 in June compared to April, and savings of 50,491 units and Rs. 6,71,530 compared to May. Running the WCCH more can save a minimum of Rs. 36,883 or 2773 units per month.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
The document provides details about energy audits conducted of water and sewage authorities (WASAs) in various Pakistani cities. It discusses what an energy audit is and why they are important for WASAs. It outlines the energy audit process, including conditional surveys of assets, data collection, and analysis of technical specifications, billing records, and energy consumption. The results of conditional surveys for various WASAs are presented, showing the condition of assets and estimated rehabilitation costs. Findings of the energy audits include annual electricity billing and penalties paid due to low power factors. Recommendations include improving asset conditions, installing power factor correction equipment, and developing an energy management plan and application to track performance indicators over time.
This document describes an energy audit conducted at Aryanet Institute of Technology in Palakkad, Kerala, India. It was a group project conducted by 5 students to fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The project involved measuring the energy consumption of various buildings and facilities on campus, identifying opportunities for energy savings, and making recommendations. Instruments used included lux meters, power factor meters, and energy meters. Load details were collected for the main block, seminar hall, canteen, labs, and other buildings. Designs for energy savings through LED lighting, automatic fans, efficient water coolers, computers, and photocopiers were proposed. The report also discussed power factor correction, tips for reducing thermal and electrical utility usage
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur campus in India. A team of students and interns led the audit in association with IIT Kharagpur faculty and an energy solutions startup. They divided the campus into areas and collected electrical, fossil fuel, and HVAC usage data. The goal was to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs while providing learning experiences for those involved.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
Compromising between-eld-&-eed-using-gatool-matlabSubhankar Sau
Creating a compromising points between economic load dispatch & emission created from the plant to minimising those effects.
these are created by using MATLAB and GATOOL .
taking Weighted Sum Method,also Pareto optimal curve.
created by: SUBHANKAR SAU
Energy auditing, monitoring& targeting, and managementkiranpatilsjce
This document summarizes the key findings from an energy audit conducted at a flour milling plant. The audit found that milling and grinding processes accounted for 44% of the plant's energy consumption. Various energy saving proposals were identified, including installing an energy monitoring system, converting motors from delta to star configuration, adding variable speed drives, and replacing aging motors with more efficient models. Implementing these recommendations could result in annual energy savings of over 100,000 kWh and payback periods of less than 2 years for most proposals. The audit concludes with recommendations to optimize processes to reduce energy usage throughout the facility.
The document summarizes a study on reducing CO2 emissions from thermal power plants through load dispatch scheduling. It presents equations to calculate CO2 emissions from power plants and describes using evolutionary algorithms to optimize load scheduling across three power plants. The results show evolutionary techniques achieved the lowest overall CO2 emissions of 8,426 tons compared to other methods, while maintaining the same total power output. The conclusion is that properly selecting which plants generate power through load scheduling can reduce CO2 emissions without additional equipment.
Cuckoo search algorithm based for tunning both PI and FOPID controllers for ...IJECEIAES
Wind Energy has received great attention in this century. It influences the new power systems, adding new challenges to the power system expansion problem. Nowadays, double feed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines are used majorly in wind farms, due to their advantages over other types. Therefore, the analysis of the system using this type has become very important. In this paper, a wind turbine modelling was introduced with suggested controllers, in order to enhance the system response, with respect to both pitch control and maximum output power. Cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), a meta-heuristic optimization technique, was implemented to determine the gains of a proportional-integral (PI) controller and fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller to optimize the system, which considered three control loops: pitch, rotor-side converter, and grid-side converter control loop. Simulation results were determined using MATLAB/Simulink. The comparative analysis of the results showed that the PI Controller gave the simplest and the best response in case of the pitch and rotor-side control loops while the FOPID was the best when applied to the grid-side control loop. Based on the results and discussion, a suggestion of using a compination of each controller was introduced.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
This document discusses energy audits and provides information on related topics. It defines an energy audit, describes the objectives and types of energy audits. It also discusses benchmarking, energy conservation opportunities, and instruments used in energy audits. Conversion factors and the Energy Conservation Act are outlined. Methodology, steps, and components of preliminary and detailed energy audits are summarized.
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Efficiency of Domestic Hawt without Nos...IRJET Journal
This document compares the mechanical efficiency of a domestic horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) without and with a nose cone. Testing was conducted by measuring the rotational speed and power output of the turbine at varying wind speeds. Without a nose cone, the average efficiency was 38.75%. With a nose cone, which provides streamlined airflow over the blades to reduce drag, the average efficiency increased to 40.38%. The nose cone improved the value of the Betz limit, which describes the maximum power that can theoretically be extracted from the wind. In conclusion, the addition of a nose cone to reduce drag and increase lift improved the mechanical efficiency of the small HAWT design.
The document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit. It discusses defining an energy audit, objectives of energy audits and energy management. It describes the basic levels of audits and tasks involved, including preliminary analysis, energy analyses by section, measurement campaigns, and developing an energy balance and action plan. The document provides examples of collecting data for an audit of an establishment, including energy consumption breakdown, costs, passenger numbers, and specific energy consumption benchmarks.
Introduction to energy audit by vikas kumar pathakkumarvikasm786
This document provides an introduction and overview of energy audits. It discusses the different types of energy audits including walk-through, detailed, internal, external, IT, and utility audits. It describes the purpose of audits to systematically evaluate energy usage in buildings, plants, or organizations to identify opportunities for improved energy efficiency. The document also outlines the roles of energy auditors and managers and highlights key areas covered in different types of audits such as electrical, mechanical, thermal, and industrial systems.
This document discusses a proposed vertical farming system that integrates three technologies - Tesla Powerpacks, Thermenex temperature control system, and Climate Manager sensors - to improve upon an existing vertical farm system. The proposed system is estimated to have a total operating cost of $11,165, setup cost of $8,060,517, and production capacity of 650 tons per year of leafy greens using a 54,000 square foot facility. Testing of the proposed system would involve analytical modeling, building a smaller scaled prototype, and validating that performance meets requirements for key metrics like production capacity, energy consumption, and profitability.
A steepest descent algorithm for the optimal control of a cascaded hydropowe...IJECEIAES
Optimal power generation along the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power system had been very difficult to achieve. The reservoirs operating heads are being affected by possible variation in impoundments upstream, stochastic factors that are weather-related, availability of the turbo-alternators and power generated at any time. Proposed in this paper, is an algorithm for solving the optimal release of water on the cascaded hydropower system based on steepest descent method. The uniqueness of this work is the conversion of the infinite dimensional control problem to a finite one, the introduction of clever techniques for choosing the steepest descent step size in each iteration and the nonlinear penalty embedded in the procedure. The control algorithm was implemented in an Excel VBA® environment to solve the formulated Lagrange problem within an accuracy of 0.03%. It is recommended for use in system studies and control design for the optimal power generation in the cascaded hydropower system.
