A shortcoming with regard to current mode choice models in developing countries includes for example, the role of subjective factors in mode choice, which could vary significantly from developed countries; this is an issue which is not well understood. Captivity effects and the reluctance of personal vehicle users to use other travel modes remain to be better understood for demand forecasting applications. In specific, it is well known that only men are allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. However, the state of captivity to the private car has not been investigated. This paper investigates captivity to the private car in Saudi Arabia. Survey questionnaires were designed for data collection in Tabuk city of Saudi Arabia. Data has been collected on a number of characteristics including information relating to current travel modes and patterns, characteristics and opinions and ratings of alternative travel modes in relation to a number of different criteria. Also, personal data which included age, marital status and family positioning have also been collected. In total 1200 surveys were distributed throughout the city of Tabuk.
As is the trend worldwide, India is undergoing rapid urbanization. This means not only that more people than ever before
will be living and working in cities, but also that more people and more goods will be making more and longer trips
in urban areas. The costs of increasing dependence on cars is resulting in expensive road building and maintenance,
clogged and congested roads, high levels of energy consumption along with its economic and environmental costs, worsening
air and noise pollution, traffic accidents and social inequities that arise when the poor find transportation services
increasingly unaffordable.
“Mode choice between Roadway and Waterway ... • Roadway and waterway are plays an important role in our country’s society and economy as well as in our multi-modal transportation system. Its low expenses and high accessibility, as compared with other alternatives, amplifies a great demand
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users Willingness to Payijtsrd
as a big transportation country, China has a huge traffic demand. There are four main modes of passenger transportation highway, waterway, railway and aviation. In recent years, the rapid development of high speed rail has further shortened the travel time of passenger rail travel mode. The rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and the rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and in the current peoples living standards are gradually improving, it is no longer just a matter of time Satisfied with the current situation of realizing the purpose of travel, people begin to pursue a higher consumption mode. From the change of the main social contradictions in China, we can see that people hope to get happiness and sense of gain in travel. This paper reviews the literature on passenger travel in recent years and expects to do some research in these aspects in the future. Li Feng | Guo Ling | Wang Yi "Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users' Willingness to Pay" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35829.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/consumer-behaviour/35829/review-on-the-analysis-of-civil-aviation-users-willingness-to-pay/li-feng
Satisfaction with public transport: the case of an university accessIJERA Editor
This study presents the results of a diagnostic survey on the users satisfaction with the public transportation
system which enables access to a higher education institution (HEI), relating it to some socio-bio-demographic
characteristics. The research instrument, based on fuzzy logic, was answered by 184 randomly selected
passengers. The statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Man Whitney,
Friedman and Wilcoxon). The results for the level of satisfaction were considered reasonable and it was
identified that the factors ''terminal/stops'' and ''comfort/service for passengers'' were the worst evaluated. It was
also identified that the age of the passengers, travel time and distance from the terminal/stop to the
origin/destination are associated with the level of satisfaction.
The governance of the risks of ridesharing in southeast asiaAraz Taeihagh
Smart and sustainable cities rely on innovative technologies to cater to the needs of their constituents. One such need is for sustainable transport. Ridesharing is one of the ways through which sustainable transport can be deployed in smart cities. Ridesharing entered Southeast Asia in 2013, changing the nature of transportation in the region. As with other disruptive innovations, the introduction of ridesharing comes with risks particularly to employment relations, data privacy, road congestion, and distribution of liability. Regulators across various countries have applied different strategies to govern these risks. We present a case study of five Southeast Asian countries, namely Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and examine how government authorities in these countries have governed the risks of ridesharing. Smart cities can effectively provide the sustainable transport needs of their constituents by taking a consistent and unified regulatory approach with new technologies and cooperating with regulators across different jurisdictions. Stakeholders should also be involved in the regulatory process to increase the acceptance of new technologies for transport. Smart cities can also deploy regulatory sandboxes and take a proactive governance approach to encourage the development of these new technologies and at the same time control their undesirable risks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
As is the trend worldwide, India is undergoing rapid urbanization. This means not only that more people than ever before
will be living and working in cities, but also that more people and more goods will be making more and longer trips
in urban areas. The costs of increasing dependence on cars is resulting in expensive road building and maintenance,
clogged and congested roads, high levels of energy consumption along with its economic and environmental costs, worsening
air and noise pollution, traffic accidents and social inequities that arise when the poor find transportation services
increasingly unaffordable.
“Mode choice between Roadway and Waterway ... • Roadway and waterway are plays an important role in our country’s society and economy as well as in our multi-modal transportation system. Its low expenses and high accessibility, as compared with other alternatives, amplifies a great demand
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users Willingness to Payijtsrd
as a big transportation country, China has a huge traffic demand. There are four main modes of passenger transportation highway, waterway, railway and aviation. In recent years, the rapid development of high speed rail has further shortened the travel time of passenger rail travel mode. The rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and the rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and in the current peoples living standards are gradually improving, it is no longer just a matter of time Satisfied with the current situation of realizing the purpose of travel, people begin to pursue a higher consumption mode. From the change of the main social contradictions in China, we can see that people hope to get happiness and sense of gain in travel. This paper reviews the literature on passenger travel in recent years and expects to do some research in these aspects in the future. Li Feng | Guo Ling | Wang Yi "Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users' Willingness to Pay" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35829.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/consumer-behaviour/35829/review-on-the-analysis-of-civil-aviation-users-willingness-to-pay/li-feng
Satisfaction with public transport: the case of an university accessIJERA Editor
This study presents the results of a diagnostic survey on the users satisfaction with the public transportation
system which enables access to a higher education institution (HEI), relating it to some socio-bio-demographic
characteristics. The research instrument, based on fuzzy logic, was answered by 184 randomly selected
passengers. The statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Man Whitney,
Friedman and Wilcoxon). The results for the level of satisfaction were considered reasonable and it was
identified that the factors ''terminal/stops'' and ''comfort/service for passengers'' were the worst evaluated. It was
also identified that the age of the passengers, travel time and distance from the terminal/stop to the
origin/destination are associated with the level of satisfaction.
The governance of the risks of ridesharing in southeast asiaAraz Taeihagh
Smart and sustainable cities rely on innovative technologies to cater to the needs of their constituents. One such need is for sustainable transport. Ridesharing is one of the ways through which sustainable transport can be deployed in smart cities. Ridesharing entered Southeast Asia in 2013, changing the nature of transportation in the region. As with other disruptive innovations, the introduction of ridesharing comes with risks particularly to employment relations, data privacy, road congestion, and distribution of liability. Regulators across various countries have applied different strategies to govern these risks. We present a case study of five Southeast Asian countries, namely Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and examine how government authorities in these countries have governed the risks of ridesharing. Smart cities can effectively provide the sustainable transport needs of their constituents by taking a consistent and unified regulatory approach with new technologies and cooperating with regulators across different jurisdictions. Stakeholders should also be involved in the regulatory process to increase the acceptance of new technologies for transport. Smart cities can also deploy regulatory sandboxes and take a proactive governance approach to encourage the development of these new technologies and at the same time control their undesirable risks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Mechanical Behavior Of A Nylon Seat Belt Exposed To Cyclical Loads: A Num...IJERA Editor
This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of a nylon seat belt when it is exposed to cyclical loads through
the Finite Element Methods. This work used as base the brazilian regulamentoy standard ABNT NBR 7337:2011
to create the virtual model of the seat belt, with the following dimensions: 1.20mm thick, 48mm width and
250mm length. The next step was to import this CAD model to ANSYS 14.5 software, to create the correct
material model for this case and apply the correct boundary conditions in order to analyze its behavior under a
load that varies from 0 to 2000 N at a 10 Hz frequency. The final step was to analyze this numerical results that
referring to this component under these conditions.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
Multi criteria Decision model (MCDM) for the evaluation of maintenance practi...IJERA Editor
The perceptible impact of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) lies in raising productivity standards, gaining
profitability, and improving the quality besides cutting down the non value added costs greatly. This paper is
an attempt to provide a frame work and pragmatic approach in implementation of TPM. A number of novel
success factors or practices that are responsible for the decisive role to overture the process are identified.
These practices are interchangeably called as sub-attributes. These practices must have evolved from different
strategies. The sub-attributes are quantified using least square multi attribute decision model (LSMADM) for
three alternatives strategies viz. corrective maintenance, reliability centered maintenance(RCM), and TPM. Any
sub-attribute irrespective of its own high or low relative score among the number of sub attributes is evaluated
over three alternative strategies. To implement any sub-attribute, an investigation of its highest relative score
for given alternatives will guide the managers to opt the best alternative. The best practices must come from
different strategies to get most optimal results. The priorities established using LSMADM will act as base line
to implement the industrial activities in a more systematic and balanced way to gain far-reaching optimized
productivity and quality standards. The higher priority task will be given higher consideration in terms of
committing the resources vis a vis less priority task. This will aid in orienting the collective efforts for optimal
outcomes.
