Aphakia
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Aphakia is the good topic to learn for optometrists and Ophthalmic assistants. this presentation clearly mention the treatment modalities.
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Myopia Control
This document provides an overview of myopia, including its definition, global epidemiology, risk factors, management options, and the importance of controlling axial length growth. It discusses that myopia prevalence is increasing globally and poses lifelong risks. Risk factors for increased myopia progression include younger age, family history, near work, ethnicity, and binocular vision issues. The document reviews behavioral, optical, and pharmacological management strategies and their effectiveness, noting that controlling axial length growth through approaches like orthokeratology and atropine is key to managing myopia progression.
Binocular Single Vision Tests
This document summarizes various tests for binocular single vision. It describes three grades of binocular single vision - simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. It also discusses normal and abnormal retinal correspondence, diplopia, confusion, and suppression. Several tests are described that evaluate retinal correspondence, suppression, fusion, and stereopsis, including the Worth four-dot test, Bagolini striated glasses test, after image test, 4 prism base out test, and red filter test. The document provides details on administering and interpreting the results of these common binocular vision tests.
Pediatric contact lens
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Orthoptic examination
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Stereopsis
This document discusses tests for measuring stereopsis, or depth perception. It describes four main stereopsis tests:
1) The TNO stereo test, which uses colored random dot stereograms to test retinal disparities from 15 to 480 seconds of arc.
2) The Lang Stereotest II, which uses random dots and cylindrical gratings to test four levels of stereopsis from 200 to 600 seconds of arc.
3) The Frisby test, which uses small random shapes with one hidden circle in each plate to test disparity.
4) The Titmus Fly test, which first tests gross stereopsis using a stereoscopic image of a housefly, then tests finer stereopsis using animals and
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Low vision in childhood
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
Aniseikonia
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
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Myopia Control
This document provides an overview of myopia, including its definition, global epidemiology, risk factors, management options, and the importance of controlling axial length growth. It discusses that myopia prevalence is increasing globally and poses lifelong risks. Risk factors for increased myopia progression include younger age, family history, near work, ethnicity, and binocular vision issues. The document reviews behavioral, optical, and pharmacological management strategies and their effectiveness, noting that controlling axial length growth through approaches like orthokeratology and atropine is key to managing myopia progression.
Binocular Single Vision Tests
This document summarizes various tests for binocular single vision. It describes three grades of binocular single vision - simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. It also discusses normal and abnormal retinal correspondence, diplopia, confusion, and suppression. Several tests are described that evaluate retinal correspondence, suppression, fusion, and stereopsis, including the Worth four-dot test, Bagolini striated glasses test, after image test, 4 prism base out test, and red filter test. The document provides details on administering and interpreting the results of these common binocular vision tests.
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Orthoptic examination
This document outlines the order and components of a general orthoptic examination. The examination aims to diagnose ocular motor disorders and detect other eye or non-eye issues. It involves assessing appearance, measuring visual acuity, observing eyelids and eye position, and measuring eye movements and deviations. It also includes refraction with cycloplegia, investigating binocular function, and potential laboratory/radiology tests. Specific examination points cover general appearance, head posture, eyelid assessment, ocular deviation and movement testing, and evaluating binocular visual functions.
Stereopsis
This document discusses tests for measuring stereopsis, or depth perception. It describes four main stereopsis tests:
1) The TNO stereo test, which uses colored random dot stereograms to test retinal disparities from 15 to 480 seconds of arc.
2) The Lang Stereotest II, which uses random dots and cylindrical gratings to test four levels of stereopsis from 200 to 600 seconds of arc.
3) The Frisby test, which uses small random shapes with one hidden circle in each plate to test disparity.
4) The Titmus Fly test, which first tests gross stereopsis using a stereoscopic image of a housefly, then tests finer stereopsis using animals and
Binocular refraction techniques, binocular balancing
This document discusses various binocular refraction techniques including binocular balancing and binocular best sphere. It describes several methods for achieving binocular balancing such as Humphiss fogging, alternate occlusion testing, duochrome testing with fogging, prism dissociation, and Turville's infinity balance test. The goal of binocular balancing is to achieve equal accommodation between the two eyes rather than just matching visual acuity. Proper binocular balancing is important to reduce asthenopia from an imbalanced refraction.
Low vision in childhood
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
Aniseikonia
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
Anomalies of accomodation
Accommodation anomalies can occur due to various causes and present with different symptoms. Assessment involves dynamic retinoscopy and measuring accommodation amplitudes. Accommodative fatigue can result from overuse and be treated by correcting refractive errors and discussing visual hygiene. Presbyopia is age-related and treated with near vision correction. Other failures of accommodation include insufficiency, paralysis, spasm, and sustained accommodation, each with different etiologies, signs, and treatments.
Hess chart, diplopia chart, cover tests
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
worth 4 dot test.pptx
The Worth Four Dot test is used to assess binocular vision. It presents four lights - red, green, green, white - through red-green glasses. The test checks for suppression or diplopia by asking the patient to report the number, color, and position of lights seen. Abnormal responses can indicate conditions like strabismus, suppression in one eye, or vertical/horizontal diplopia from deviations. The test is inexpensive and easy to perform but relies on subjective patient responses.