An investment grade audit provides a more detailed analysis than a typical energy audit by evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of potential energy efficiency projects. It establishes an energy baseline, identifies energy saving opportunities, and provides detailed cost-benefit analyses to help customers determine which projects to implement. The audit results can then be used to negotiate a performance-based contract to design, install, commission and monitor the recommended projects over time through measurement and verification of energy savings.
The document summarizes an energy audit of the Mechanical Workshop and Classroom Block at Kyambogo University. It finds that the main energy consumption areas are lighting, machine tools, computers, and photocopiers. Replacing T8 fluorescent tubes with LED tubes and CRT monitors with LCDs are economically feasible energy conservation measures that could save the university over 1 million Ugandan shillings per year. Proper record keeping of machine tool usage and restoring currently unusable tools could also help reduce energy costs. Implementing the identified energy efficiency improvements would cut utility expenses for the university.
The document discusses issues with grid-tied micro wind turbines related to synchronization and wind variability, which reduces grid stability. To address this, the authors propose a method of attaching an external motor to provide torque to the turbine rotor, allowing it to produce stable power even at low wind speeds. They implement this concept on a 700W turbine in India. Theoretical and experimental results show their method can increase power output and help make wind energy more viable for domestic use.
Optimal tuning of a wind plant energy production based on improved grey wolf ...journalBEEI
The tuning of optimal controller parameters in wind plant is crucial in order to minimize the effect of wake interaction between turbines. The purpose of this paper is to develop an improved grey wolf optimizer (I-GWO) in order to tune the controller parameters of the turbines so that the total energy production of a wind plant is increased. The updating mechanism of original GWO is modified to improve the efficiency of exploration and exploitation phase while avoiding trapping in local minima solution. A row of ten turbines is considered to evaluate the effectiveness of the I-GWO by maximizing the total energy production. The proposed approach is compared with original GWO and previously published modified GWO. Finally, I-GWO produces the highest total energy production as compared to other methods, as shown in statistical performance analysis.
Socio-cultural Study of the Unattended Urban Poor (Study of the Poor in the C...theijes
This study was conducted in capital city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study objectives were to find out factors that cause the poverty of the unattended poor in urban areas as well as to determine the most appropriate form of intervention suiting their condition. The research method was case study with qualitative approach through in-depth interview. Sampling was done through snowball sampling technique. The number of sample saturated after the informant reached 10 persons. The research population was the urban poor working as beggars, scavengers, and casual labourers. They live and earn a living in the city of Kendari. To obtain reliable data the research used sources triangulation, time triangulation, and techniques triangulation. The results of the study were as follows: (1) The unattended urban poor in this region are poor people, most of whom are poor of property, poor of knowledge, poor of morals and poor of faith (religion). They are poor of faith for not performing the command of God and performing activities prohibited by Allah instead; (2) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who suffer structural poverty as they have no access to decent work, receive no attention from the government and rich people nearby as well as often beyond the reach of formal assistance structure. In addition, they accept zakah (alms-giving) or social aid as sympathy to survive; (3) The unattended urban poor in this area are commonly coming migrants who do not possess production factors of land unless their workforce only; (4) A few of the unattended urban poor in this region is culturally poor since they do not want to be regulated, be lazy and disobedient and it accounts for why some of them survive by expecting the mercy of others, even stealing and taking away the rights of others; (5) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who are in need of both psychological and social empowerment in terms of knowledge, mental and faith.
Avaliability and Usage of Ict Resources for Chemistry Curriculum Delivery in ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
The document provides details about energy audits conducted of water and sewage authorities (WASAs) in various Pakistani cities. It discusses what an energy audit is and why they are important for WASAs. It outlines the energy audit process, including conditional surveys of assets, data collection, and analysis of technical specifications, billing records, and energy consumption. The results of conditional surveys for various WASAs are presented, showing the condition of assets and estimated rehabilitation costs. Findings of the energy audits include annual electricity billing and penalties paid due to low power factors. Recommendations include improving asset conditions, installing power factor correction equipment, and developing an energy management plan and application to track performance indicators over time.
This document describes an energy audit conducted at Aryanet Institute of Technology in Palakkad, Kerala, India. It was a group project conducted by 5 students to fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The project involved measuring the energy consumption of various buildings and facilities on campus, identifying opportunities for energy savings, and making recommendations. Instruments used included lux meters, power factor meters, and energy meters. Load details were collected for the main block, seminar hall, canteen, labs, and other buildings. Designs for energy savings through LED lighting, automatic fans, efficient water coolers, computers, and photocopiers were proposed. The report also discussed power factor correction, tips for reducing thermal and electrical utility usage
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur campus in India. A team of students and interns led the audit in association with IIT Kharagpur faculty and an energy solutions startup. They divided the campus into areas and collected electrical, fossil fuel, and HVAC usage data. The goal was to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs while providing learning experiences for those involved.
Analysis of Process Parameters to Improve Power Plant EfficiencyIOSRJMCE
This research paper analyses the operational parameters of a thermal power plant to improve effectively & efficient running of the machine while ensuring a degree of compliance with statutory regulations. This study aims to identify the operational gaps associated with running operational parameter in power plant process. It is focused to detect a different thermodynamic variable involved, being multivariate and automatic. For variation of each one of this operational parameters, performance calculations are find out to configure a database of energy variation. The variable data sets now can be used as assessment criteria based on detecting deviations from a reference system that has been updated during plant-performance tests. Although the most important outcome is the highly precise and valuable information that will be obtained on the live operating mode, leading to a head improvements in the cycle efficiency and achieved in the overall control system of the thermal plant. The main aim is to detect any abnormality, reacting as quickly as possible to return the plant to a normal operation mode at best efficient manner.
Compromising between-eld-&-eed-using-gatool-matlabSubhankar Sau
Creating a compromising points between economic load dispatch & emission created from the plant to minimising those effects.
these are created by using MATLAB and GATOOL .
taking Weighted Sum Method,also Pareto optimal curve.
created by: SUBHANKAR SAU
Energy auditing, monitoring& targeting, and managementkiranpatilsjce
This document summarizes the key findings from an energy audit conducted at a flour milling plant. The audit found that milling and grinding processes accounted for 44% of the plant's energy consumption. Various energy saving proposals were identified, including installing an energy monitoring system, converting motors from delta to star configuration, adding variable speed drives, and replacing aging motors with more efficient models. Implementing these recommendations could result in annual energy savings of over 100,000 kWh and payback periods of less than 2 years for most proposals. The audit concludes with recommendations to optimize processes to reduce energy usage throughout the facility.
The document summarizes a study on reducing CO2 emissions from thermal power plants through load dispatch scheduling. It presents equations to calculate CO2 emissions from power plants and describes using evolutionary algorithms to optimize load scheduling across three power plants. The results show evolutionary techniques achieved the lowest overall CO2 emissions of 8,426 tons compared to other methods, while maintaining the same total power output. The conclusion is that properly selecting which plants generate power through load scheduling can reduce CO2 emissions without additional equipment.