A Novel Framework for Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) Using Parallel String MatchingIJERA Editor
Short tandem repeats (STRs) have become important molecular markers for a broad range of applications, such
as genome mapping and characterization, phenotype mapping, marker assisted selection of crop plants and a
range of molecular ecology and diversity studies. These repeated DNA sequences are found in both Plants and
bacteria. Most of the computer programs that find STRs failed to report its number of occurrences of the
repeated pattern, exact position and it is difficult task to obtain accurate results from the larger datasets. So we
need high performance computing models to extract certain repeats. One of the solution is STRs using parallel
string matching, it gives number of occurrences with corresponding line number and exact location or position
of each STR in the genome of any length. In this, we implemented parallel string matching using JAVA Multithreading
with multi core processing, for this we implemented a basic algorithm and made a comparison with
previous algorithms like Knuth Morris Pratt, Boyer Moore and Brute force string matching algorithms and from
the results our new basic algorithm gives better results than the previous algorithms. We apply this algorithm in
parallel string matching using multi-threading concept to reduce the time by running on multicore processors.
From the test results it is shown that the multicore processing is a remarkably efficient and powerful compared
to lower versions and finally this proposed STR using parallel string matching algorithm is better than the
sequential approaches.
MHD Free Convection from an Isothermal Truncated Cone with Variable Viscosity...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a study of MHD free convection flow of an electrically conducting incompressible fluid with
variable viscosity about an isothermal truncated cone in the presence of heat generation or absorption. The fluid
viscosity is assumed to vary as a inverse linear function of temperature. The non-linear coupled partial
differential equations governing the flow and heat transfer have been solved numerically by using an implicit
finite - difference scheme along with quasilinearization technique. The non-similar solutions have been obtained
for the problem, overcoming numerical difficulties near the leading edge and in the downstream regime. Results
indicate that skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by, both, viscosity-variation parameter and
magnetic field. In fact, the transverse magnetic field influences the momentum and thermal fields, considerably.
Further, skin friction is found to decrease and heat transfer increases near the leading edge. Also, it is found that
the direction of heat transfer gets reversed during heat generation.
Identification and Classification of Leaf Diseases in Turmeric PlantsIJERA Editor
Plant disease identification is the most important sector in agriculture. Turmeric is one of the important
rhizomatous crops grown in India. The turmeric leaf is highly exposed to diseases like rhizome rot, leaf spot,
and leaf blotch. The identification of plant diseases requires close monitoring and hence this paper adopts
technologies to manage turmeric plant diseases caused by fungi to enable production of high quality crop yields.
Various image processing and machine learning techniques are used to identify and classify the diseases in
turmeric leaf. The dataset with 800 leaf images of different categories were pre-processed and segmented to
promote efficient feature extraction. Machine learning algorithms like support vector machine, decision tree and
naïve bayes were applied to train the model. The performance of the model was evaluated using 10 fold cross
validation and the results are reported.
Solar-Photo-Mechanical Proofing Machine That Uses The Diazo Dry ProcessIJERA Editor
The development of a Solar- Photo-Mechanical Proofing Machine has been presented in this paper. Based on the fabrication and operational principles, the device is cheaper to operate, since an energy for its operation is sourced freely from the sun. It is envisaged that the machine will find wide applications in rural areas lacking electricity supplies due to the fact that the copies produced compared favourably with those printed with the conventional machine.
REVIEW: Previous Deception detection methods and New proposed method using in...IJERA Editor
Deception detection has important legal and medical applications, but the reliability of methods for the differentiation between truthful and deceptive responses is still limited. Deception detection can be more accurately achieved by measuring the brain correlates of lying in an individual. For the evaluation of the method, several participants were gone through the designed concealed information test paradigm and their respective brain signals were recorded. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded and separated into many single trials. To enhance signal noise ratio (SNR) of P3 components, the independent component analysis (ICA) method was adopted to separate non-P3 (i.e. artifacts) and P3 components from every single trial. Then the P3 waveforms with high SNR were reconstructed. And then group of features based on time, frequency, and amplitude were extracted from the reconstructed P3 waveforms. Finally, two different class of feature samples were used to train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier because it has higher performance compared with several other classifiers. The method presented in this paper improves the efficiency of CIT and deception detection in comparison with previous reported methods.
Bending moment of galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich panelIJERA Editor
The main objective of this project is to prepare a laminated with Galvanized iron thickness fractions, fiber
volume fractions and orientation in the layers of GF were fabricated by hand lay-up method and evaluated for
their bending moment properties of the sandwich panel using universal testing machine. This paper theoretically
calculates the bending behavior of sandwich panel. The recent need to develop a new range of materials has
resulted in the development of high performance lightweight composites with excellent properties. Metal–
composite systems consist of alternating layers of metal and fiber-reinforced polymer composites which are
bonded by an adhesive. Sandwich beams were tested under Air Bending. Stress-strain and stress-displacement
were recorded by using AIMIL UTM. The beam face sheets exhibited a softening non-linearity on the bending
side. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions from simple models. On an overall basis, the
sandwich panel exhibited better bending moment performance than the monolithic galvanized iron.
The structural analysis is an important tool that allows the research for weight reduction, the choose of the best materials and to satisfy specifications and requirements. In an aircraft’s design, several analyzes are made to prove that this aircraft will stand the set of maneuvers that it was designed to accomplish. This work will consider the preliminar project of an aircraft seeking to check the behavior of the wing under certain loading conditions in the flight envelope.To get to this load set, it has been done all the process of specification of an aircraft, such as mission definition, calculation of weight and c.g. envelope, definition of the geometric characteristics of the aircraft, the airfoil choice, preliminary performance equations, aerodynamic coefficients and the aircraft’s balancing for the equilibrium condition, but such things will not be considered in this article. For the structural analysis of the wing will be considered an arbitrary flight condition, disregarding the effect of gusts loads. With the acquisition of the items mentioned, the main forces acting on the wing structure and their equations will be calculated. The use of finite element method will enable the application of loads obtained just as the development of a method of calculation, along with the construction of a three-dimensional model that represents a chosen condition. The results will be discussed in order to explain the influence of the applied loads in the structural behavior of the wing principal structure.
Identification and Classification of Leaf Diseases in Turmeric PlantsIJERA Editor
Plant disease identification is the most important sector in agriculture. Turmeric is one of the important
rhizomatous crops grown in India. The turmeric leaf is highly exposed to diseases like rhizome rot, leaf spot,
and leaf blotch. The identification of plant diseases requires close monitoring and hence this paper adopts
technologies to manage turmeric plant diseases caused by fungi to enable production of high quality crop yields.
Various image processing and machine learning techniques are used to identify and classify the diseases in
turmeric leaf. The dataset with 800 leaf images of different categories were pre-processed and segmented to
promote efficient feature extraction. Machine learning algorithms like support vector machine, decision tree and
naïve bayes were applied to train the model. The performance of the model was evaluated using 10 fold cross
validation and the results are reported.
Broadband Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna With U Shaped Slot For Wima...IJERA Editor
The aim of this paper is to enhance the bandwidth of Rhombus ShapedMicrostrip Patch Antenna.For this purpose, we cut „U‟ shaped slot in the proposed antenna geometry. The dielectric substrate material of the antenna is glass epoxy FR4 having εr=4.4 and loss tangent 0.025. The performance of the final modified antenna is compared with that of a conventional Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna and conventional Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna. The designed antenna has two resonant frequencies 5.20 GHz and 5.58 GHz. So this antenna is best suitable for the WiMax applications. The designed antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 22.32%. This is approximately six times higher than that in a conventional rectangular patch antenna (Bandwidth= 3.6%) having the same dimensions.
Analysis and Design of One Dimensional Periodic Foundations for Seismic Base ...IJERA Editor
Periodic foundationis a new type of seismic base isolation system. It is inspired by the periodic material crystal
lattice in the solid state physics. This kind of material has a unique property, which is termed as frequency band
gap that is capable of blocking incoming waves having frequencies falling within the band gap. Consequently,
seismic waves having frequencies falling within the frequency band gap are blocked by the periodic foundation.
The ability to block the seismic waveshas put this kind of foundation as a prosperous next generation of seismic
base isolators. This paper provides analytical study on the one dimensional (1D) type periodic foundations to
investigate their seismic performance. The general idea of basic theory of one dimensional (1D) periodic
foundations is first presented.Then, the parametric studies considering infinite and finite boundary conditions are
discussed. The effect of superstructure on the frequency band gap is investigated as well. Based on the analytical
study, a set of equations is proposed for the design guidelines of 1D periodic foundations for seismic base
isolation of structures.
Experimental Studies on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Fish Oil ...IJERA Editor
Biodiesel is one of the most versatile alternative fuel options for direct injection CI engine applications. In the recent research of biodiesel in India receives its attention towards fish oil based biodiesel. The present work aimed at production of biodiesel from the fish oil extracted from marine fish species by transesterification process which is used as fuel in direct injection CI engine to evaluate its performance, and emission characteristics at different injection opening pressures of 190bar, 200bar, 210bar. The different blends of fish oil biodiesel with diesel, B10, B20, B30, B40, B50 and B100 were used in the experiments and the results indicate that brake thermal efficiency were higher with B30 blend fuel than that of diesel at 210bar as compared at 190bar and 200bar. The brake specific energy consumption for B30 blend at 210bar shows better results than that of diesel. By considering these two performance parameters B30 blend at 210 bar injection opening pressure is taken as optimum. At full load for B30 fuel at 210bar injection opening pressure the emission results shows that there is increase in NOx and CO2 emission but reduction in CO and HC emissions by 20% and 15.55% respectively with reference to diesel fuel.
