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The document discusses the axial skeleton, which includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It provides details on the individual bones that make up these regions, including the skull bones (cranium and facial bones), vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. Descriptions include bone landmarks and structures, as well as their anatomical relationships and functional roles in supporting organs and allowing muscle attachment. Diagrams are included to illustrate the skeletal features and their positions within the body.

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 The Skeletal System: Axial Division PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
Introduction • The axial skeleton: • Composed of bones along the central axis of the body • Divided into three regions: • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skull Ribs Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the bones of the axial skeleton
Introduction • Functional anatomy of the axial skeleton: • Framework that supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities • Protects special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision • Attachment sites for muscles that: • Adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk • Move the thoracic cage for respiration • Stabilize the appendicular skeleton • The connection between axial and appendicular skeleton in the upper body is sternum-clavicle. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. SKELETAL SYSTEM APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Figure 7.1) AXIAL SKELETON 80 Skull and associated bones Thoracic cage Vertebral column Skull Associated bones Cranium Face Auditory ossicles Hyoid Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx 29 25 26 8 14 6 1 1 24 24 1 1 Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting components of the axial skeleton; the flowchart indicates relationships among the axial components. 126 206
Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. SKULL ASSOCIATED BONES 7 Hyoid bone 1 6 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 18) FACE 14 CRANIUM 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 Maxillae Palatine bones Nasal bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Vomer Mandible Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid 1
Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 2 of 2) Facial Bones Cranial Bones Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lacrimal bone Vomer Mandible Frontal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone
The Skull and Associated Bones  Bones of the Cranium  The cranial cavity is a fluid-filled chamber that supports and protects the brain. It is made up of the  Occipital: foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle.  Parietal (2): coronal, lambdoid and sagittal surures.  Frontal: supraorbital foramen, supraorbital arch, glabella, frontal sinus.  Temporal (2): squamous portion, petrose portion, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus.  Sphenoid: sella turcica, clinoid process, optic groove, dorsum sellae, pterigoid process.  Ethmoid: perforating panel, crista galli, perpendicular plate, ethmoid sinuses, superior portion of nasal septum. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process Occipital condyle Posterior view of the bones Mandible of the adult skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. External occipital protuberance Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Temporal bone External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Occipital condyle Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone
Figure 6.6a The Occipital and Parietal Bones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital bone, inferior (external) view Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Hypoglossal canal Condyloid fossa Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance
Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull Occipital bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Frontal bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Right parietal bone Superior view of the bones of the adult skull Nasal bones Occipital bone Frontal bone Left parietal bone Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Coronal suture Zygomatic bone
Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Occipital bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line Squamous suture Lambdoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic arch Styloid process Zygomatic process of temporal bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mandible Coronal suture Sphenoid Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Mental foramen Mental protuberance
Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Parietal bone Supra-orbital foramen Sphenoid Temporal bone Ethmoid Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Coronal suture Frontonasal suture Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Temporal process of zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mental foramen Mental protuberance
Figure 6.3e The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior view of the adult skull, mandible removed Greater palatine foramen Frontal bone Lesser palatine foramen Zygomatic bone Vomer Sphenoid Foramen ovale Styloid process Mandibular fossa Temporal squama External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Condyloid fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Incisive fossa Palatal process of maxilla Maxilla Internal nares Palatine bone Zygomatic arch Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Temporal bone Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Occipitomastoid suture Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Superior nuchal line
Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal bone Carotid canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Horizontal section
Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sagittal section Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Palatine bone Parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Internal acoustic meatus Occipital bone Maxilla Mandible Styloid process Hypoglossal canal
