The document summarizes the major bones that make up the appendicular and axial skeleton. It describes the bones of the upper limb (shoulder blade, arm bones, wrist, hand), lower limb (thigh bone, shin bones, ankle, foot), pelvis, skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It provides details on the structures and landmarks of each bone.

1. The Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton = Everything that is not the Axial Skeleton, i.e., pelvis and limbs www.freelivedoctor.com

2. Clavicle (collarbone) Manubrium to Acromion Frequently fractured www.freelivedoctor.com

3. Scapula (shoulder blade) Glenoid Spine Acromion Acromioclavicular joint Inferior and Superior Angles Origin of biceps brachii muscle: Coracoid Process Supraglenoid tubercle www.freelivedoctor.com

4. The Arm Synonym: Upper limb Upper Arm = Brachium Forearm = Antebrachium Humerus, Radius and Ulna Carpus (wrist) Hand (manus) www.freelivedoctor.com

5. Humerus Head Greater and Lesser Tubercles Intertubercular Sulcus Biceps tendon Coronoid Fossa Olecranon Fossa Trochlea Medial and Lateral Epicondyles www.freelivedoctor.com

6. Radius Ulna Head, neck, shaft Insertion of biceps brachii: Radial Tuberosity Radial Styloid Process Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid Process Ulnar Styloid Process Interosseous Membrane (between radius and ulna) Note how the two bones can cross “ Funny bone” www.freelivedoctor.com

7. Carpus = Wrist Four Proximal Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Four Distal Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Scaphoid is frequently fractured www.freelivedoctor.com

8. Hand = Manus Five metacarpal bones (1-5) Five fingers Labeled 1-5 Thumb = Pollex = digit 1 Two phalangeal bones Fingers = phalanges = digits 2-5 Three phalangeal bones Proximal, middle, distal www.freelivedoctor.com

9. The Girdles Pectoral Girdle Supports the Arms Clavicle and Scapula Pelvic Girdle Supports the Legs Pelvis (os coxae) www.freelivedoctor.com

10. Pelvis = os coxae = hip bone Three bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis (innominate bone) Anterior and posterior iliac spines meet to form the iliac crest Greater and Lesser Sciatic Notches Ischial Tuberosity Acetabulum Acetabular fossa Obturator Foramen www.freelivedoctor.com

11. More Pelvis Articular Surface for Articulation with Sacrum Difference between male and female Pelvic (or pubic) symphysis Fibrocartilage Stretches at childbirth (Relaxin) www.freelivedoctor.com

12. The leg AKA Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia/fibula Tarsus Foot www.freelivedoctor.com

13. Femur Head and fovea capitus Articulate with pelvis Neck (“fx pelvis”) Greater and Lesser Trochanters Shaft Lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles Intercondylar fossa Patellar Surface www.freelivedoctor.com

14. Patella = knee cap Sesamoid Bone Enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps group of muscles “ Skyline” MRI of patella www.freelivedoctor.com

15. Tibia = shin bone Lateral and medial condyles Intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity Inferior articular surface Medial malleolus (= ankle bone) Interosseous Membrane www.freelivedoctor.com

16. Fibula Head Shaft Lateral malleolus (= ankle bone) Not weight bearing Frequent fx Interosseous Membrane www.freelivedoctor.com

17. Tarsus (7 bones) Cute Tillie Never Could Cooperate Navicular Cuboid Cunieform (3) Calcaneus Talus www.freelivedoctor.com

18. Foot Metatarsals (1-5) Phalanges (3 per toe except big toe) Longitudinal Arches Medial and lateral Transverse Arch Dancer’s fx Cute Tillie Never Could Cooperate www.freelivedoctor.com

19. Bones of the Skull www.freelivedoctor.com

20. Bones of the Skull www.freelivedoctor.com

21. Cranial Bones, AKA calvarium vs. Facial Bones www.freelivedoctor.com

22. Bones of the Calvarium Frontal (forehead) Anterior fossa of base of skull Frontal Crests More prominent in male Frontal sinuses Parietal (2) Sutures Occipital Foramen Magnum Occipital Condyles articulate with C 1 Occipital Crest www.freelivedoctor.com