Composite Behaviour of Unbraced Multi-Storey Reinforced Concrete Infilled Fra...IJERA Editor
A comparative assessment on analytical outputs of the composite behavior of multi-storey reinforced concrete infilled frames using the macro models of the one-strut configuration and the finite element micro model is presented. The effect of openings in the infill was given particular attention in multi-storey building frames. The analysis demonstrated the simplicity of modified one-strut model, compared to the more complex multi strut and FE models while at the same time yielding highly accurate results. The introduction of the shear stress reduction factor clearly enhanced the efficiency of the one-strut model to reproduce the shear strength, lateral stiffness and seismic demand of infilled frames with openings.
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
Solar Thermochemical Conversion of CO2 into C via SnO2/SnO Redox Cycle: A The...IJERA Editor
In this paper we report the computational thermodynamic modeling of the solar thermochemical SnO2/SnO
redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting. In this redox cycle, the first step corresponds to the solar
thermal reduction of SnO2 into SnO and O2 in presence of inert atmosphere. The second step, which is a nonsolar
exothermic stage, is the reaction of SnO with CO2 to produce solid C together with SnO2 that is recycled
back to the first step. Commercially available HSC Chemistry software and databases were used for the
computational thermodynamic modeling of this process. The thermodynamic analysis was performed in two
sections: 1) equilibrium composition analysis, and 2) exergy analysis. Results obtained via the computational
thermodynamic modeling are presented in detail. The simulation results indicate that the solar thermochemical
SnO2/SnO redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting can achieve the solar to fuel conversion
efficiency upto 12%.
Design of Three Phase Matrix Converter AC-AC Utility Power Supply using SPWM ...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the control analysis and design of an three phase matrix AC-AC utility power supply .The
SPWM modulation techniques is used to control the desired output voltage and gives the control output voltage
and reduced input harmonic distortions .In this Matrix converter Input is directly connected to output no DC
link components is required. Simulation had been done using mat lab simulink and Simulated results are
observed
Natural Gas Conditioning and Processing From Marginal Fields Using Modular Te...IJERA Editor
Gas flaring in Nigeria is a major pollution concern for the environment and health of Nigerians. Burning of
natural gas brings about emitting of carbon monoxide into the environment as well as warm up the environment,
thereby contributing to the global warming scourge. The lack of processing this gas has also led to loss of
revenue in a sector where there is a likelihood of otherwise generating more revenue in the country. Gas
conditioning and processing in Nigeria has brought about certain level of solutions to the flaring of natural gas
in the country. This paper discusses a modular technology associated with the conditioning and processing of
natural gas that marginal fields can partake-in in Nigeria to monetize natural gas in the country using a typical
Nigeria natural gas plant located in Delta State as a cased study. There have been lots of discouragement in the
past about investing in associated gas produced during crude oil production, but the study on this particular gas
plant in Nigeria shows solutions to most of this problems. The gas plant LPG facility is a modular assembly of
process equipment linked with interconnecting pipework for scalability and ease of deployment. The design
took into consideration the specific composition of the associated gas produced during production of crude oil.
The traditional approach of piping gas from a remotely located oil field to a central processing facility can now
be put aside paving the way for a less than orthodox technique of “bringing the plant to the gas” whereby the
need for expensive pipeline will be eliminated by situating the facility adjacent to the oil flow station. The gas
plant gives a full technology of utilizing natural gas resources to meet the socio-economic needs of mankind
while preserving the environment not only for meeting present needs but for the needs of future generations.
Distributed Packet Filtering Firewall for Enhanced Security In Mobile Ad-Hoc ...IJERA Editor
The nodes in MANET are free to move in a limited grid layout without the presence of vision of the superior
authority or administration. The nodes in network are free to move in any other network at any time. That means
the nodes are join or leave the network at any instant, that's why the security is the major issue in MANET.
Routing protocols are not able to handle the malicious activities of attacker because their function is to provide
the path in between sender to receiver and route data from the path which is selected for transferring information.
This paper proposed the distributed security scheme for providing reliable path and secure communication. The
proposed bloom filtering technique is not only filtering the unwanted infected packets of routing attacker. It's
also recovered the modified data and protects IP modification with the help of new route establishment
mechanism. The proposed bloom filter is provides the secure communication and stop the attacker infection. The
Bloom filter removes the IP modified packets that shows the presence of malicious routing attacker in dynamic
network. The normal routing performance and proposed bloom filter is almost equivalent. The performance of
network is measured through performance metrics and proposed distributed security scheme provides better
performance.
The Mechanical Behavior Of A Nylon Seat Belt Exposed To Cyclical Loads: A Num...IJERA Editor
This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of a nylon seat belt when it is exposed to cyclical loads through
the Finite Element Methods. This work used as base the brazilian regulamentoy standard ABNT NBR 7337:2011
to create the virtual model of the seat belt, with the following dimensions: 1.20mm thick, 48mm width and
250mm length. The next step was to import this CAD model to ANSYS 14.5 software, to create the correct
material model for this case and apply the correct boundary conditions in order to analyze its behavior under a
load that varies from 0 to 2000 N at a 10 Hz frequency. The final step was to analyze this numerical results that
referring to this component under these conditions.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
Multi criteria Decision model (MCDM) for the evaluation of maintenance practi...IJERA Editor
The perceptible impact of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) lies in raising productivity standards, gaining
profitability, and improving the quality besides cutting down the non value added costs greatly. This paper is
an attempt to provide a frame work and pragmatic approach in implementation of TPM. A number of novel
success factors or practices that are responsible for the decisive role to overture the process are identified.
These practices are interchangeably called as sub-attributes. These practices must have evolved from different
strategies. The sub-attributes are quantified using least square multi attribute decision model (LSMADM) for
three alternatives strategies viz. corrective maintenance, reliability centered maintenance(RCM), and TPM. Any
sub-attribute irrespective of its own high or low relative score among the number of sub attributes is evaluated
over three alternative strategies. To implement any sub-attribute, an investigation of its highest relative score
for given alternatives will guide the managers to opt the best alternative. The best practices must come from
different strategies to get most optimal results. The priorities established using LSMADM will act as base line
to implement the industrial activities in a more systematic and balanced way to gain far-reaching optimized
productivity and quality standards. The higher priority task will be given higher consideration in terms of
committing the resources vis a vis less priority task. This will aid in orienting the collective efforts for optimal
outcomes.
A Novel Framework for Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) Using Parallel String MatchingIJERA Editor
Short tandem repeats (STRs) have become important molecular markers for a broad range of applications, such
as genome mapping and characterization, phenotype mapping, marker assisted selection of crop plants and a
range of molecular ecology and diversity studies. These repeated DNA sequences are found in both Plants and
bacteria. Most of the computer programs that find STRs failed to report its number of occurrences of the
repeated pattern, exact position and it is difficult task to obtain accurate results from the larger datasets. So we
need high performance computing models to extract certain repeats. One of the solution is STRs using parallel
string matching, it gives number of occurrences with corresponding line number and exact location or position
of each STR in the genome of any length. In this, we implemented parallel string matching using JAVA Multithreading
with multi core processing, for this we implemented a basic algorithm and made a comparison with
previous algorithms like Knuth Morris Pratt, Boyer Moore and Brute force string matching algorithms and from
the results our new basic algorithm gives better results than the previous algorithms. We apply this algorithm in
parallel string matching using multi-threading concept to reduce the time by running on multicore processors.
From the test results it is shown that the multicore processing is a remarkably efficient and powerful compared
to lower versions and finally this proposed STR using parallel string matching algorithm is better than the
sequential approaches.
MHD Free Convection from an Isothermal Truncated Cone with Variable Viscosity...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a study of MHD free convection flow of an electrically conducting incompressible fluid with
variable viscosity about an isothermal truncated cone in the presence of heat generation or absorption. The fluid
viscosity is assumed to vary as a inverse linear function of temperature. The non-linear coupled partial
differential equations governing the flow and heat transfer have been solved numerically by using an implicit
finite - difference scheme along with quasilinearization technique. The non-similar solutions have been obtained
for the problem, overcoming numerical difficulties near the leading edge and in the downstream regime. Results
indicate that skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by, both, viscosity-variation parameter and
magnetic field. In fact, the transverse magnetic field influences the momentum and thermal fields, considerably.
Further, skin friction is found to decrease and heat transfer increases near the leading edge. Also, it is found that
the direction of heat transfer gets reversed during heat generation.
Identification and Classification of Leaf Diseases in Turmeric PlantsIJERA Editor
Plant disease identification is the most important sector in agriculture. Turmeric is one of the important
rhizomatous crops grown in India. The turmeric leaf is highly exposed to diseases like rhizome rot, leaf spot,
and leaf blotch. The identification of plant diseases requires close monitoring and hence this paper adopts
technologies to manage turmeric plant diseases caused by fungi to enable production of high quality crop yields.
Various image processing and machine learning techniques are used to identify and classify the diseases in
turmeric leaf. The dataset with 800 leaf images of different categories were pre-processed and segmented to
promote efficient feature extraction. Machine learning algorithms like support vector machine, decision tree and
naïve bayes were applied to train the model. The performance of the model was evaluated using 10 fold cross
validation and the results are reported.
Solar-Photo-Mechanical Proofing Machine That Uses The Diazo Dry ProcessIJERA Editor
The development of a Solar- Photo-Mechanical Proofing Machine has been presented in this paper. Based on the fabrication and operational principles, the device is cheaper to operate, since an energy for its operation is sourced freely from the sun. It is envisaged that the machine will find wide applications in rural areas lacking electricity supplies due to the fact that the copies produced compared favourably with those printed with the conventional machine.