Cuckoo search algorithm based for tunning both PI and FOPID controllers for ...IJECEIAES
Wind Energy has received great attention in this century. It influences the new power systems, adding new challenges to the power system expansion problem. Nowadays, double feed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines are used majorly in wind farms, due to their advantages over other types. Therefore, the analysis of the system using this type has become very important. In this paper, a wind turbine modelling was introduced with suggested controllers, in order to enhance the system response, with respect to both pitch control and maximum output power. Cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), a meta-heuristic optimization technique, was implemented to determine the gains of a proportional-integral (PI) controller and fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller to optimize the system, which considered three control loops: pitch, rotor-side converter, and grid-side converter control loop. Simulation results were determined using MATLAB/Simulink. The comparative analysis of the results showed that the PI Controller gave the simplest and the best response in case of the pitch and rotor-side control loops while the FOPID was the best when applied to the grid-side control loop. Based on the results and discussion, a suggestion of using a compination of each controller was introduced.
Combined heat and power - optimal power flow based on thermodynamic model wit...IJECEIAES
Oil fields produce associated petroleum and wet gas, which can be mixed with commercial natural gas as fuel. Associated petroleum and wet gas are a low cost, low quality fuel, whereas commercial natural gas is the opposite. Two parameters are affected by this mixture: the fuel cost and the power – steam output of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators. This research develops a Unit Commitment and Optimal Power Flow model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming to optimize combined heat and power cost by considering the optimal mixture between associated petroleum - wet gas and commercial natural gas. A thermodynamic model is used to represent the performance of gas turbine – heat recovery steam generators when subjected to different fuel mixtures. The results show that the proposed model can optimize cost by determining the most efficient power – steam dispatch and optimal fuel mixture. Furthermore, the optimization model can analyse the trade-off between power system losses, steam demand and associated - wet gas utilization.
This document discusses energy audits and provides information on related topics. It defines an energy audit, describes the objectives and types of energy audits. It also discusses benchmarking, energy conservation opportunities, and instruments used in energy audits. Conversion factors and the Energy Conservation Act are outlined. Methodology, steps, and components of preliminary and detailed energy audits are summarized.
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Efficiency of Domestic Hawt without Nos...IRJET Journal
This document compares the mechanical efficiency of a domestic horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) without and with a nose cone. Testing was conducted by measuring the rotational speed and power output of the turbine at varying wind speeds. Without a nose cone, the average efficiency was 38.75%. With a nose cone, which provides streamlined airflow over the blades to reduce drag, the average efficiency increased to 40.38%. The nose cone improved the value of the Betz limit, which describes the maximum power that can theoretically be extracted from the wind. In conclusion, the addition of a nose cone to reduce drag and increase lift improved the mechanical efficiency of the small HAWT design.
The document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit. It discusses defining an energy audit, objectives of energy audits and energy management. It describes the basic levels of audits and tasks involved, including preliminary analysis, energy analyses by section, measurement campaigns, and developing an energy balance and action plan. The document provides examples of collecting data for an audit of an establishment, including energy consumption breakdown, costs, passenger numbers, and specific energy consumption benchmarks.
Introduction to energy audit by vikas kumar pathakkumarvikasm786
This document provides an introduction and overview of energy audits. It discusses the different types of energy audits including walk-through, detailed, internal, external, IT, and utility audits. It describes the purpose of audits to systematically evaluate energy usage in buildings, plants, or organizations to identify opportunities for improved energy efficiency. The document also outlines the roles of energy auditors and managers and highlights key areas covered in different types of audits such as electrical, mechanical, thermal, and industrial systems.
This document discusses a proposed vertical farming system that integrates three technologies - Tesla Powerpacks, Thermenex temperature control system, and Climate Manager sensors - to improve upon an existing vertical farm system. The proposed system is estimated to have a total operating cost of $11,165, setup cost of $8,060,517, and production capacity of 650 tons per year of leafy greens using a 54,000 square foot facility. Testing of the proposed system would involve analytical modeling, building a smaller scaled prototype, and validating that performance meets requirements for key metrics like production capacity, energy consumption, and profitability.
A steepest descent algorithm for the optimal control of a cascaded hydropowe...IJECEIAES
Optimal power generation along the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power system had been very difficult to achieve. The reservoirs operating heads are being affected by possible variation in impoundments upstream, stochastic factors that are weather-related, availability of the turbo-alternators and power generated at any time. Proposed in this paper, is an algorithm for solving the optimal release of water on the cascaded hydropower system based on steepest descent method. The uniqueness of this work is the conversion of the infinite dimensional control problem to a finite one, the introduction of clever techniques for choosing the steepest descent step size in each iteration and the nonlinear penalty embedded in the procedure. The control algorithm was implemented in an Excel VBA® environment to solve the formulated Lagrange problem within an accuracy of 0.03%. It is recommended for use in system studies and control design for the optimal power generation in the cascaded hydropower system.
An investment grade audit provides a more detailed analysis than a typical energy audit by evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of potential energy efficiency projects. It establishes an energy baseline, identifies energy saving opportunities, and provides detailed cost-benefit analyses to help customers determine which projects to implement. The audit results can then be used to negotiate a performance-based contract to design, install, commission and monitor the recommended projects over time through measurement and verification of energy savings.
The document summarizes an energy audit of the Mechanical Workshop and Classroom Block at Kyambogo University. It finds that the main energy consumption areas are lighting, machine tools, computers, and photocopiers. Replacing T8 fluorescent tubes with LED tubes and CRT monitors with LCDs are economically feasible energy conservation measures that could save the university over 1 million Ugandan shillings per year. Proper record keeping of machine tool usage and restoring currently unusable tools could also help reduce energy costs. Implementing the identified energy efficiency improvements would cut utility expenses for the university.
The document discusses issues with grid-tied micro wind turbines related to synchronization and wind variability, which reduces grid stability. To address this, the authors propose a method of attaching an external motor to provide torque to the turbine rotor, allowing it to produce stable power even at low wind speeds. They implement this concept on a 700W turbine in India. Theoretical and experimental results show their method can increase power output and help make wind energy more viable for domestic use.
Optimal tuning of a wind plant energy production based on improved grey wolf ...journalBEEI
The tuning of optimal controller parameters in wind plant is crucial in order to minimize the effect of wake interaction between turbines. The purpose of this paper is to develop an improved grey wolf optimizer (I-GWO) in order to tune the controller parameters of the turbines so that the total energy production of a wind plant is increased. The updating mechanism of original GWO is modified to improve the efficiency of exploration and exploitation phase while avoiding trapping in local minima solution. A row of ten turbines is considered to evaluate the effectiveness of the I-GWO by maximizing the total energy production. The proposed approach is compared with original GWO and previously published modified GWO. Finally, I-GWO produces the highest total energy production as compared to other methods, as shown in statistical performance analysis.