Figure 6.9a The Sphenoid Middle clinoid process Posterior clinoid © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tuberculum sellae Superior surface Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Optic groove Anterior clinoid process Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen ovale Posterior clinoid process Foramen spinosum Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Sphenoidal spine Foramen rotundum Anterior clinoid process Optic groove Tuberculum sellae Lesser wing Greater wing Temporal bone Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica process Dorsum sellae To optic canal
Figure 6.10b The Ethmoid © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Ethmoidal labyrinth containing lateral masses Cribriform plate Crista galli Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate
Figure 6.11a The Cranial Fossae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A sagittal section through the skull showing the relative positions of the cranial fossae Optic groove Crista galli Frontal sinus Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) Sphenopalatine foramen Sphenoidal sinus Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Sella turcica Hypoglossal canal Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus
Figure 6.11b The Cranial Fossae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Horizontal sections, superior view. The superior portion of the brain has been removed, but portions of the brain stem and associated nerves and blood vessels remain. Sella turcica Entrance to optic canal Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Posterior clinoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Petrous part of temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum Crista galli of ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory tract Optic nerve Optic chiasm Cerebral arterial circle Midbrain Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa
The Skull and Associated Bones Bones of the Face  The skull contains 14 total facial bones.  The facial bones included the paired bones named the  Maxillae: alveolar process, maxillary sinus (the largest paranasal sinus), infraorbital foramen, front part of hard palate.  Palatine: dorsal part of hard palate.  Nasal  Zygomatic: cheek bones  Lacrimal  Inferior nasal conchae  Single bones of the face are the  Vomer: makes the inferior portion of nasal septum.  Mandible: Alveolar process, ramus, condylar process, coronoid process. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.12ac The Maxillae Body Zygomatic process Right maxilla, anterior and lateral surfaces © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal process Lacrimal groove Orbital surface Infra-orbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Maxillary sinuses Alveolar process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Incisive canals Palatal process of right maxilla Superior view of a horizontal section through both maxillae and palatine bones showing the orientation of the maxillary sinuses and the structure of the hard palate
Figure 6.14a The Mandible Teeth (molar) Mylohyoid line © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Head Coronoid process Alveolar part Superior and lateral surfaces Condylar process Mandibular notch Ramus Angle Body Mental foramen Mental protuberance
Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex Sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital groove © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Infra-orbital foramen Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Optic canal Palatine bone Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Lacrimal groove Nasolacrimal canal Maxillary bone Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital groove Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Infra-orbital foramen Nasolacrimal canal
The Skull and Associated Bones The Nasal Complex  Paranasal sinuses are the interconnected hollow spaces inside the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones.  These spaces reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and allow air to resonate for voice production.  These paranasal sinuses are called the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and the ethmoidal air cells. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex, Part I Frontal bone Frontal sinuses Ethmoid Nasal bone Maxilla (hard palate) Diagrammatic sagittal section with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sphenoidal sinuses Sphenoid Superior Middle Inferior Nasal conchae Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Figure 6.7c The Frontal Bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Margin of coronal suture Squamous part Frontal crest Orbital part Notch for ethmoid Posterior view
Figure 6.18a The Hyoid Bone Digastric muscle (anterior belly) Greater horn Lesser horn Thyrohyoid ligament Thyroid Styloid process (temporal bone) Masatoid process (temporal bone) Mandible Stylohyoid ligament Stylohyoid muscle Anterior view showing the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull, the larynx, and selected skeletal muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. cartilage Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Review of the Skull • There are 22 bones of the skull • Facial bones • Maxillae – 2 • Palatine bones – 2 • Nasal bones – 2 • Inferior nasal conchae – 2 • Zygomatic bones – 2 • Lacrimal bones – 2 • Vomer – 1 • Mandible – 1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review of the Skull (continued) • There are 22 bones of the skull • Cranial bones • Occipital bone – 1 • Parietal bones – 2 • Frontal bone – 1 • Temporal bones – 2 • Sphenoid bone – 1 • Ethmoid bone – 1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review of the Skull (continued) • There are 7 associated bones of the skull • Associated bones • Auditory ossicles – 6 • Hyoid bone – 1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Skull of Infants • Major features of the infant skull • 4 major fontanel areas • Membranous areas where sutures will eventually form • Anterior fontanel (baby’s “soft spot”) • Posterior fontanel • Sphenoidal fontanels • Mastoid fontanels © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.19a The Skull of an Infant Coronal suture Maxilla Mandible Temporal © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. bone Mastoid fontanel Lateral view Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Sphenoidal fontanel Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone
Figure 6.19c The Skull of an Infant © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior view Coronal suture Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Parietal bone Frontal suture Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture
Figure 6.19d The Skull of an Infant © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Sagittal suture Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
The Vertebral Column • The adult vertebral column is made up of 26 bones: • 24 vertebrae • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) • 1 coccyx (3 to 5 fused vertebrae) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Vertebral Column • Functional anatomy of the vertebral column • Encloses and protects the spinal cord • Supports the skull • Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk • Transfers weight to the lower limbs • Helps maintain the upright position of the body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.20a The Vertebral Column SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The major divisions of the vertebral column, showing the four adult spinal curves Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Cervical Cervical Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Coccygeal C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8T 9T 10T 11 T12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves Primary curves/accommodation curves are the posteriorly sweeping curves of the thoracic and sacral regions. These curves develop before birth to allow the abdominopelvic viscera more room. Secondary curves/compensation curves develop in the infant and toddler as anteriorly sweeping curves of the cervical and lumbar regions. These curves develop as the infant learns to hold up his or her head (cervical) and begins to walk (lumbar). © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.20d The Vertebral Column The development of spinal curves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 2 fetal months 6 fetal months Newborn 4-year-old 13-year-old Adult
The Vertebral Column • Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column • Scoliosis • Abnormal lateral curvature • Kyphosis • Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic region • Lordosis • Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spinal curve deformities © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Vertebral Column • Vertebral Processes (Cervical Vertebrae) • Vertebral body • Vertebral foramen • Spinous process • Transverse process • Transverse foramen • Lamina • Pedicle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Vertebral Column  Cervical Vertebrae  7 total cervical vertebrae are the smallest, most superior vertebrae.  The spinous processes are relatively stumpy and may be split, resulting in a bifid process.  Costal processes are extra extensions of bone from the ventrolateral body that attach to the transverse processes.  Transverse foramina result from the hole between the costal process and the transverse process. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.22c Cervical Vertebrae Superior view of the same vertebra. Note the characteristic features listed in Table 6.3. Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Pedicle Transverse process Costal process © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Bifid tip of spinous process Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Vertebral body
The Vertebral Column The Atlas (C1) The atlas has no body and articulates cranially with the occipital condyles. The articulations with the occipital condyles allow one to shake his or her head “yes.” The atlas has two arches—the anterior and posterior vertebral arches. Superior and inferior articular facets do not extend beyond the arches. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.23e Atlas and Axis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The articulated atlas and axis, in superior and posterior view Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
The Vertebral Column The Axis (C2) The body of the atlas fuses with the body of the axis during development to form the dens (odontoid process). Because of the dens, there is no intervertebral disc. The articulation between the atlas and axis allows one to shake his or her head “no.” © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.23f Atlas and Axis Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The articulated atlas (C1) and axis (C2) showing the transverse ligament that holds the dens of the axis in position at the articular facet of the atlas Transverse ligament
The vertebral column Vertebra Prominens (C7)  The last cervical vertebrae, and therefore resembles the thoracic vertebra in structure  This vertebra has a long, slender spinous process, and enlarged transverse processes that may or may not contain a transverse foramen.  An elastic ligament called the ligamentum nuchae extends from the spinous process cranially to the occipital crest. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Vertebral column  Thoracic Vertebrae  12 total thoracic vertebrae make up the posterior of the rib cage.  The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have a heart shape.  The spinous process is long and slender and points on a posterocaudal angle.  The transverse processes point dorsolateral.  The thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs and therefore contain extra facets. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.24c Thoracic Vertebrae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Superior costal facet Spinous process Lamina Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior articular facet Superior articular process Pedicle Inferior costal facet Vertebral foramen Vertebral body Superior costal facet