REVIEW: Previous Deception detection methods and New proposed method using in...IJERA Editor
Deception detection has important legal and medical applications, but the reliability of methods for the differentiation between truthful and deceptive responses is still limited. Deception detection can be more accurately achieved by measuring the brain correlates of lying in an individual. For the evaluation of the method, several participants were gone through the designed concealed information test paradigm and their respective brain signals were recorded. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded and separated into many single trials. To enhance signal noise ratio (SNR) of P3 components, the independent component analysis (ICA) method was adopted to separate non-P3 (i.e. artifacts) and P3 components from every single trial. Then the P3 waveforms with high SNR were reconstructed. And then group of features based on time, frequency, and amplitude were extracted from the reconstructed P3 waveforms. Finally, two different class of feature samples were used to train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier because it has higher performance compared with several other classifiers. The method presented in this paper improves the efficiency of CIT and deception detection in comparison with previous reported methods.
Bending moment of galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich panelIJERA Editor
The main objective of this project is to prepare a laminated with Galvanized iron thickness fractions, fiber
volume fractions and orientation in the layers of GF were fabricated by hand lay-up method and evaluated for
their bending moment properties of the sandwich panel using universal testing machine. This paper theoretically
calculates the bending behavior of sandwich panel. The recent need to develop a new range of materials has
resulted in the development of high performance lightweight composites with excellent properties. Metal–
composite systems consist of alternating layers of metal and fiber-reinforced polymer composites which are
bonded by an adhesive. Sandwich beams were tested under Air Bending. Stress-strain and stress-displacement
were recorded by using AIMIL UTM. The beam face sheets exhibited a softening non-linearity on the bending
side. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions from simple models. On an overall basis, the
sandwich panel exhibited better bending moment performance than the monolithic galvanized iron.
The structural analysis is an important tool that allows the research for weight reduction, the choose of the best materials and to satisfy specifications and requirements. In an aircraft’s design, several analyzes are made to prove that this aircraft will stand the set of maneuvers that it was designed to accomplish. This work will consider the preliminar project of an aircraft seeking to check the behavior of the wing under certain loading conditions in the flight envelope.To get to this load set, it has been done all the process of specification of an aircraft, such as mission definition, calculation of weight and c.g. envelope, definition of the geometric characteristics of the aircraft, the airfoil choice, preliminary performance equations, aerodynamic coefficients and the aircraft’s balancing for the equilibrium condition, but such things will not be considered in this article. For the structural analysis of the wing will be considered an arbitrary flight condition, disregarding the effect of gusts loads. With the acquisition of the items mentioned, the main forces acting on the wing structure and their equations will be calculated. The use of finite element method will enable the application of loads obtained just as the development of a method of calculation, along with the construction of a three-dimensional model that represents a chosen condition. The results will be discussed in order to explain the influence of the applied loads in the structural behavior of the wing principal structure.
Identification and Classification of Leaf Diseases in Turmeric PlantsIJERA Editor
Plant disease identification is the most important sector in agriculture. Turmeric is one of the important
rhizomatous crops grown in India. The turmeric leaf is highly exposed to diseases like rhizome rot, leaf spot,
and leaf blotch. The identification of plant diseases requires close monitoring and hence this paper adopts
technologies to manage turmeric plant diseases caused by fungi to enable production of high quality crop yields.
Various image processing and machine learning techniques are used to identify and classify the diseases in
turmeric leaf. The dataset with 800 leaf images of different categories were pre-processed and segmented to
promote efficient feature extraction. Machine learning algorithms like support vector machine, decision tree and
naïve bayes were applied to train the model. The performance of the model was evaluated using 10 fold cross
validation and the results are reported.
Broadband Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna With U Shaped Slot For Wima...IJERA Editor
The aim of this paper is to enhance the bandwidth of Rhombus ShapedMicrostrip Patch Antenna.For this purpose, we cut „U‟ shaped slot in the proposed antenna geometry. The dielectric substrate material of the antenna is glass epoxy FR4 having εr=4.4 and loss tangent 0.025. The performance of the final modified antenna is compared with that of a conventional Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna and conventional Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna. The designed antenna has two resonant frequencies 5.20 GHz and 5.58 GHz. So this antenna is best suitable for the WiMax applications. The designed antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 22.32%. This is approximately six times higher than that in a conventional rectangular patch antenna (Bandwidth= 3.6%) having the same dimensions.
Analysis and Design of One Dimensional Periodic Foundations for Seismic Base ...IJERA Editor
Periodic foundationis a new type of seismic base isolation system. It is inspired by the periodic material crystal
lattice in the solid state physics. This kind of material has a unique property, which is termed as frequency band
gap that is capable of blocking incoming waves having frequencies falling within the band gap. Consequently,
seismic waves having frequencies falling within the frequency band gap are blocked by the periodic foundation.
The ability to block the seismic waveshas put this kind of foundation as a prosperous next generation of seismic
base isolators. This paper provides analytical study on the one dimensional (1D) type periodic foundations to
investigate their seismic performance. The general idea of basic theory of one dimensional (1D) periodic
foundations is first presented.Then, the parametric studies considering infinite and finite boundary conditions are
discussed. The effect of superstructure on the frequency band gap is investigated as well. Based on the analytical
study, a set of equations is proposed for the design guidelines of 1D periodic foundations for seismic base
isolation of structures.
Experimental Studies on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Fish Oil ...IJERA Editor
Biodiesel is one of the most versatile alternative fuel options for direct injection CI engine applications. In the recent research of biodiesel in India receives its attention towards fish oil based biodiesel. The present work aimed at production of biodiesel from the fish oil extracted from marine fish species by transesterification process which is used as fuel in direct injection CI engine to evaluate its performance, and emission characteristics at different injection opening pressures of 190bar, 200bar, 210bar. The different blends of fish oil biodiesel with diesel, B10, B20, B30, B40, B50 and B100 were used in the experiments and the results indicate that brake thermal efficiency were higher with B30 blend fuel than that of diesel at 210bar as compared at 190bar and 200bar. The brake specific energy consumption for B30 blend at 210bar shows better results than that of diesel. By considering these two performance parameters B30 blend at 210 bar injection opening pressure is taken as optimum. At full load for B30 fuel at 210bar injection opening pressure the emission results shows that there is increase in NOx and CO2 emission but reduction in CO and HC emissions by 20% and 15.55% respectively with reference to diesel fuel.
Composite Behaviour of Unbraced Multi-Storey Reinforced Concrete Infilled Fra...IJERA Editor
A comparative assessment on analytical outputs of the composite behavior of multi-storey reinforced concrete infilled frames using the macro models of the one-strut configuration and the finite element micro model is presented. The effect of openings in the infill was given particular attention in multi-storey building frames. The analysis demonstrated the simplicity of modified one-strut model, compared to the more complex multi strut and FE models while at the same time yielding highly accurate results. The introduction of the shear stress reduction factor clearly enhanced the efficiency of the one-strut model to reproduce the shear strength, lateral stiffness and seismic demand of infilled frames with openings.
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
Solar Thermochemical Conversion of CO2 into C via SnO2/SnO Redox Cycle: A The...IJERA Editor
In this paper we report the computational thermodynamic modeling of the solar thermochemical SnO2/SnO
redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting. In this redox cycle, the first step corresponds to the solar
thermal reduction of SnO2 into SnO and O2 in presence of inert atmosphere. The second step, which is a nonsolar
exothermic stage, is the reaction of SnO with CO2 to produce solid C together with SnO2 that is recycled
back to the first step. Commercially available HSC Chemistry software and databases were used for the
computational thermodynamic modeling of this process. The thermodynamic analysis was performed in two
sections: 1) equilibrium composition analysis, and 2) exergy analysis. Results obtained via the computational
thermodynamic modeling are presented in detail. The simulation results indicate that the solar thermochemical
SnO2/SnO redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting can achieve the solar to fuel conversion
efficiency upto 12%.
Design of Three Phase Matrix Converter AC-AC Utility Power Supply using SPWM ...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the control analysis and design of an three phase matrix AC-AC utility power supply .The
SPWM modulation techniques is used to control the desired output voltage and gives the control output voltage
and reduced input harmonic distortions .In this Matrix converter Input is directly connected to output no DC
link components is required. Simulation had been done using mat lab simulink and Simulated results are
observed
Natural Gas Conditioning and Processing From Marginal Fields Using Modular Te...IJERA Editor
Gas flaring in Nigeria is a major pollution concern for the environment and health of Nigerians. Burning of
natural gas brings about emitting of carbon monoxide into the environment as well as warm up the environment,
thereby contributing to the global warming scourge. The lack of processing this gas has also led to loss of
revenue in a sector where there is a likelihood of otherwise generating more revenue in the country. Gas
conditioning and processing in Nigeria has brought about certain level of solutions to the flaring of natural gas
in the country. This paper discusses a modular technology associated with the conditioning and processing of
natural gas that marginal fields can partake-in in Nigeria to monetize natural gas in the country using a typical
Nigeria natural gas plant located in Delta State as a cased study. There have been lots of discouragement in the
past about investing in associated gas produced during crude oil production, but the study on this particular gas
plant in Nigeria shows solutions to most of this problems. The gas plant LPG facility is a modular assembly of
process equipment linked with interconnecting pipework for scalability and ease of deployment. The design
took into consideration the specific composition of the associated gas produced during production of crude oil.