Socio-cultural Study of the Unattended Urban Poor (Study of the Poor in the C...theijes
This study was conducted in capital city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study objectives were to find out factors that cause the poverty of the unattended poor in urban areas as well as to determine the most appropriate form of intervention suiting their condition. The research method was case study with qualitative approach through in-depth interview. Sampling was done through snowball sampling technique. The number of sample saturated after the informant reached 10 persons. The research population was the urban poor working as beggars, scavengers, and casual labourers. They live and earn a living in the city of Kendari. To obtain reliable data the research used sources triangulation, time triangulation, and techniques triangulation. The results of the study were as follows: (1) The unattended urban poor in this region are poor people, most of whom are poor of property, poor of knowledge, poor of morals and poor of faith (religion). They are poor of faith for not performing the command of God and performing activities prohibited by Allah instead; (2) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who suffer structural poverty as they have no access to decent work, receive no attention from the government and rich people nearby as well as often beyond the reach of formal assistance structure. In addition, they accept zakah (alms-giving) or social aid as sympathy to survive; (3) The unattended urban poor in this area are commonly coming migrants who do not possess production factors of land unless their workforce only; (4) A few of the unattended urban poor in this region is culturally poor since they do not want to be regulated, be lazy and disobedient and it accounts for why some of them survive by expecting the mercy of others, even stealing and taking away the rights of others; (5) The unattended urban poor in this region are those who are in need of both psychological and social empowerment in terms of knowledge, mental and faith.
Avaliability and Usage of Ict Resources for Chemistry Curriculum Delivery in ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
Solar Tracker Module with Automated Module Cleaning Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Test Rig of Free End Torsion Effect on Linear Straintheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Acoustic Parameters of acetic acid in benzene at 3 MHz.theijes
In present study, Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) for binary liquid mixtures of acetic acid with benzene have been measured at 3 MHz ultrasonic frequency at 303K. From this data, acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA) and intermolecular free length (Lf) are calculated. The result is interpreted as per molecular interaction between the mixtures.
In the process of drilling wells or carrying out treatment operations on the wells, the characteristics of the reservoir around the vicinity of the well changes due to the invasion of fluid when compared to zones further away in the reservoir. During the stimulation exercise, there is an increased tendency of emulsion formation with the acid concentration and in reality, most crude oils contain natural chemicals which frequently act to stabilize emulsions formed with acid or with spent acid and this severely hinders production due to the high viscosities inherent with emulsions and also, some crude oils chemically react with hydrochloric acid to form solid or semi-solid particles called asphaltene sludge. This can restrict or completely plug the flow channels in the producing formation thereby reducing the effectiveness of the acid treatment and also due to its insoluble in most treating solutions. In this study, pressure transient analysis was performed on well J8 and K35 of an oil field in the Niger Delta to determine the extent of formation damage around the wellbore, a pre and post evaluation on the stimulation job to ascertain the efficacy of the stimulation job is also presented. Result show that it is very important to determine the type of skin on each well, this well help in knowing the type of solution to the problem in order to increase the well’s productivity because a well whose skin is due to completion, partial penetration or slanting of well does not require stimulation and if the field’s operators go ahead to stimulate, they will only end up in wasting time and money without achieving any result because these skin cannot be removed by stimulation.
The influence of organizational culture, ethical awareness and experience to ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Castellated beam optimization by using Finite Element Analysis: A Review.theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs)...theijes
Housing investment has been considered as a major contributor to economic growth with many social and economic benefits. This research work was carried out to evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs) in Bauchi State. The methodology employed were Oral interview, Self-assessment, Checklist and Questionnaires. Two target groups were considered for this research: the first group was construction professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Builders and Service Engineers involved in the construction of such housing programmes, while the second group was family heads/occupants of government housing programmes. The research was conducted using completed Tambari housing estate and 1000-units of two bedrooms semi-detached / three bedrooms under construction at Dungal as case studies. The information obtained from these case studies were analysed using relative index, linear correlation, regression and one - way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). The research revealed that the first five critical impact of housing programmes were employment for skilled and unskilled workers (RI = 0.77); increase demand for building materials market (RI =0. 75); Generates income and employment in a number of related /non-related industry (RI = 0.75); increases income to land owners due to compensation paid for land acquisition (RI=0.74) and attracts infrastructural facilities to such localities (RI = 0.72). It also revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their vicinity.
Feasibility of an eco – friendly disposal method for Iron ore tailingstheijes
The greatest challenge ahead of the Iron ore mining industry is to tackle the issues related to management of tailings. The tailing disposal and storage methods are sensitive to the environment and care must be taken to keep them at the helm. The method being practiced for disposing the tailings is as thickener underflow at around 45% solids. The development of paste thickener & deep cone thickener are encouraging and can dispose tailings at around 65% solids. However, they are yet to be established over different range of mineral tailings and also the economic aspects related to their transportation are yet to be resolved. Thus the development of improved tailing disposal system is of paramount importance and need of the hour. Filtration of tailings after thickening is an alternative to current practices. However, the suitability of this application is to be assessed for tailings of different nature. In this perspective an attempt has been made to assess the filterability of tailings generated from beneficiation of slimes from Donimalai area. From the studies it is evident that the application of filtration process to these tailings is encouraging. By adopting pressure filtration technique it was possible to produce filtered tailings with moisture in the range of 16 - 21%. It is possible to get the filtration rate in the range of 200 – 300 Kg/hr/m2 while operating in the aforesaid moisture range. The greatest advantage ascertained is in the reduction in volume of tailings to be disposed by around 63% which is significant apart from increase in the water recovery by about 10%.
Study of the mechanical fracture behavior of rigid PVC pipes buried supply of...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hand gesture recognition using support vector machinetheijes
1) The document describes a system for hand gesture recognition using support vector machines. It uses Canny's edge detection algorithm and histogram of gradients (HOG) for feature extraction from input images of hand gestures.
2) The system is trained using a dataset of predefined hand gestures. During testing, it compares the features extracted from new input images to those in the training dataset and classifies the gesture using an SVM classifier.
3) Experimental results found the system could accurately recognize 20 different static hand gestures in complex backgrounds. However, the authors note that future work could focus on real-time gesture recognition and reducing complexity for faster processing.
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Design and Analysis of Solar Powered RC Aircrafttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Tdtd-Edr: Time Orient Delay Tolerant Density Estimation Technique Based Data ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted on a thermal power plant in Jordan. The power plant produces 14.36 MW through a Rankine cycle using natural gas. A preliminary energy audit evaluated the performance of the plant's components, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and pumps. The results showed deviations in efficiency for all components compared to their design specifications. Specifically, the boiler had the largest deviation of 4.9% efficiency, likely due to poor water and fuel quality and heat loss. Several solutions were proposed to improve the plant's efficiency.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
POWER GENERATION BASED ON WASTE HEAT RECOVERYIRJET Journal
This document discusses power generation using waste heat recovery with the Kalina cycle. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of generating electricity from low-grade heat sources. The Kalina cycle is proposed as a solution, using ammonia and water as a working fluid that allows for heat recovery from flue gases. Simulation of the Kalina cycle was performed using Aspen Plus software. The simulation varied the ammonia fraction and calculated the generated power and efficiency. Previous studies on the Kalina cycle are also summarized that found it can increase efficiency over Rankine cycles for waste heat sources.