Vertebral column © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Vertebral column  Lumbar Vertebrae  5 total lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae, and they make up the lower back region.  The body of lumbar vertebrae is very thick and oval shaped.  The relatively small vertebral foramen is triangular.  The transverse processes point more laterally than the thoracic vertebrae.  The spinous process resembles a tail fin of a fish, stumpy and flattened. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.25b Lumbar Vertebrae Vertebral foramen © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process A representative lumbar vertebra, superior view Vertebral body Vertebral body Vertebral foramen Superior articular facet Superior articular facet Pedicle
Vertebral column © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.26a The Sacrum and Coccyx Articular process Entrance © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. to sacral canal Posterior view Sacral hiatus Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Sacral cornu Coccygeal cornu
The Thoracic Cage  The Thoracic cage has two functions:  Made of sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae.  Sternum is made of:  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid process  12 pairs of ribs:  1-7 are true ribs: attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions.  8-10 are false ribs: attach to the sternum by one shared cartilaginous extension.  11-12 are floating ribs: not attached to the sternum.  Function:  It protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures within the cavity.  It serves as the attachment site for muscles involved in  Respiration  Positioning the vertebral column  Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.27a The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Jugular notch T11 T12 T1 1 2 10 3 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clavicular articulation Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Costal cartilages Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12)
Figure 6.27b The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. C7 1 T1 1 2 T2 2 3 T3 3 4 T4 4 5 T5 5 6 T6 6 7 T7 7 8 T8 8 9 T10 9 10 T11 10 11 11 Posterior view of the rib cage True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12) T12 T9 12 12 L1
Figure 6.27c The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A superior view of the articulation between a thoracic vertebra and the vertebral end of a left rib Transverse costal facet Costal facet Tubercle of rib Neck Angle Head (capitulum) Vertebral end

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Dr. B Ch 06_lecture_presentation

  • 1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 The Skeletal System: Axial Division PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
  • 2. Introduction • The axial skeleton: • Composed of bones along the central axis of the body • Divided into three regions: • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 3. Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skull Ribs Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the bones of the axial skeleton
  • 4. Introduction • Functional anatomy of the axial skeleton: • Framework that supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities • Protects special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision • Attachment sites for muscles that: • Adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk • Move the thoracic cage for respiration • Stabilize the appendicular skeleton • The connection between axial and appendicular skeleton in the upper body is sternum-clavicle. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 5. Figure 6.1a The Axial Skeleton © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. SKELETAL SYSTEM APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Figure 7.1) AXIAL SKELETON 80 Skull and associated bones Thoracic cage Vertebral column Skull Associated bones Cranium Face Auditory ossicles Hyoid Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx 29 25 26 8 14 6 1 1 24 24 1 1 Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting components of the axial skeleton; the flowchart indicates relationships among the axial components. 126 206
  • 6. Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. SKULL ASSOCIATED BONES 7 Hyoid bone 1 6 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 18) FACE 14 CRANIUM 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 Maxillae Palatine bones Nasal bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Vomer Mandible Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid 1
  • 7. Figure 6.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 2 of 2) Facial Bones Cranial Bones Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lacrimal bone Vomer Mandible Frontal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone
  • 8. The Skull and Associated Bones  Bones of the Cranium  The cranial cavity is a fluid-filled chamber that supports and protects the brain. It is made up of the  Occipital: foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle.  Parietal (2): coronal, lambdoid and sagittal surures.  Frontal: supraorbital foramen, supraorbital arch, glabella, frontal sinus.  Temporal (2): squamous portion, petrose portion, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus.  Sphenoid: sella turcica, clinoid process, optic groove, dorsum sellae, pterigoid process.  Ethmoid: perforating panel, crista galli, perpendicular plate, ethmoid sinuses, superior portion of nasal septum. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 9. Figure 6.3a The Adult Skull Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process Occipital condyle Posterior view of the bones Mandible of the adult skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. External occipital protuberance Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Temporal bone External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Occipital condyle Left parietal bone Right parietal bone Occipital bone