The traditional approach of piping gas from a remotely located oil field to a central processing facility can now
be put aside paving the way for a less than orthodox technique of “bringing the plant to the gas” whereby the
need for expensive pipeline will be eliminated by situating the facility adjacent to the oil flow station. The gas
plant gives a full technology of utilizing natural gas resources to meet the socio-economic needs of mankind
while preserving the environment not only for meeting present needs but for the needs of future generations.
Distributed Packet Filtering Firewall for Enhanced Security In Mobile Ad-Hoc ...IJERA Editor
The nodes in MANET are free to move in a limited grid layout without the presence of vision of the superior
authority or administration. The nodes in network are free to move in any other network at any time. That means
the nodes are join or leave the network at any instant, that's why the security is the major issue in MANET.
Routing protocols are not able to handle the malicious activities of attacker because their function is to provide
the path in between sender to receiver and route data from the path which is selected for transferring information.
This paper proposed the distributed security scheme for providing reliable path and secure communication. The
proposed bloom filtering technique is not only filtering the unwanted infected packets of routing attacker. It's
also recovered the modified data and protects IP modification with the help of new route establishment
mechanism. The proposed bloom filter is provides the secure communication and stop the attacker infection. The
Bloom filter removes the IP modified packets that shows the presence of malicious routing attacker in dynamic
network. The normal routing performance and proposed bloom filter is almost equivalent. The performance of
network is measured through performance metrics and proposed distributed security scheme provides better
performance.
Investigating willingness to pay for congestion pricing in peshawar universit...EditorIJAERD
Congested road is a perfect example of tragedy of the commons as there is no restriction for drivers not to
exploit it. Car users are independent in their traveling decisions but their decisions have negative consequences for
others for which they do not pay rather the non-users pay for them in the form of hard cash, inconvenience and lack of
safety. This unwanted but widely practiced phenomena has over-shadowed the livable environment even in universities
all across Pakistan particularly in Peshawar university campus (case study) where the environment is exacerbated by
minimum personalized vehicle holders for the maximum non-car commuters resulting from the free vehicular entrance
and biased provision of infrastructure. This leads to huge social divide, inequality and gender disparity. In addition to
finding appropriate rent for provision of new equitable, environment and gender friendly modes of transport like rental
bikes and golf carts, Willingness to pay for congestion pricing as proposed solution is investigated through online webbased questionnaire survey from 580 respondents and statistical analysis is used for selecting most feasible mode(s) of
alternate in-campus transportation. Results showed that 67.6% respondents were WTP for congestion charging and
55.3% selected golf carts as their preferred mode in campus followed by rental bike with 27.6%. Appropriate rent chosen
for golf cart was PKR 20 and less than PKR 20 for rental bikes by more than half of the respondents. Congestion pricing
was perceived as effective solution and proposed modes were opted as the preferred modes for traveling in campus.
This study’s goal is to find out how satisfied customers are with Bykea. The current study employed a quantitative approach to examine user satisfaction with Bykea e-bike services. Questionnaires were used to gather the information. This study also tries to identify the crucial elements—such as age, gender, and different payment methods—that influence how consumers behave toward Bykea e-bike services. According to the study’s findings, the majority of customers are happy with Bykea’s e-bike services, but there are some drawbacks, including price
increases and issues with the product’s design. If required, it will take a lot of work to keep Bykea’s e-bike customers. If the business can comprehend the customer’s desire and general perception, it can build a marketing plan. The results may thus be applied by marketers to create a marketing plan and increase the market share of Bykea bike services.
Road Safety Audit of Balsamand Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107 A Reviewijtsrd
Now a days, in each ten minutes, we tend to lose one human life because of road accidents. Within the world, Bharat has world’s largest weighty traffic and accidents too its necessary to provide the safety to roads. Road Safety Audit RSA could be a practice or methodology within which identification of existing or future road on basis of questions of safety and provision of safety remedial measures on that. Road Safety Audit RSA is a formal method for assessing accident potential and safety performance within the provision of latest road schemes and schemes for the improvement and maintenance of existing roads.In this study, the section of road from “Balsamand – Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107 ” is undertaken. Road taken having appreciable traffic throughout day time and a few black spots on the road wherever accidents could happen and in depth analysis of road from “Balsamand – Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107 ” is administered on the premise of information assortment like traffic behaviour study, road safety signs and symbols, etc. The purpose of study is to examine the road within the terms of the security measures, road situation, any kind of flaws and to counsel the alleviative and preventive actions for the chosen section of road for audit. Ravi Saharan | Vikash "Road Safety Audit of Balsamand-Hisar Bypass Road (MDR 107) - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50412.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50412/road-safety-audit-of-balsamandhisar-bypass-road-mdr-107--a-review/ravi-saharan
A Review of Strategies to Promote Road Safety in Rich Developing Countries: t...IJERA Editor
Road safety policies, strategies and action plans, along with trends in road traffic injuries (RTIs) in the oil-rich Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries were examined to appraise their road safety work with an overall objective of identifying key measures and initiatives that would reduce RTA and their resulting consequences in these countries. Data on RTIs was obtained from police and from vital statistics and was analyzed. Research papers, policy documents, and strategies, obtained from relevant stakeholders in the six GCC countries, were reviewed and discussed. Traffic Safety Programs and action plans, which were the most fundamental documents in the development of the GCC countries’ road safety policies and strategies, were reviewed. Policy documents on road safety and traffic related issues were searched on the websites of related authorities. Published research on road safety in GCC countries was searched using available databases. Analysis of accident data shows that the fatality rates in all the GCC countries are much higher than developed countries with good safety records. The six administrations started the fundamental traffic safety programs to combat the increase in RTIs, with some succeeding in reducing RTI rates by implementing vast road safety improvements. However, RTIs increased again mainly because of increasing traffic volume and high-risk driving behavior. Developing and implementing national road safety strategies in some GCC countries was successful in reducing the RTI rates. The road safety situation in the six GCC countries was assessed showing high crash and fatality rates compared to developed countries. Most GCC countries still suffer from sustainable increase in traffic crashes despite the efforts to reduce their magnitude and severity. Some of these countries have developed and implemented national road safety strategies, while countries like Oman still need to develop such a long-term strategy. Following the review of the current progress in road safety initiatives developed or implemented, it is apparent that there is still considerable room for improvement. In view of the fact that the oil-rich GCC countries have similar economic, social, and political background, a number of specific areas of action common to all countries were identified to achieve a safer road environment in the studied countries.
A Review of Strategies to Promote Road Safety in Rich Developing Countries: t...IJERA Editor
Road safety policies, strategies and action plans, along with trends in road traffic injuries (RTIs) in the oil-rich Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries were examined to appraise their road safety work with an overall objective of identifying key measures and initiatives that would reduce RTA and their resulting consequences in these countries. Data on RTIs was obtained from police and from vital statistics and was analyzed. Research papers, policy documents, and strategies, obtained from relevant stakeholders in the six GCC countries, were reviewed and discussed. Traffic Safety Programs and action plans, which were the most fundamental documents in the development of the GCC countries’ road safety policies and strategies, were reviewed. Policy documents on road safety and traffic related issues were searched on the websites of related authorities. Published research on road safety in GCC countries was searched using available databases. Analysis of accident data shows that the fatality rates in all the GCC countries are much higher than developed countries with good safety records. The six administrations started the fundamental traffic safety programs to combat the increase in RTIs, with some succeeding in reducing RTI rates by implementing vast road safety improvements. However, RTIs increased again mainly because of increasing traffic volume and high-risk driving behavior. Developing and implementing national road safety strategies in some GCC countries was successful in reducing the RTI rates. The road safety situation in the six GCC countries was assessed showing high crash and fatality rates compared to developed countries. Most GCC countries still suffer from sustainable increase in traffic crashes despite the efforts to reduce their magnitude and severity. Some of these countries have developed and implemented national road safety strategies, while countries like Oman still need to develop such a long-term strategy. Following the review of the current progress in road safety initiatives developed or implemented, it is apparent that there is still considerable room for improvement. In view of the fact that the oil-rich GCC countries have similar economic, social, and political background, a number of specific areas of action common to all countries were identified to achieve a safer road environment in the studied countries
Motorized Tricycle Transportation Business in Catanduanespaperpublications3
Abstract: This study presents the motorized tricycle transportation business in Catanduanes in 2014 and assumed its operation succeeds well and there are problems encountered. Descriptive method of research was utilized with the questionnaire as the main instrument in gathering the data. Respondents of the study consisted one fourth of the total population. Stratified random sampling was adopted. Frequency count, percentages, mean and rank were among the statistical tools used in this study. Result of data analysis disclosed that a typical motorized tricycle operator is a male; married; 30-49 years old; either college undergraduate or high school graduate; and gainfully employed; operators of motorized tricycle hire one worker usually a driver; with one tricycle unit; initial capitalization is relatively low usually used to pay for downpayment of the unit as well as purchase of sidecar; operators are relatively poor and with fairly adequate income from motorized tricycle operation; most popular mode of division of income was boundary system where the driver gives the operator a fixed sum of money for each day of trip; the economic status of the respondents improved as well their social status improved also; Rationale were afforded as problems in the business such as extension of hours of being on the road; stiff competition; high cost of spare parts; gasoline; oil; others; strict enforcement of routes; inconsiderate operators; and corrupt LTO personnel. Recommendations were offered on how to give fair share in the income from motorized tricycle operation; for motorized tricycle operators to improve their socio-economic conditions; to provide solution to their problems; propose detailed plan intended to provide standard procedures for policy decision making, within the perspective of the Local Government Unit, Land Transportation Office, Department of Transportation and Communication to the motorized tricycle operators; motorized tricycle operators should at least put up a tricycle operators’ cooperative in their municipalities and the routes to future research were identified.