Energy Based Analysis of a Thermal Power Station for Energy Efficiency Improv...IJMER
Despite of growth of renewable energy stations installations like wind, solar, Tidal power, the energy for the world depends heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. It is also expected to continue the dependence on fossil fuels for next few decades. Therefore, given the continued reliance on the fossil fuels for some time, it is important to note these plants must reduce their environmental impact by operating fossil fuels more efficiently. Two types of analysis namely, energy and exergy analysis can be developed for the system. Energy analysis based on first law of thermodynamics cannot be applied as it cannot justify the real useful energy loss because it does not differentiate between the quality and quantity of energy within the system. Whereas, exergy analysis will characterize the work potential of a system based on the second law of thermodynamics and the maximum work that can be obtained from the system when its state is brought to the reference or dead state (standard atmospheric conditions).This technical paper presents the results of exergy and energy analysis carried out on 62 MW coal-based thermal power plant to evaluate the performance. The performance of the plant was estimated by a component-wise modeling followed by a system simulation. A parametric study is conducted for the thermal plant under various operating conditions, including different operating condenser pressures, temperatures and flow rates of cooling water across the condenser etc, in order to determine which parameter that maximizes plant performance. Energy loss distribution to find out the amount and source of irreversibilities generated in boiler and turbine in a plant so that any process in the system having largest energy destruction can be identified and that helps the designer to re design the system components.
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
IRJET- Performance and Evaluation of Aqua Ammonia Air Conditioner System ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the performance evaluation of an aqua-ammonia air conditioning system for automobiles that uses waste exhaust heat from the vehicle engine. The study examines how the generator and absorption refrigeration system can utilize the available waste heat. Results found that the cooling capacity was affected by the ammonia concentration and provided acceptable cooling between 1-1.5 tons. The coefficient of performance was highest at higher generator and evaporator temperatures but decreased with increasing condenser and absorber temperatures. Overall, the study shows that an aqua-ammonia vapor absorption system has the potential to provide air conditioning for vehicles using only waste exhaust heat from the engine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Energy and Exergy Analysis of Multiple Extraction Cum Condensing Stea...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the energy and exergy of a multiple extraction condensing steam turbine. It presents:
1) An analysis of the energy and exergy at 70% and 85% rated capacity, calculating inputs, outputs, efficiencies, and losses. The energy efficiency was 74% and 84.85% respectively, while exergy efficiency was 66.26% and 72%.
2) Details of the 19MW steam turbine plant, including specifications of the turbine, boiler, fuel used, and operating conditions. Steam is extracted for heating before exiting the turbine.
3) Definitions of energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and other parameters. Exergy analysis can identify actual energy losses and their locations better
IRJET - IC Engine Waste Heat Recovery SystemsIRJET Journal
The document discusses waste heat recovery systems for internal combustion engines. It describes two main methods - the organic Rankine cycle and thermoelectric generators. The organic Rankine cycle uses a heat exchanger, turbine, condenser and pump to convert waste heat from exhaust gases into useful work. Thermoelectric generators use the Seebeck effect to directly convert a temperature difference into electricity. Both methods can potentially improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by capturing some of the waste heat from engines that would otherwise be lost.
IRJET- IC Engine Waste Heat Recovery SystemsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes various waste heat recovery systems for internal combustion engines. It discusses organic Rankine cycle systems and thermoelectric generator systems for recovering heat from engine exhaust gases. Organic Rankine cycle systems use a turbine to convert the thermal energy of exhaust gases into electricity via a Rankine cycle. Thermoelectric generators use the Seebeck effect to directly convert a temperature difference into electricity. The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these waste heat recovery technologies and their potential to improve engine efficiency and reduce emissions.
IRJET- Improve the Efficiency of Combined Cycle Power PlantIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of combined cycle power plants. It begins with an introduction to combined cycle power plants, which improve efficiency by capturing waste heat from a gas turbine to power a steam turbine. Recent research has achieved total efficiencies of 50-60%. The document then discusses several proposed methods to further improve efficiency, such as increasing steam temperatures and pressures or implementing reheat. Calculations show these methods could increase the net efficiency of steam turbines by 22.1%, gas turbines by 12.9%, and the steam part of combined cycle plants by 4.2%. The conclusion states that improving efficiency is important as global energy demand grows to produce more electricity at lower cost.
Efficiency improvement by Energy optimization programme in Energy intensive i...Rahul Chaturvedi
Study of operation of entire power plant and recommend best solution for optimizing the efficiency where ever possible. study of thermal systems as well as electrical system in energy intensive industry. Study of the power plant and achieve maximum efficiency through Analyse the energy performance. Energy performance of heat loss by the system , which include radiation and convection loss by the system. leading to energy and cost savings where ever possible. Performance assessment of steam distribution system which is a valuable source of heat and pure water and condensate recovery through steam trap management
My results reveal that industry does not care about the energy management and there is an energy efficiency gap which is resulting lack of energy technology provided by the industry .It was reveal that the energy saving measures in the industry have potential to recover these energy wastage and implement energy efficient technology.
IRJET- Performance Assessment of Grid Connected 1.1 MWp Solar Photo-Voltaic P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the performance assessment of a 1.1 megawatt solar photovoltaic plant located in India. It describes the technical details and specifications of the solar panels, inverters, and overall system. It then discusses the methodology used to analyze the plant's performance, including generation analysis, inverter loss analysis, inverter efficiency, system loss analysis, and performance ratio analysis. The results of simulating the plant's performance using PVSYST software are also presented and compared to actual measured performance data. Key findings include the plant generating an average of 166 kilowatt-hours per month with losses primarily coming from dust, temperature effects, and system wiring.
Numerical simulation of Hybrid Generation System: a case studyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that simulates a hybrid power generation system for an area in Tamanrasset, Algeria using HOMER software. The system combines wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, diesel generators, and batteries. Solar radiation, wind speed, and load data for the area are presented. The simulation process and components of the hybrid system are defined in HOMER. Simulation results will validate the technical and economic feasibility of the hybrid system to reduce dependence on diesel generators and lower emissions.
Use of exhaust heat energy of two wheelers to generate power by seebeck effectIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat from vehicle exhaust into electricity. It discusses how the Seebeck effect allows direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage. Studies have placed thermoelectric modules in contact with exhaust systems to generate power from the temperature difference between hot exhaust gases and coolant. The document reviews several past studies on thermoelectric generator design, materials, and power generation performance in vehicle exhaust systems. It finds that while thermoelectric generators can recover some wasted heat, the potential power is usually just enough to power vehicle accessories rather than significantly improving fuel efficiency. Proper system design is needed to maximize energy recovery from exhaust, cooling, and lubrication waste heat streams.