  • 10. Figure 6.6a The Occipital and Parietal Bones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital bone, inferior (external) view Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Hypoglossal canal Condyloid fossa Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance
  • 11. Figure 6.3b The Adult Skull Occipital bone Right parietal bone Left parietal bone Frontal bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Right parietal bone Superior view of the bones of the adult skull Nasal bones Occipital bone Frontal bone Left parietal bone Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Coronal suture Zygomatic bone
  • 12. Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Occipital bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line Squamous suture Lambdoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic arch Styloid process Zygomatic process of temporal bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mandible Coronal suture Sphenoid Supra-orbital foramen Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Lacrimal groove of lacrimal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Mental foramen Mental protuberance
  • 13. Figure 6.3d The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) Parietal bone Supra-orbital foramen Sphenoid Temporal bone Ethmoid Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Anterior view of the bones of the adult skull © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Coronal suture Frontonasal suture Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Temporal process of zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mental foramen Mental protuberance
  • 14. Figure 6.3e The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior view of the adult skull, mandible removed Greater palatine foramen Frontal bone Lesser palatine foramen Zygomatic bone Vomer Sphenoid Foramen ovale Styloid process Mandibular fossa Temporal squama External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Condyloid fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Incisive fossa Palatal process of maxilla Maxilla Internal nares Palatine bone Zygomatic arch Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Temporal bone Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Occipitomastoid suture Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Superior nuchal line
  • 15. Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal bone Carotid canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Horizontal section
  • 16. Figure 6.5 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sagittal section Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus (right) Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Palatine bone Parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Internal acoustic meatus Occipital bone Maxilla Mandible Styloid process Hypoglossal canal
  • 17. Figure 6.9a The Sphenoid Middle clinoid process Posterior clinoid © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tuberculum sellae Superior surface Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Optic groove Anterior clinoid process Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen ovale Posterior clinoid process Foramen spinosum Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Sphenoidal spine Foramen rotundum Anterior clinoid process Optic groove Tuberculum sellae Lesser wing Greater wing Temporal bone Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica process Dorsum sellae To optic canal
  • 18. Figure 6.10b The Ethmoid © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Ethmoidal labyrinth containing lateral masses Cribriform plate Crista galli Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate
  • 19. Figure 6.11a The Cranial Fossae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A sagittal section through the skull showing the relative positions of the cranial fossae Optic groove Crista galli Frontal sinus Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) Sphenopalatine foramen Sphenoidal sinus Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Sella turcica Hypoglossal canal Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus
  • 20. Figure 6.11b The Cranial Fossae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Horizontal sections, superior view. The superior portion of the brain has been removed, but portions of the brain stem and associated nerves and blood vessels remain. Sella turcica Entrance to optic canal Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Posterior clinoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Petrous part of temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum Crista galli of ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory tract Optic nerve Optic chiasm Cerebral arterial circle Midbrain Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa
  • 21. The Skull and Associated Bones Bones of the Face  The skull contains 14 total facial bones.  The facial bones included the paired bones named the  Maxillae: alveolar process, maxillary sinus (the largest paranasal sinus), infraorbital foramen, front part of hard palate.  Palatine: dorsal part of hard palate.  Nasal  Zygomatic: cheek bones  Lacrimal  Inferior nasal conchae  Single bones of the face are the  Vomer: makes the inferior portion of nasal septum.  Mandible: Alveolar process, ramus, condylar process, coronoid process. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 22. Figure 6.12ac The Maxillae Body Zygomatic process Right maxilla, anterior and lateral surfaces © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal process Lacrimal groove Orbital surface Infra-orbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Maxillary sinuses Alveolar process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Incisive canals Palatal process of right maxilla Superior view of a horizontal section through both maxillae and palatine bones showing the orientation of the maxillary sinuses and the structure of the hard palate