This paper aims to examine the links between consumer behavior and the mode of transportation used to access local destinations with the greater goal of providing the empirical evidence needed to inform decision making and educate the public. The findings presented here are the result of the first study of this type and scale in the United States. We limit our scope to the examination of the relationships between consumer expenditures and their trip making behavior, including mode of travel and frequency of trips. This analysis is guided by the following objectives: 1) quantifying the various transportation mode shares of customers for a variety of business types, locations and transportation contexts; and 2) comparing levels of consumer spending & frequency of visits by travel modes. This analysis made use of intercept surveys of local business completed at 78 establishments in the Portland metropolitan area. The findings support the notion that customers that arrive by modes other than the automobile are competitive consumers, spending similar amounts or more, on average, than their counterparts using automobiles. They are also more frequent patrons on average, presenting perhaps a unique marketing opportunity for these businesses.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Captivity to car use in Saudi Arabia: A Mixed logit model analysis
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Captivity to car use in Saudi Arabia: A Mixed logit model
analysis
Wafaa Saleh1
and Attiyah M Al-Atawi2
1
Professor of Transport Engineering, Transport Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University
2
Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk
Abstract
A shortcoming with regard to current mode choice models in developing countries includes for example, the
role of subjective factors in mode choice, which could vary significantly from developed countries; this is an
issue which is not well understood. Captivity effects and the reluctance of personal vehicle users to use other
travel modes remain to be better understood for demand forecasting applications. In specific, it is well known
that only men are allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. However, the state of captivity to the private car has not
been investigated. This paper investigates captivity to the private car in Saudi Arabia. Survey questionnaires
were designed for data collection in Tabuk city of Saudi Arabia. Data has been collected on a number of
characteristics including information relating to current travel modes and patterns, characteristics and opinions
and ratings of alternative travel modes in relation to a number of different criteria. Also, personal data which
included age, marital status and family positioning have also been collected. In total 1200 surveys were
distributed throughout the city of Tabuk.
From the investigations carried out in this study it has been observed that although almost all males have access
to the private car, captivity is still a significant issue in the country. In this case, the captivity is in the context of
lack of alternatives and confinement to a fewer number of modes. Results show that 66% of all male
respondents’ males choose “drive only” option which means that they are completely dependent on the car as
the mode of travel, while about 16% of total male respondents in the sample using two different modes to travel
to work” represent. The rest of male respondents have reported that they use three or more options to travel to
their work. Modelling of captivity in terms of male travel in Saudi Arabia has also been investigated. Results
show that income, number of private cars in the household and as well as costs of filling petrol have impacts on
the choice of mode of travel for male members of the Saudi family. Further work is definitely required in this
area.
Keywords: Car-captivity, travel behaviour, mode choice, Saudi Arabia.
I. Introduction
Mode choice models play an important role in
supporting transportation planning decisions,
transport policies and the cities and have been
extensively investigated by several researchers.
Travel choice decisions may vary considerably
between developed and developing countries because
of the difference in vehicle ownership levels,
mobility needs, travel, and activity characteristics. In
particular, several context-specific features of travel
and mode choice behaviour in developing countries
(e.g., predominance of two wheelers, captivity, lower
value of time) remain to be understood [1]. In
developing countries however, there is a growing
interest in a better understanding of how people make
their travel decisions in order to facilitate the
planning and design of transport policies to reduce
congestion, improve the environment and the level of
service of travel [1]. Travel choice studies which are
carried out in developed countries could provide
guidance and a useful source of information for those
involved with transportation engineering and
planning in developing countries. However, in most
cases, there are major cultural differences between
developing and developed countries, which are not
catered for in those studies in developed countries. In
this paper, a further investigation of mode choice for
work trips in Tabuk city in Saudi Arabia is presented.
In Saudi Arabia, there is a huge phenomena of
car users who are captives tothe car. This is mainly
because SA (Saudi Arabia), which has the largest
reserves of petroleum in the world, has witnessed
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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rapid socio-economic transformation, and thus has
helped to improve the status of travel by car due to
cheap oil prices.The recent and past travel patterns
show that the growing mobility needs and
simultaneous reduction in public transportation use
will no doubt lead to increases in congestion and
worsening air quality. To meet the growing mobility
needs on such a massive scale, several cities are
considering various types of policies to manage the
demand for travel which are appropriate to travel and
traffic conditions for each city [1].
Saudi Arabia is an Islamic kingdom where most
Saudis practice Islamic religion and this doctrine’s
religious beliefs are reflected in all aspects of Saudi
public life, including social and economic
development ([2], [3] &[4]).. From a travel point of
view women are not allowed to self drive
traditionally, in spite of their increased involvement
in Saudi work force. That makes them captive riders.
[5]have investigated gender differences in the context
of travel choices and behaviour in Tabuk city of
Saudi Arabia. The male travellers however, have an
increased access to the car. There have been
increasing claims that “The males use only car as a
travel option”, so in this paper, this claim has also
been investigated.
A shortcoming with regard to current mode
choice models in developing countries includes for
example, the role of subjective factors in mode
choice, which could vary significantly from
developed countries; this is an issue which is not well
understood. Captivity effects and the reluctance of
personal vehicle users to use other travel modes
remain to be better understood for demand
forecasting applications. In addition, three strong
assumptions are often made in mode choice analysis
practiced in developing countries. Firstly, the choice
set is usually assumed to be fixed and pre-specified
for all users (this is relaxed partially by including
variables such as vehicle availability). Secondly, it is
often assumed that the coefficients of independent
variables affecting mode choice utility are the same
across different user groups. And lastly, the utility
specification is assumed to belinearly related to the
independent variables in most of the applications.
Given the wide variability in socio demographic
characteristics and vehicle ownership in developing
countries, these assumptions are unlikely to hold in
practice. Because of these limitations, there is a
substantial discrepancy between actual and projected
ridership levels in some public transport facilities [1].
The aim of this paper is to investigate and report on
results on the characteristics of car users in Saudi
Arabia as a main mode of travel to work and
characteristics of the users. Captivity to the car is also
investigated and analysed in terms of socio economic
characteristics, characteristics of the transport system
and those of the journey.
The specific objectives of the paper are:
1. Investigate a number of socioeconomic
characteristics of the “captive” travellers in
comparison with those of “choosers” riders.
2. Investigate the proportion of captive riders for
various modes, and their travel characteristics
within Tabuk city in Saudi Arabia.
3. Investigate the differences in attitudes and
perceptions between captive and choice
travellers.
This paper consists of six parts, firstly the
background of the paper and its goal and the concept
of captivity are described. The second part is a
literature review of captivity and captivity modelling,
the third part describes the methodology, the general
characteristics and historical developments of travel
in Saudi Arabia and Tabuk, the data collection, fourth
part contains the analysis of the characteristics of
captive travellers in Tabuk, choice and captive. The
fifth part compares the results of the models and
finally, a summary of the research conclusions is
presented.
II. Literature review of captivity
Miskeenet al. [6] used a calibrated Multinomial
Logit Model for intercity trips to examine the
national-level intercity transportation in Libya using
nationwide revealed preferences (RP) and stated
preferences (SP) survey. The model was developed to
examine deference purposes of intercity trips (work,
social and recreational) and model used for prediction
based on the maximum likelihood method [4]. The
final sample size consisted of 1300 interviews were
obtained from all major intercity corridors in Libya
for model development. About two-thirds of this data
was used for model calibration, and the remaining
parts were used for model validation. The intercity
travel mode-choice model was successfully calibrated
and validated. The outcomes indicated that, the
overall model is effective and yields higher precision
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of estimation. The proposed model by [6] is
beneficial, due to the fact that, it is receptive to a lot
of variables, and can be employed to determine the
impact of modifications in the numerous
characteristics on the need for various travel modes.
Estimations of the model are useful to planners to
estimate market shares for various modes and
determine the impact of unique policy modifications
on the need for intercity travel.
Khanet al. [7] reported a statistical framework to
analyse the degree of mode captivity in a multi-
modal travel environment to find its influence on the
forecasted travel behaviour. They conducted
computer-based stated preference (SP) surveys in
Southern Redland Shire, Queensland, presenting the
respondents with eight randomly generated SP mode
choice games. Based on these responses, an
individual was determined to be a mode captive or
mode choice user. The set of mode captive users was
further split into car captive and public transport
captive users. From the result they found
approximately 60% were determined to be car
captive users; i.e. not perceiving to switch to any
travelling alternative of car, shown to them in the SP
survey. Nested logit models were then estimated,
using the mode choice data only, for four trip
purposes of work, shopping, education and other
trips. The trip purposes were further categorised on
the basis of two trip lengths (regional and local trips)
resulting in the estimation of eight unique mode
choice models to forecast the mode shares of the
targeted population. The model specification
developed for the mode choice model comprised the
hypothetical travelling alternatives to car, namely bus
on bus way, walk on walkway and cycle to cycleway.
The bus on bus way mode further associated a set of
five transit access modes of feeder bus, walking and
cycling to bus way, park and ride, and kiss and ride.