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Softwareijtsrd
A hybrid power system is to avoid the use of depleting fossil fuels, improve the technical performance and reduce the greenhouse gases emission. Depending on the renewable energy sources, it is connected in the main grid or operates separately. Because of these reasons, operation, control and grid integration of renewable sources is a task of fundamental importance in modern power system. Hybrid power system modes must be studied.The simulation was carried out using various combinations of optimization and sensitivity variables developed in HOMER. The economic parameters play central role of deciding the dimension, feasibility and optimization of a proposed system. In order to achieve lowest Net Present Cost NPC , comparison of diesel generating system and wind diesel systems were compares for i economic ii technical and iii environmental parameters. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Analysis of Wind-Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26729.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26729/analysis-of-wind-diesel-hybrid-system-by-homer-software/theingi-htun
This document discusses exergetic and thermoeconomic analysis of a coal-fired power plant. It begins with definitions of exergy as usable work and explanations of energy and exergy analysis. It then describes various thermoeconomic analysis methods including Specific Exergy Costing (SPECO) and Modified Production Structural Analysis (MOPSA). SPECO and MOPSA are applied to a sample coal-fired power plant model to determine the unit exergy costs of each stream. The results of exergy and economic analyses of the plant are presented, identifying locations for potential efficiency improvements.
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Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with Second Law Efficiency, Condenser Pressure and Rankine Cycle
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 9 || Pages || PP -18-29|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 18
Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant with
Second Law Efficiency, Condenser Pressure and Rankine Cycle
Adeyinka O. Adeoye Christian O. Osueke Anthony O. Onokwai
Department of Mechatronics Department of Mechanical Department of Mechanical
Engineering Afe Babalola University Engineering Landmark University Engineering Landmark University
Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria Omu-Aran, Kwara State Nigeria Omu-Aran, Kwara State Nigeria
Chinedu A.K Ezugwu
Department of Mechanical
Engineering Landmark University
Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Energy analysis, thermodynamic second law and Rankine cycle are universal method for enhancing the
performance of power plant. Experimental data of 75MW power plant was obtained, mass; energy balance and
thermodynamic second law were used to analysis the exergy efficiency while Rankine cycle was used to calculate
the overall efficiency of the plant as well as varying the condenser pressure. Results obtained showed that an
increase in the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiency of the
plant. Also as the condenser pressure increases, the efficiency of the plant decreases. The condenser pressure
must be reduced in order to decrease the cause’s irreveribilities in the system. Also, the plant should be operated
above 50% of the operating capacity of the plant, to minimize wastage of energy consumption because more
energy will be generated in the boiler even when not in used.
Keywords – Energy analysis, energy efficiency, exergy analysis, exergy efficiency, power plant, rankine cycle,
laws of thermodynamic.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission:21 August 2015 Date of Accepted: 30 September 2015
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Regardless of improvement in renewable energy stations like wind, sun based power, and tidal power,
the energy for the world depends intensely on fossil fuels for her power generation. It is however foreseen that
the world may continue to depend extensively on fossil fuels, for the generation of energy for decades. Despite
the exhaustion of fossil fuel and ecological concerns, for instance, environmental change, the dependence on oil
is put at 60% between independence and 2014, from which 94% is attributed to regular gas and 96% for coal
Rosen, M.A [1]. The fossil fuels are predominately use in energy generation and it is ideal to quantify same in
power plants as to ascertain areas where losses can be cubed. Energy and exergy are the two basic processes
utilized in the analysis of steam power plant. In energy analysis first law of thermodynamics cannot be
considered as a tool because there is no correlation between it and energy loss in a system. Moreover, if it is
applied there wouldn’t be clear separation between the quality and amount of energy inside the system, and it
can’t describe the irreversibility of the procedure therein. However, exergy analysis will evaluate the work
capacity of a system using second law of thermodynamics and the most extreme work that can be performed by
the system. In time past. exergy studies were used in the analysis of power plants, as a means to improve the
energy generation and turbine power. Habib et.al .and Zubair et.al [2] used second law of thermodynamic in
the analysis of regenerative Rankine power plants with reheating process. Sengupta et al. [3] led an exergy
evalution of a 210 MW thermal power plant in India. Rosen et.al. [4], [5], [6], [7] performed exergy analysis
of power plants that work on diverse fuels and further researched on costs analysis of thermal power plant and
thermodynamic losses.
In recent time, the exergetic analysis has been found to be an important valuable tool in the design, evaluation,
and optimization of thermal power plants. Consequently, exergetic analysis can give a complete and ideal state
of a system. Generally, the Exergy analysis is an important tool for advancement, evaluation and improvement
2. Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant…
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of present energy utilization of power plants Vuckokic G. D et al, [8]. For complex energy systems, with broad
number of parts, exergy destruction of certain segments depends on the systems qualities and the distinctive
segments inefficiencies. The traditional exergy analysis demonstrates certain hindrances which significantly
contribute in the overall performance in exergy analysis [9]. Mohammed Y. et al. [10] showed all the essential
component in exergy analysis of a novel co-generation idea that joined LNG regasification with the generation
of power.
(Osueke C. et al, [7] studied Energy and Exergy analysis of a Sapele steam power plant. The main aim was to
identify areas where energy loss are occurring and develop them for proficient and viable change in a thermal
power station. Experimental data was collected from Sapele steam power plant. The mass balance, energy
analysis and the efficiencies of the overall plant was determined. Likewise energy losses of all the major
components on the power plant were properly identified and mathematical equations leading to the novel
analysis developed. It was deduced that energy losses mainly occurred in the boiler where 105KW is lost to the
environment while only 15.7 KW was lost from the condenser system. The percentage ratio of the exergy
destruction to the total exergy destruction was found to be maximum in the boiler system (47%) followed by the
turbine (42%), and then the condenser (7%). In addition, the exergy efficiency of the power cycle was 25%. No
drastic change was noticed in the performance of major components for a moderate change in the reference
environmental state temperature, and the main conclusion remained the same, meaning that the boiler is the
major source of irreversibilities in the power plant while chemical reaction is the most significant source of
exergy destruction
Amir V. et al. [11] portrayed Carnot Cycle as the best cycle for the determination of temperature variation in
any thermal system. George and Park [12] examines how to estimate the avoidable and unavoidable exergy
destruction and investment costs connected with compressors, turbines, heat exchangers and burning chambers.
This general procedure, though considering various subjective decisions, supports and upgrades usages of
exergoeconomics. Kotas [13] clarified in this work the idea of exergy used to characterize criteria of
performance of thermal plant. The dispersion of the exergy losses in a few plant components amid the constant
plant running conditions has been evaluated to find the procedure irreversibility. The correlation between the
energy losses and the exergy losses of the individual segments of the plant shows that the greatest energy losses
of 39% happen in the condenser, while the most extreme exergy losses of 42.73% happen in the combustor. In
the analysis, exergy systems notwithstanding, more routine energy analysis are utilized to assess general and
components efficiencies and to distinguish and evaluate the thermodynamic losses. Datta et al. [14] studied
exergy analysis of a coal-based thermally constrain plant using the setup data from a 210 MW thermal power
plant under operation in India. The exergy efficiency was determined using the working data from the plant at
distinctive conditions, at distinctive loads and distinctive condenser pressures. It is watched that the genuine
wellspring of irreversibility in the power cycle is the boiler, which adds to exergy pulverization of the
solicitation of 60%. Part stack operation builds the irreversibilities in the cycle and the impact is more
professed with the diminishment of the heap. Increment in the condenser back pressure diminishes the exergy
efficiency. Aljundi [15] in his work studied the energy and exergy analysis of Al-Hussein power plant in Jordan.