  • 23. Figure 6.14a The Mandible Teeth (molar) Mylohyoid line © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Head Coronoid process Alveolar part Superior and lateral surfaces Condylar process Mandibular notch Ramus Angle Body Mental foramen Mental protuberance
  • 24. Figure 6.15 The Orbital Complex Sphenoid Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital groove © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Infra-orbital foramen Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Optic canal Palatine bone Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Lacrimal groove Nasolacrimal canal Maxillary bone Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital groove Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Infra-orbital foramen Nasolacrimal canal
  • 25. The Skull and Associated Bones The Nasal Complex  Paranasal sinuses are the interconnected hollow spaces inside the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones.  These spaces reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and allow air to resonate for voice production.  These paranasal sinuses are called the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and the ethmoidal air cells. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 26. Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex, Part I Frontal bone Frontal sinuses Ethmoid Nasal bone Maxilla (hard palate) Diagrammatic sagittal section with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sphenoidal sinuses Sphenoid Superior Middle Inferior Nasal conchae Horizontal plate of palatine bone
  • 27. Figure 6.7c The Frontal Bone © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Margin of coronal suture Squamous part Frontal crest Orbital part Notch for ethmoid Posterior view
  • 28. Figure 6.18a The Hyoid Bone Digastric muscle (anterior belly) Greater horn Lesser horn Thyrohyoid ligament Thyroid Styloid process (temporal bone) Masatoid process (temporal bone) Mandible Stylohyoid ligament Stylohyoid muscle Anterior view showing the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull, the larynx, and selected skeletal muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. cartilage Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
  • 29. Review of the Skull • There are 22 bones of the skull • Facial bones • Maxillae – 2 • Palatine bones – 2 • Nasal bones – 2 • Inferior nasal conchae – 2 • Zygomatic bones – 2 • Lacrimal bones – 2 • Vomer – 1 • Mandible – 1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 30. Review of the Skull (continued) • There are 22 bones of the skull • Cranial bones • Occipital bone – 1 • Parietal bones – 2 • Frontal bone – 1 • Temporal bones – 2 • Sphenoid bone – 1 • Ethmoid bone – 1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 31. Review of the Skull (continued) • There are 7 associated bones of the skull • Associated bones • Auditory ossicles – 6 • Hyoid bone – 1 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 32. The Skull of Infants • Major features of the infant skull • 4 major fontanel areas • Membranous areas where sutures will eventually form • Anterior fontanel (baby’s “soft spot”) • Posterior fontanel • Sphenoidal fontanels • Mastoid fontanels © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 33. Figure 6.19a The Skull of an Infant Coronal suture Maxilla Mandible Temporal © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. bone Mastoid fontanel Lateral view Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Sphenoidal fontanel Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone
  • 34. Figure 6.19c The Skull of an Infant © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior view Coronal suture Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Parietal bone Frontal suture Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture
  • 35. Figure 6.19d The Skull of an Infant © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Sagittal suture Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
  • 36. The Vertebral Column • The adult vertebral column is made up of 26 bones: • 24 vertebrae • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) • 1 coccyx (3 to 5 fused vertebrae) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 37. The Vertebral Column • Functional anatomy of the vertebral column • Encloses and protects the spinal cord • Supports the skull • Supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk • Transfers weight to the lower limbs • Helps maintain the upright position of the body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 38. Figure 6.20a The Vertebral Column SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The major divisions of the vertebral column, showing the four adult spinal curves Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Cervical Cervical Sacral Lumbar Thoracic Coccygeal C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8T 9T 10T 11 T12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
  • 39. The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves Primary curves/accommodation curves are the posteriorly sweeping curves of the thoracic and sacral regions. These curves develop before birth to allow the abdominopelvic viscera more room. Secondary curves/compensation curves develop in the infant and toddler as anteriorly sweeping curves of the cervical and lumbar regions. These curves develop as the infant learns to hold up his or her head (cervical) and begins to walk (lumbar). © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 40. Figure 6.20d The Vertebral Column The development of spinal curves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 2 fetal months 6 fetal months Newborn 4-year-old 13-year-old Adult