Degree of car captivity in the travel behaviour of
the region, were analysed by multinomial logistic
regression equations, based on the three socio-
demographic characteristics of household size,
number of vehicles per household and age-group of
the individuals, along with the level-of-service
parameter of trip lengthusing Logistic regression by
software SPSS 15.0. They determined the significant
parameters influencing the three possible outcomes
of an individual; being a mode chooser, car captive or
PT captive user for each trip purpose. Their analysis
showed that the attribute of number of vehicles per
household served as the driving determinant for the
traveller type outcome of an individual for each trip
purpose.The likelihood of the traveller being a mode
chooser or PT captive user was found to reduce
substantially for each trip purpose with a unit
increase in the number of vehicles in the household.
They also tested various probability functions with
varying values of parameters, in order to observe the
possible changes in the outcomes of traveller type.
Choice set generation has received considerable
attention in the realm of route choice behaviour,
where the number of possible alternatives can
virtually number to infinity. Notable among these
studies is the implicit availability and perception
(IAP) model developed by [8], which penalises the
utility of an alternative based on its perceived
availability. [9]proposed an ideologically similar
model form where the utility of an alternative is
specified as a continuous probability density function
with one or two mass points, the mass points
allowing for an alternative to be either extremely
unattractive or entirely dominant. [10]for instance,
presented a specification in which the individual is
either captive to an alternative or is free to choose
from the full choice set according to a Multinomial
Logit (MNL) model; they called this the “dogit”
model [11].
However none of the above addresses the typical
complex captive condition of travel which exist in
Tabuk city of Saudi Arabia due to strict cultural
norms and cheapest oil price. Therefore the study has
been undertaken using the following approach.
III. Survey design and Data collection
Situated in north-western Saudi Arabia, Tabuk is
the provincial capital and headquarters of the
Governor of the Tabuk region, local councils and
branches of various governmental departments. It is
the northern gateway to the Kingdom, close to the
Jordanian border. It is the largest city in North
Western Saudi Arabia and is mainly a military town.
It has a population of 441,351 (2004 data) and is
spread over an area of 104,000 square kilometres.
Survey questionnaires were designed for data
collection in Tabuk city of Saudi Arabia.The survey
questionnaire as a whole comprised of five separate
sections which included the information such as
current travel modes and patterns with some
characteristics of modes, opinions on alternate modes
of transport and ratings of these modes in relation to
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a number of different criteria and personal data which
included age, marital status and family positioning
along with others. For further details of survey
structure see[4]. In total 1200 surveys were
distributed throughout the city of Tabuk.
A total of 515 completed surveys were returned
which gave an overall response rate of 42.9 % for the
study as a whole. Questionnaires were distributed in
different sectors in order to cover all workplaces in
Tabuk. This includes: Health services (Hospitals,
Health care centres, Military’s hospital), Educational
services (Boys’ Schools, Girls’ schools, University of
Tabuk, Prince Fahad bin Sultan University), Military
sector (King Faisal Airbase, King Abdulaziz Military
City), Security Sector (Police, Traffic Department,
Border Guard, Civil Defence), Private sector (Banks,
Consultants, Saudi Electricity Company, Saudi
Telecom Company), Tabuk Municipality and Water
Authority.
IV. Descriptive analysis
Al-Atawi and Saleh[5]report on the socio
economic factors from the data collected and their
effect on the choice of mode of transport. The results
show that cultural and gender factors are
fundamental. In this paper, the aim is to further
investigate the factors which lead to the choice of
mode of travel, the extent of captivity of the private
car and the potential of other modes in travel to work
trips. It should be mentioned here that in Saudi
Arabia only male members of the family have access
to car driving while female members are not allowed
todrive. They have to be driven by a male member of
the family, use a contracted driver, private driver or a
hired driver. Therefore, the female travellers are
completely captive in terms of driving a car. The rest
of the analysis in this paper is based on the modes
used by male travellers to work trips and their
reported mode of travel for these trips.
The householdsurvey data has been assessed and
analysed using a number of statistical software. The
preliminary analysis of the data show that just over
50% of the survey respondents were male (55.1%)
while the rest are female. From a total 233 males
respondent, about 45.2 % of them specified that they
have access to a private car and have valid driving
licences. When asked about the main mode to travel
to work 66% of male respondents reported that they
use the car on daily basis or at least 4-5 times a week
as the main travel option. Another 16% reported they
have a choice of one of two possible modes of travel.
Another 10% of male respondents reported that they
have a choice of two other modes as well as the
private car to consider for the journey to work.
The rest of the male population of the sample
reported as choices of modes of travel than the
reported above. From the results, it seems that bus,
taxi and other combinations have not shown
significance in the modes chosen for male member.
For further discussions of the results see [4]. For the
respondents who show that they use other modes of
travel than the private car, car sharing was the most
popular option. About 15% of all male respondents
expressed that they use informal car sharing as their
mode of travel to work. In addition, for those male
respondents who reported that they use more than
one option to travel to work, the private car and the
informal car sharing were the most popular options
there.
Income data, family position, having a driving
license and mode of travel were also collected and
analysed. From the results with respect to family
position, it was seen that 91.4 % of family heads
indicted that they hold a licence and 98.9 % of wives
indicated that they did not hold a licence. 87.5 % and
71.1 % of eldest sons and sons respectively indicated
that they held a driving licence while 84.1 % of
daughters indicated that they did not hold a licence.
It was also seen that 69.4 % of those individuals,
whom indicated that their income was below 4000
SAR did not hold a valid driving licence, while 58.5
% of those in the 4000-8000 SAR income bracket
indicated that they hold a valid driving licence. For
the 8001-12000 and 12001-18000 SAR income
brackets it was seen that 71.9 % and 61.7 % of the
respondents for these income brackets held valid
driving licences. In the 18001-25000 SAR wage
bracket, it was seen that 56.5 % of the respondents
indicated that they did not hold a driving licence
while likewise in the 25001-30000 SAR bracket it
was seen that 60 % of the respondents did not hold a
valid licence. For those whom indicated that they had
an income greater than 30000 SAR it was seen that
53.8 % of these did not hold a driving licence either.
With regard to work place for the male
respondents, statistics show that the highest response
rate was from individuals in education whom drove
to work.
This accounted for 19.8% of all male responses
to the questionnaire. The second most popular
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combination was also seen to be from individuals in
the education sector indicating that they used an
informal car share at some stage during the working
week.
V. Investigation of captivity of car use
In this section, we investigate captivity of male
work travellers to the car. Firstly,by analysing the
perceived valuations of relevant attributes of the sub-
sample of those being males and use the cars as their
mode to travel to work (see for example [1] for a
similar approach); then secondly by modelling the
level of captivity of those males who travel to work
by cars using mixed logit analysis.
5.1 Investigation of the perceived valuations of
relevant attributes for captivity
In this section, the key factors considered to have
an impact on captivity include: comfort, convenience,
environment, flexibility, reliability, safety and cost.
Table 1 shows the average value assigned by each
subject to each of these attributes. It should be noted
here that these values were reported regardless of
whether or not the respondent use the mode. From
the Table1, it appears that the means of the values
assigned to each attribute are similar amongst captive
individuals and non-captives. The lack of a clear
difference in this case is clear; that is Captive
subjects have preferences identical to non-captives.
Table1: Perceived average valuations of relevant attributes
Attributes CAPTIVITY
0 (non captive) 1 (captive male)
Mean Count Mean Count
Comfort 0.12 114 0.13 223
Convenience 0.11 114 0.11 223
Environment 0.09 114 0.10 223
Flexibility 0.11 114 0.11 223
Reliability 0.12 114 0.12 223
Safety 0.13 114 0.12 223
Cost 0.13 114 0.11 223
Time_ 0.12 114 0.13 223
Total 0.95 114 0.95 223
Then respondents were asked about the
importance of the different attributes to the choice of
mode of travel. Table 2 shows that the average
relative valuation of the different attributes which
affect the choice of mode of travel varies between the
captives and non-captives from 12% (for the travel
cost) to 30% (for environmental impacts). In other
words, referring to the mode of transport actually
used, captive subjects tend to value some attributes
higher than non-captives (assign a value higher than
average). These attributes include environmental
impacts, comfort, flexibility and travel time. Travel
costs showed the least value in terms of its perceived
importance between captives and non-captives as
cheaper oil price in the region for captive male drive.
For non captive driver travel time was most
important attributes for mode choice.
Table 2: Importance of different criteria to the choice of mode of travel
Criteria Valuation of attribute for captivity
0 (Non captive) 1 (Captive Male) % difference Chi-square statistic p-value
Comfort 3.456 4.404 27% 90.208 .000*
Environmental 2.772 3.614 30% 60.987 .000*
Flexibility 3.272 4.040 23% 77.719 .000*
Reliability 3.509 4.251 21% 78.808 .000*
Travel Cost 3.544 3.969 12% 46.826 .000*
Travel Time 3.570 4.349 22% 79.827 .000*
* The Chi-square statistic is significant at the .05 level.
Degrees of
freedom
5
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In summary, the above investigation shows that
Captive subjects are not characterised for having
special preferences compared with the sample
average (table 2); and they are in average
significantly more satisfied than the sample with
regard to comfort, environment impact, flexibility,
reliability, transport costs and travel times.