The main objectives of this paper are to investigate the system components independently and to distinguish and
evaluate the areas having biggest energy and exergy losses. Dai et al. [16] in their work analysed exergy for an
ideal system, and a parameter optimization for every ideal system is accomplished by method of hereditary
algorithm so as to achieve the maximum exergy efficiency. The bond production is an energy concentrated
industry with energy regularly representing 50-60% of the production costs.
This research work deals with the enhancement of the Performance of 75MW steam power plant with second
law method, Exergy analysis, Rankine Cycle and Condenser Pressure. It enumerated the causes of energy and
exergy losses in the system as well as the effect of power output on the plant efficiencies.
XI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1) Plant Description
Sapele power plc, Sapele is a thermal generating station located in Nigeria’s gas-rich Delta State.
Sapele has an installed capacity of 1020MW. It powers six, 120MWsteam turbines which generate a daily
average of 86.72MWH/H or approximately 2500GW/H annually. Sapele power plant currently operates at peak
capacity of 972MW.
Sapele power plan is strategically located in Niger Delta region close to sources of both natural gas
feed stock and a river for cooling its steam turbine generators. Sapele power plant includes an updated control
room, a switch gear room, a staff training school and medical and recreation facilities. It began operations in
1978. Figure 3.1 displays a schematic diagram for a 70MW unit of a power plant.
3. Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant…
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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the power plant
TABLE 1. Operating Condition of the Power Plant
Operating condition Value
Acting Power 70MW
Reacting Power @ generator 15MVAR
Frequency 50.9
Turbine Power Output 120
Feed Water Pressure 200Kg/
Extraction Steam Pressure 5Kg/
Extraction Steam mass flow rate 103.438Kg/s
Thermal Efficiency 35%
Source: Sapele 1978
TABLE 2 Properties of Heavy Oil Used In Sapele Power Plant for March 2015
Property Value
Flash point 210
Kinematic Viscosity @ 40 65.69cSt
Boiling point 316
Specific gravity 0.87
Density @15 869kg/
vapour pressure@20 0.1mmHg
Vapour density 1
Source: Sapele 1978
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2) Rankine Cycle Analysis of the Superheated Steam Power Plant
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of power plant with reheat Figure 4. Schematic diagram of rankine cycle
41451 hhWQ
dhWQ
(1)
121212 hhWQ
Work output, 2112 hhW (2)
Condenser:
2323 hhWQ
Since
2323
0
hhQ
W
Therefore
Heat rejected in condenser, 3223 hhQ (3)
Pump:
343434 hhWQ
The compression is isentropic (i.e, 43 ss ) and adiabatic(i.e, Q=0). Therefore
3434 hhW
i.e work input to pump, 3434 hhW (4)
This is the pump-term and as it is a small quantity in comparison with the turbine work output, ,12W it is
usually neglected, especially when boiler pressure are low.
Net work input for the cycle 3412 WWW
i.e 3412 hhhhW (5)
or Network output, 21 hhW (6)
The heat supplied in the boiler, 21451 hhQ . Then we have
Rankine efficiency, rn net work output/heat supplied in the boiler (7)
41
3421
hh
hhhh
nR
or
3431
3421
hhhh
hhhh
nR
(8)
If the feed-pump term, 34 hh , is neglected
5. Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant…
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31
21
hh
hh
nR
(9)
When the feed-pump term is to be included it is necessary to evaluate the quantity, 34W .
From equation (4)
Pump work = 3434 hhW
It can be shown that for a liquid, which is assumed to be incompressible (i.e. =constant), the increase in
enthalpy for isentropic compression is given by
)( 3434 pphh
The proof is as follows. For a reversible adiabatic process
0 dpdhdQ
Therefore
dpdh
i.e.
4
3
4
3
dpdh
for a liquid, since is approximately constant, we have
)( 34
4
3
34 ppdphh
i.e. )( 3434 pphh
therefore
Pump work input = )( 3434 pphh (10)
where can be taken from tables for water at the pressure 3p
III . ENERGY ANALYSIS OF COMPONENT IN THE POWER PLANT
1) Steam Turbine
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of Turbine
1.1. Mass balance:
= + + + + + (11a)
1.2. Energy Balance:
= + + + + + + (11b)
1.3. Exergy Destruction:
(11c)
(11d)
+ + + + + (11e)
1.4. Work Output (W) = = 16.78KW
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2) Condenser
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of condenser
2.1. Mass Balance = + = + (12a)
2.2. Energy Balance = + = + (12b)
(12c)
+ (12d)
2.3. Exergy Destruction. = (12e)
3) Deaerator
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of deaerator
3.1. Mass Balance = + + = (13a)
3.2. Energy Balance = + + = (13b)
3.3. Exergy Destruction = (13c)
(13d)
(13e)
4) Boiler Feed Pump
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of boiler feed pump
4.1. Mass Balance = = (14a)
4.2. Energy Balance = = (14b)
4.3. Exergy Destruction. = + (14c)
(14d)
(14e)
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5) Condensate Receive Tank (C.R.T)
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of condensate receive tank
5.1. Mass Balance = + = (15a)
5.2. Energy Balance = + = (15b)
5.3. Exergy Destruction. = (15c)
(15d)
(15e)
6) High Pressure Heater 1
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of high pressure heater 1
6.1. Mass Balance = + = (16a)
6.2. Energy Balance = + = (16b)
6.3. Exergy Destruction. = (16c)
(16d)
(16e)
7) High Pressure Heater 2
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of high pressure heater 2
7.1. Mass Balance = + + = (17a)
7.2. Energy Balance = + + = (17b)
7.3. Exergy Destruction. = (17c)
(17d)
= (17e)
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8) Low Pressure Heater 1
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of low pressure heater 1
8.1. Mass Balance = + = + (18a)
8.2. Energy Balance = + = + (18b)
8.3. Exergy Destruction. = (18c)
(18d)
+ (18e)
9) Low Pressure Heater 2
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of low pressure heater 2
9.1. Mass Balance = + = + (19a)
9.2. Balance = + = + (19b)
9.3. Exergy Destruction. = (19c)
(19d)
+ (19e)
Mass, energy, and exergy balances for any control volume at steady state with negligible potential and
kinetic energy changes can be expressed, respectively, by
(20a)
(20b)
(20c)
where the net exergy transfer by ( at temperature T is given by
(20d)
and the specific exergy is given by
(20e)
Then the total exergy rate associated with a fluid stream becomes
(20f)
%100% x
E
Ed
Ed
in
(20g)
Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the power plant can be calculated as
in
net
ppth
Q
W
n
.
, (21)
.
,
.
,
, 1
inx
dx
ppex
E
E
n (22)
235
.
hhhQ (23)
9. Enhancing the Performance of 75mw Steam Power Plant…
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10) Analysis with a full load operation condition
The entire system had been covered in analysis with full load operation condition. The power plant was
analyzed using the above relation nothing that the environment reference temperature and pressure are 298K and
1.013bar respectively. The distribution of energy addition exergy losses and exergy consumption for different
components has been worked out on the basis of analysis exergetic efficiency for boiler; turbine and other
components have been calculated.