  • 41. The Vertebral Column • Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column • Scoliosis • Abnormal lateral curvature • Kyphosis • Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic region • Lordosis • Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 42. Spinal curve deformities © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 43. The Vertebral Column • Vertebral Processes (Cervical Vertebrae) • Vertebral body • Vertebral foramen • Spinous process • Transverse process • Transverse foramen • Lamina • Pedicle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 44. The Vertebral Column  Cervical Vertebrae  7 total cervical vertebrae are the smallest, most superior vertebrae.  The spinous processes are relatively stumpy and may be split, resulting in a bifid process.  Costal processes are extra extensions of bone from the ventrolateral body that attach to the transverse processes.  Transverse foramina result from the hole between the costal process and the transverse process. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 45. Figure 6.22c Cervical Vertebrae Superior view of the same vertebra. Note the characteristic features listed in Table 6.3. Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Pedicle Transverse process Costal process © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Bifid tip of spinous process Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Vertebral body
  • 46. The Vertebral Column The Atlas (C1) The atlas has no body and articulates cranially with the occipital condyles. The articulations with the occipital condyles allow one to shake his or her head “yes.” The atlas has two arches—the anterior and posterior vertebral arches. Superior and inferior articular facets do not extend beyond the arches. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 47. Figure 6.23e Atlas and Axis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The articulated atlas and axis, in superior and posterior view Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
  • 48. The Vertebral Column The Axis (C2) The body of the atlas fuses with the body of the axis during development to form the dens (odontoid process). Because of the dens, there is no intervertebral disc. The articulation between the atlas and axis allows one to shake his or her head “no.” © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 49. Figure 6.23f Atlas and Axis Articular facet for dens of axis Dens Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The articulated atlas (C1) and axis (C2) showing the transverse ligament that holds the dens of the axis in position at the articular facet of the atlas Transverse ligament
  • 50. The vertebral column Vertebra Prominens (C7)  The last cervical vertebrae, and therefore resembles the thoracic vertebra in structure  This vertebra has a long, slender spinous process, and enlarged transverse processes that may or may not contain a transverse foramen.  An elastic ligament called the ligamentum nuchae extends from the spinous process cranially to the occipital crest. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 51. Vertebral column  Thoracic Vertebrae  12 total thoracic vertebrae make up the posterior of the rib cage.  The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have a heart shape.  The spinous process is long and slender and points on a posterocaudal angle.  The transverse processes point dorsolateral.  The thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs and therefore contain extra facets. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 52. Figure 6.24c Thoracic Vertebrae © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A representative thoracic vertebra, superior view Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib Superior costal facet Spinous process Lamina Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior articular facet Superior articular process Pedicle Inferior costal facet Vertebral foramen Vertebral body Superior costal facet
  • 53. Vertebral column © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 54. Vertebral column  Lumbar Vertebrae  5 total lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae, and they make up the lower back region.  The body of lumbar vertebrae is very thick and oval shaped.  The relatively small vertebral foramen is triangular.  The transverse processes point more laterally than the thoracic vertebrae.  The spinous process resembles a tail fin of a fish, stumpy and flattened. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 55. Figure 6.25b Lumbar Vertebrae Vertebral foramen © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process A representative lumbar vertebra, superior view Vertebral body Vertebral body Vertebral foramen Superior articular facet Superior articular facet Pedicle
  • 56. Vertebral column © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 57. Figure 6.26a The Sacrum and Coccyx Articular process Entrance © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. to sacral canal Posterior view Sacral hiatus Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Sacral cornu Coccygeal cornu
  • 58. The Thoracic Cage  The Thoracic cage has two functions:  Made of sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae.  Sternum is made of:  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid process  12 pairs of ribs:  1-7 are true ribs: attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions.  8-10 are false ribs: attach to the sternum by one shared cartilaginous extension.  11-12 are floating ribs: not attached to the sternum.  Function:  It protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures within the cavity.  It serves as the attachment site for muscles involved in  Respiration  Positioning the vertebral column  Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 59. Figure 6.27a The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Jugular notch T11 T12 T1 1 2 10 3 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clavicular articulation Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Costal cartilages Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12)
  • 60. Figure 6.27b The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. C7 1 T1 1 2 T2 2 3 T3 3 4 T4 4 5 T5 5 6 T6 6 7 T7 7 8 T8 8 9 T10 9 10 T11 10 11 11 Posterior view of the rib cage True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12) T12 T9 12 12 L1
  • 61. Figure 6.27c The Thoracic Cage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A superior view of the articulation between a thoracic vertebra and the vertebral end of a left rib Transverse costal facet Costal facet Tubercle of rib Neck Angle Head (capitulum) Vertebral end