23. Bones of the Calvarium, cont’d Temporal (4 parts): Squamous (very thin), Mastoid (means breast-like) process Small sinus Petrous Houses inner ear Acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Zygomatic process Styloid Process “ In one of these, the squamosal section of the temporal bone had been crushed, and another showed a jagged hole through the parietal bone.” The Bounty Trilogy, 1788 www.freelivedoctor.com

24. Bones of the Calvarium floor Sphenoid Sella turcica houses pituitary gland Ethmoid (sieve) Cribriform plate for olfactory nerve Crista galli Part of nasal septum Frontal Temporal Petrous part Occipital Foramen magnum www.freelivedoctor.com

25. Facial bones Maxilla (2) Alveolar margin for teeth Maxillary sinus Anterior portion of hard palate Palatine (2) Posterior aspect of hard palate Nasal (2) Inferior Nasal conchae (2) Will be covered in Respiratory System www.freelivedoctor.com

26. Facial bones, cont’d Zygomatic (2) AKA cheek bones Zygomatic process of temporal bone Lacrimal (2) Lacrimal sac Vomer Part of nasal septum www.freelivedoctor.com

27. Facial bones, cont’d Mandible Mandibular condyles (TMJ) Mandibular notch Coronoid process Ramus Angle www.freelivedoctor.com

28. www.freelivedoctor.com

29. Sutures and Fontanels Fibrous Articulation, no movement, fused in adulthood Lambdoidal—betw occipital and parietal (mid) Saggital --- betw parietals Coronal– betw frontal and parietals Squamous – betw parietals and temporals Anterior and Posterior Fontanels “ Soft spot” of Newborn www.freelivedoctor.com

30. Paranasal Sinuses Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillary Narrow passageways from each sinus provide communication with nasal cavity www.freelivedoctor.com

31. Hyoid Bone Inferior to the mandible Superior to the larynx Supports many cervical muscles Supports the larynx www.freelivedoctor.com

32. The Vertebral Column 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral (fused) 4 Coccygeal (usually) Curvatures: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral www.freelivedoctor.com

33. A “Typical” Vertebra Body and intervertebral disks Spinous Process Intervertebral Foramina Articular processes/facets Superior Inferior Vertebral (neural) Arch Pedicles and Laminae Vertebral Canal/foramen www.freelivedoctor.com

34. Cervical Vertebrae (C 1 – C 7 ) C 1 = Atlas (no body) C 1 -C 2 – site of rotation C 2 = Axis (dens) C 3 - C 6 are similar Note the transverse foramina in each cervical vertebra Vertebral Artery/Vein C 7 has the vertebra prominens C 1 www.freelivedoctor.com

35. Thoracic Vertebrae (T 1 - T 12 ) Large Spinous Processes Articulations for ribs, both superior and inferior www.freelivedoctor.com

36. Lumbar Vertebrae (L 1 - L 5 ) Body Spinous Process Lamina Articular Facets Transverse Process Pedicle www.freelivedoctor.com

37. Intervertebral Articulation www.freelivedoctor.com

38. Intervertebral Disk Nucleus Pulposus Annulus Fibrosus Fibrocartilage See Fig. 8-9 www.freelivedoctor.com

39. Damage to the Intervertebral Discs www.freelivedoctor.com

40. The Girdles Pectoral Girdle Supports the Arms Clavicle and Scapula Pelvic Girdle Supports the Legs Pelvis Ilium, ischium, pubic bone www.freelivedoctor.com

41. www.freelivedoctor.com

42. Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (3-5 fused) Sacroiliac joint Sacral Foramina www.freelivedoctor.com

43. Thoracic (Rib) Cage Protection and muscle attachments Ribs – 12 pairs 1 - 7 are “true” ribs, with attachment to the sternum 8 - 12 attach indirectly to the sternum, or not at all Costal Cartilages www.freelivedoctor.com

44. Thoracic (Rib) Cage, cont’d Sternum Manubrium Clavicular Notch Body Xiphoid www.freelivedoctor.com