IV . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 3. Energy analysis of the power plant when T = 298.15K, P= 101.3KPa
POINT T(K) P(MPa) M(ton/h) h(kj/kg) s(kj/kgk) Ѱ(kj/kg) X(MW
1 628.4 3.0071 16.72 3128.6 6.7643 1117.434 5.189861
2 514.3 1.8713 13.82 2887.5 6.5614 936.7984 3.596265
3 439.9 0.4219 15.41 2789.33 7.01229 704.2632 3.014638
4 434.2 0.3131 12.73 2784.65 7.1316 664.0288 2.34808
5 375.7 0.0813 5.43 2687.68 7.7085 395.1426 0.596007
6 331.7 0.0118 198.62 2674.3 5.4638 163.089 16.998005
7 318.9 0.0118 198.62 192.202 0.7038 12.9348 0.71364
8 318.9 0.011 211.00 1462.0 5.5612 13.0358 0.76404
9 320.1 0.0112 211.00 1462.0 5.5372 18.8888 1.10709
10 314.2 0.0113 19.15 197.39 0.6747 0.925 0.00492
11 320.2 0.0319 211.00 274.67 0.899 11.3636 0.666033
12 326.2 0.0843 12.73 301.15 0.9727 15.881 0.056157
13 430.9 0.3968 211.00 418.14 1.2832 40.342 2.364489
14 438.9 1.0020 265.00 580.94 1.6800 84.8956 6.249259
15 456.5 12.5859 265.00 596.55 1.6731 102.5618 7.549688
16 445.1 0.9700 42.71 615.58 1.7465 99.7186 1.18305
17 433.1 10.223 265.00 731.49 1.9796 146.1648 10.75935
18 436.1 1.9814 15.70 748.34 2.2127 93.551 0.407986
19 484.6 9.9280 265.00 877.52 2.4625 148.2906 10.91584
20 783.5 8.7280 265.00 2608.32 6.6669 626.1794 108.09376
Output air 318.15 0.1013 23.900 444.68 3.9468 726.871 4.82561
TABLE 4. Total exergy (MW) and temperature rate at different reference environment temperature (K)
283 288 293 298 303
1 5.643 5.490 5.339 5.189 5.042
2 3.959 3.836 3.715 3.596 3.478
3 3.448 3.302 3.157 3.015 2.873
4 2.713 2.589 2.468 2.348 2.229
5 0.765 0.707 0.652 0.596 0.541
6 15.591 13.373 11.176 8.998 6.841
7 0.343 0.486 0.690 0.714 0.796
8 0.372 0.524 0.654 0.764 0.851
9 0.701 0.858 0.993 1.108 1.199
10 0.038 0.025 0.0142 0.005 0.002
11 1.232 1.022 0.833 0.666 0.521
12 0.094 0.080 0.067 0.056 0.046
13 3.268 2.945 2.646 2.364 2.106
14 7.822 7.271 6.747 6.249 5.779
15 9.115 8.566 8.045 7.549 7.082
16 1.448 1.355 1.267 1.183 1.1033
17 12.663 12.001 11.367 10.759 10.179
18 0.536 0.492 0.449 0.408 0.368
19 13.352 12.513 11.702 10.915 10.157
20 53.173 50.786 48.427 46.049 43.788
0utput air 4.458 4.583 4.705 4.826 4.943
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TABLE 5. Reference environment temperature against efficiencies
Reference
Environment
Temperature(K)
Qin(MW) Wnet(MW) nth,pp(%) nR(%) Exergy
efficiency
(%)
Exergy
Destruction
(%)
283.15 35666.6 1242.29 22.5 47.2 29.4 60.4
288.15 5972.37 1381.46 23.1 50.1 30.3 60.7
293.15 6000.82 1383.47 23.4 50.4 30.6 61.2
298.15 6003.04 1394.72 23.9 53.7 30.9 61.5
TABLE 6. Condenser pressure against thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency and cycle efficiency.
Condenser
Pressure
(KPa)
Thermal
efficiency
(%)
Exergy Efficiency
(%)
Cycle
efficiency
(%)
Heat transfer
to
boiler(KJ/Kg)
Heat
rejection
of
condenser
(KJ/Kg)
8.5 22.4 28.5 46.3 4070.8 2501.3
9.5 21.9 28.1 45.9 3946.3 2454.2
10.5 21.4 27.6 45.3 3910.4 2137.8
11.5 21.0 27.2 45.0 3875.8 2012.9
12.5 20.7 26.8 44.5 3808.8 1988.5
13.5 20.2 26.3 44.2 3784.7 1904.1
TABLE 7. Results of power output against efficiencies
Power
Output
(KW)
Thermal
Efficiency
(%)
Exergy
Efficiency
(%)
22 29.5 44.8
27 29.9 45.3
32 30.2 45.9
37 30.6 46.1
42 30.9 46.6
47 31.4 46.9
Figure 13. Graph of condenser pressure against heat transfer to boiler and heat rejection to condenser
Fig 13. shows increase in heat rejection of condenser and decrease in heat transfer to boiler as the
condenser pressure increases. The heat loss leads to wastage in energy consumption, because energy is consume
even when not in use. In order to eliminate heat losses in the boiler, the condenser pressure must be reduce, but
must not let the water outlet from the condenser to freeze or cause water droplets at the turbine exhaust.
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Figure 14. Graph of reference environment temperature vs. efficiencies
Fig 14. Shows a gradual increase in the efficiencies of the steam power plant as a result of increase in
the reference environment temperature. It can be deduced that that the efficiency of the plant is affected by the
surrounding temperature that is the inlet air temperature. To ensure maximum efficiency of the plant, the
reference environment temperature must be increased.
Figure 15. Graph of power output against efficiencies
Fig 15. Shows a steady increase in the thermal and exergy efficiencies of the plant as the power output
increases. The operation of the power plant should not fall below 40% the designed capacity, because this will
lead to an increase in the irreversibilities in the system and wastage in energy consumption. The plant should be
operated in full load capacity (75MW) and not part load to enhance the efficiency of the plant.
Figure 16. Graph of condenser pressure vs. efficiencies
Fig 4. shows a steady decrease in the efficiency of the plant as the condenser pressure increases. The
condenser pressure must be reduced to ensure maximum utilization of the plant.
V. CONCLUSION
In this research, exergy analysis, energy balance, second law efficiency and varying the condenser
pressure of the power plant has been presented. The results show that an increase in the condenser pressure is
lead to gradual decrease in the efficiencies and heat transfer of the plant as well as increase the heat rejection of
condenser. An increase in the reference environment temperature results in considerable increase in the
efficiency of the power plant. It is observed that the plant should be operated in full capacity in order to increase
its power output, thus reducing the rate of heat loss and energy consumption in the plant.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the Management and staff of Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State and
Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State for providing the enabling environment to carry out this research
work. Also, special thanks go to the management and staff of Sapele Power Plant, Delta State for their efforts in
providing plant technical data.
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