5.2 Modelling Captivity
The analysis of the data collected as a result of
the questionnaires has been modelled using a mixed
logit model. The details of this model and the results
achieved shall now be discussed.The formulation of
the mixed logit model begins by specifying a
function that determines traveller choice, it is written
as (see also [12], [13] and [14]) equation 1:
-------------------- Equation (1)
where Ujt is the propensity function that determines
the probability of discrete choice option j for an
individual t ; Xjt is a vector of observed variables
such as traveller attributes, travelling characteristics
etc, the alternatives, socio-economic characteristics
of the respondent and descriptors of the decision
context and choice task itself (eg task complexity in
stated choice experiments) in choice situation t; ßt
and εjt are not observed by the analyst and are treated
as stochastic influences. Within a logit context we
impose the condition that εjt is independent and
identically distributed (iid) extreme value type.
βt is a vector of parameters associated with Xjt ;
and εjt is error term. Instead of assuming that βt does
not vary over observations as in the standard logit
formulation, the mixed logit model has βn as a vector
of estimable parameters for discrete outcome n,
which varies across the observed individuals. The
variation is with density f(βθ), where θ is a vector of
parameters of the density distribution. In most
applications, mixed models specify the density f to be
continuously distributed, such as normal, log-normal
(which restricts the impact of the estimated parameter
to be strictly positive or negative), triangular and
uniform function (see [14] for a thorough discussion
on the selection of the distribution of the random
parameters).
The mixed logit model can be estimated by two
different ways, although both will lead to the same
results. The first way, known as random parameter
specification, involves specifying each ßt associated
with an attribute of an alternative as having both a
mean and a standard deviation (i.e. it is treated as a
random parameter instead of a fixed parameter). The
second way, known as the error components
approach, treats the unobserved information as a
separate error component in the random component.
Since the standard deviation of a random parameter is
essentially an additional error component, the
estimation outcome is identical [14].
The presence of a standard deviation of a beta
parameter accommodates the presence of preference
heterogeneity in the sampled population. This is often
referred to as unobserved heterogeneity. While one
might handle this heterogeneity through data
segmentation (eg a different models for each trip
length range) and/or attribute segmentation (eg
separate betas for different trip length ranges), the
challenge of these segmentation strategies is in
picking the right segmentation criteria and range cut-
offs and indeed being confident that one has
accounted for the unobserved heterogeneity by
observed effects. A random parameter representation
of preference heterogeneity is more general; however
such a specification carries a challenge in that these
parameters have a distribution that is unknown.
Selecting such a distribution has plenty of empirical
challenges (see below). As shown below the concern
that one might not know the location of each
individual’s preferences on the distribution can be
accommodated by retrieving individual-specific
preferences by deriving the individual’s conditional
distribution based (within-sample) on their choices
(ie prior knowledge)
After model estimation, there are many outputs
for interpretation. An early warning – parameter
estimates typically obtained from a random
parameter or error components specification should
not be interpreted as stand-alone parameters but must
be assessed jointly with other linked parameter
estimates. For example, the mean parameter estimate
for travel time, its associated heterogeneity in mean
parameter (eg. for trip length) and the standard
deviation parameter estimate for travel time represent
the marginal utility of travel time associated with a
specific alternative and individual.
Maximum likelihood estimation of mixed logit
models is computationally cumbersome as a result of
the required numerical integration of the logit
formula over the distribution of the random and
unobserved parameters[13]. Therefore, the parameter
vector is estimated by maximising the simulated log-
likelihood function. Random draws and Halton draws
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have been typically employed in literature, of which
the latter has been reported (see for instance, [13]) to
provide a more efficient distribution of draws for
numerical integration and involve far fewer draws to
achieve convergence. Halton sequences that are more
generally used in existing empirical studies are thus
adopted in the present case study.
In this case, the dependent variable takes a value
”1”for those captive male subjects (223) who always
drive to work and “Zero” is the value assigned to
other subjects. Figure 1below shows the percentages
of males drivers in terms of mode captivity. From the
figure, those choosing “drive only”, “using two
different modes to travel to work”, “using three
different modes to travel to work during a typical
week”, and “others”.
In this case, the dependent variable takes a value
”1” one for those captive male subjects (223) who
always drive to work and “0” Zero is the value
assigned to other subjects. Figure 1below shows the
percentages of males drivers in terms of mode
captivity. From the figure, those choosing “drive
only”, “using two different modes to travel to work”,
“using three different modes to travel to work during
a typical week”, and “others”.
Figure 1: Percentage of male travellers and mode
captivity
5.3 Modelling Captivity using mixed logit model
The present study estimates the mixed logit
model to explore the effects of various characteristics
which affect captivity of the mode of transport. In
this research, the respondent was asked to report on
the mode chosen, the reasons for the choice by
him/herself as well as reporting on other household
and travel characterises. The responses taken from
each member of the family on behaviour of other
members of his/her family could not be assumed to
be independent and hence the errors of each
respondent's responses are correlated. Therefore, a
mixed logit specification could be more appropriate
than other typical models such as logit/probit models.
Moreover, the un-measured variables could result in
unobserved heterogeneity, and therefore the mixed
logit model would seem to be a more appropriate
model to use.
Table 3 presents the model estimation results for
the mixed logit model. For determining whether a
mixing distribution is appropriate for specific
variables within a mixed logit model, we compare
when the estimated standard error for each random
parameter is significantly different from zero. The
parameter whose standard error is found to be
significantly different from zero is assumed to be
random across the observations. The highest
likelihood was obtained with the uniform distribution
hypothesis.
The Mixed Logit Model –as shown in Table 3
shows that the captivity of car is positively correlated
with “salary level” of members of family while
negatively correlated with the “number of cars in
household” and “cost to fill the petrol”. This is
logically acceptable since as expected individuals
with highest income level would be more likely to be
captives to their cars and not showing interest in
using other modes of travel. On the other hand as the
number of vehicles in the household increases, it
seems that it is more likely that an individual would
be more willing to share a journey with other
members of the family as a form or car sharing for
example. When the perceived costs to fill the petrol
are high, it was found that travellers’ captivity to the
car is lowered. There has been a negative relationship
between captivity and costs of filling petrol.
Moreover, the variable reflecting “How often you fill
petrol in your car” was seen to be randomly
distributed with a uniform distribution which is
unlikely to be independent of systematic components
and random component variances are unlikely to be
constant between or within individuals, time periods
and locations[15].
8. Wafaa Saleh Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Table 3: Mixed logit model estimation results for captive driver
Variable Parameter
estimate
Standard
Error
t- statistics P-value
Fixed Parameters
Constant -0.952 0.516 -1.844 0.065
Indicator variable for How many cars does your
Household have
-0.603 0.213 -2.829 0.005
Indicator variable for How much
(approximately) does it cost you to fill your car
-0.051 0.021 -2.420 0.016
Indicator variable for What is your salary and in
which level (1-7)
0.588 0.224 2.629 0.009
Random Effect Parameter
Indicator variable for how often do you fill the
petrol
1.332 0.558 2.388 0.017
Standard deviations of parameter distributions 1.490 0.684 2.178 0.029
Summary Statistics
Number of Observations:337(Observation with Dep=0 (non captive) 114 and Observation with
Dep=1 ( Captivity to drive) 223case)
Restricted log-likelihood ( Constant only): -234.2837
Log likelihood at convergence:-167.9520
VI. Conclusions
Mode choice models play an important role in
supporting transportation planning decisions and
have been extensively investigated by several
researchers. Unlike in developed countries, fewer
mode choice studies have been reported in
developing countries. Travel choice decisions may
vary considerably between developed and developing
countries because of the difference in vehicle
ownership levels, mobility needs, travel, and activity
characteristics. In particular, several context-specific
features of travel and mode choice behaviour in
developing countries (e.g., predominance of two
wheelers, captivity, lower value of time) remain to be
understood[1]. Therefore the main goal of this paper
is to investigate the issue of car captivity in Saudi
Arabia and characteristic of captive travellers and its
modelling in Tabuk city in Saudi Arabia, using data
from a household survey which was carried out as
part of the study.
While it is well recognised that Saudi women
have been characterised and criticised of being
captives in terms of their access to driving private
cars, this study found that men also can be captives in
terms of their total dependence on the private car.
Results show that almost all Saudi males have access
to the private car. However, in this case, there is
captivity in the context of lack of alternatives and
confinement to a fewer number of modes.
From the results, those males choosing “drive
only” represent 66% of all respondents; these are
assumed to be captive to the car. Those who are
“using two different modes to travel to work”
represent 16% of total male respondents in the
sample. Another 10% of then stated that they are
“using three different modes to travel to work during
a typical week” while 8% reported different opinions.
The results obtained from the Mixed Logit
Model show that the captivity of car is positively
correlated with “salary level” of members of family
while negatively correlated with the “number of cars
in household” and “cost to fill the petrol”. This is
logically acceptable since as expected individuals
with highest income level would be more likely to be
captives to their cars and not showing interest in
using other modes of travel. On the other hand as the
number of vehicles in the household increases, it
seems that it is more likely that an individual would
be more willing to share a journey with other
members of the family as a form or car sharing for
9. Wafaa Saleh Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2015, pp.82-90
www.ijera.com 90 | P a g e
example. When the perceived costs to fill the petrol
are high, it was found that travellers’ captivity to the
car is lowered. There has been a negative relationship
between captivity and costs of filling petrol.
Moreover, the variable reflecting “How often you fill
petrol in your car” was seen to be randomly
distributed with a uniform distribution which is
unlikely to be independent of systematic components
and random component variances are unlikely to be
constant between or within individuals, time periods
and locations.Further work on captivity in Saudi
Arabia and future policies to increase the options
available to travellers to choose from and reduce
captivity is urgently needed.
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