Exodeviations , Exotropia
This document discusses exodeviations (divergent strabismus), which occurs when the visual axis is deviated laterally and the fovea is rotated nasally. Exodeviations can be comitant or incomitant. Comitant exodeviations include infantile exotropia, intermittent exotropia, and sensory exotropia. Incomitant exodeviations include paralytic, restrictive, and musculofascial innervational anomalies. Treatment options depend on the type of exodeviation and include non-surgical approaches like optical treatment and orthoptic exercises or surgical approaches like lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection.
Acaratio
The AC/A ratio measures the amount of accommodative convergence induced per diopter of accommodation. It can be calculated using phorias at distance and near or measured using the gradient method. A normal AC/A ratio is 4:1 with a range of 2-6:1. An elevated or reduced AC/A ratio can indicate different binocular vision dysfunctions and influence treatment decisions.
Worth 4 dot test
This document describes the Worth four-dot test procedure used to differentiate between binocular single vision (BSV), alternating or harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), and various types of suppression. The test involves having the patient view four lights - one red, two green, and one white - through differently colored lenses placed in front of each eye. The number and color of lights seen by the patient can indicate whether they have BSV, ARC, or left, right, alternating, or diplopia suppression. The results must be interpreted in the context of any manifest strabismus present at the time of testing.
Pediatric refraction
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
Low vision
This document discusses low vision and provides definitions, classifications, common causes, and management strategies.
[1] Low vision is defined as visual impairment even after treatment that results in visual acuity worse than 6/18 but ability to use vision. It can be caused by conditions like macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, and glaucoma.
[2] Low vision affects people's ability to perform visual tasks and can cause blurry or decreased vision, loss of peripheral vision, and light sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing vision and goals, while management includes low vision devices and counseling.
[3] Common low vision devices include telescopes, magnifiers, and electronic
Microtropia - Definition, Types and Shot Note
Microtropia is a small-angle strabismus less than 6-8 PD that is difficult to detect on cover test. It is also known as monofixation syndrome. There are three types based on fixation pattern. Microtropia can be caused by residual strabismus, anisometropia, foveal lesions, heredity, or amblyopia. Clinical features include a foveal scotoma, mild amblyopia, parafoveal eccentric fixation, and low-level stereoacuity between 60-3000 seconds of arc. Investigations include visual acuity tests, cover test, four prism diopter test, Amsler charts, Bagolini
Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children (Journal Club) (health...
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/reduce-myopia/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children (Journal Club)
Objectives:
- To discuss about the different interventions to reduce myopia progression in children
- To determine the effectiveness of different interventions to slow down the progression of myopia in children
Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression:
Environmental Considerations
- Time Spent Outdoors
- Near-Vision Activities
Spectacles & Contact Lenses
- Gas-Permeable Contact Lens Wear
- Bifocal & Multifocal Spectacles
- Soft Bifocal Contact Lenses
- Orthokeratology
Pharmacological Therapies
- Antimuscarinic Agents: Atropine & Pirenzepine
Under Correction of Myopia
Amblyopia Management
Amblyopia is a condition of reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not caused by structural eye problems. It occurs during early childhood development when there is inadequate visual stimulation to one or both eyes. Common causes include strabismus, significant refractive error differences between the eyes, form deprivation, and abnormal binocular interaction. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and using occlusion therapy or drugs to blur vision in the non-amblyopic eye, forcing use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy is the most common treatment but requires compliance to achieve results. Other options include penalization, visual stimulation, and drugs, but occlusion remains the standard first approach. Success depends on early diagnosis and treatment before age 7.
Jackson cross cylinder
JACKSON CROSS CYLINDER, JCC, JCC TEST, DISCOVERING THE ASTIGMATISM, REFINEMENT OF THE AXIS, REFIM\NEMENT OF CYLINDER POWER, FASLU MUHAMMED.
Ill-sustained accommodation
Ill-sustained accommodation
WHAT?
-AKA accommodative fatigue
-Amplitude of accommodation is initially normal, but deteriorates over time after prolong focusing at near task.
-Sub-classification of accommodative insufficiency.
-An early stage of accommodative insuffciency.
CLINICAL SIGNS:
-Hard on any clinical tests that require stimulation of accommodation (hard on minus lens) and deteriorates AA over time.
MANAGEMENT:
1. Correction
2. Added plus lenses
3. Visual therapy
Assesssment of strabismus
The document defines and describes various types of strabismus including tropia, phoria, comitant and incomitant deviations. It outlines the assessment of strabismus including taking a patient history, testing visual acuity, and performing an examination of motor and sensory status. The examination involves evaluating ocular alignment using tests such as cover testing, evaluating eye movements and fusion, and identifying suppression or abnormal retinal correspondence.
Myopia refractive error
This document provides an overview of myopia, including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. It defines myopia as a refractive error where parallel rays come to focus in front of the retina. Myopia is classified into congenital, simple/developmental, pathological and acquired types. Causes include excessive axial length growth and changes in corneal or lenticular curvature. Clinical examination includes visual acuity testing and fundus examination. Treatment involves optical correction with glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery depending on the degree of myopia.
Contact lens complication
This document discusses several common complications that can arise from contact lens wear, including dry eye, papillary conjunctivitis, corneal abrasion, corneal hypoxia/edema, neovascularization, keratitis, and corneal ulcer. Dry eye is the most common problem and results from a lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture on the eye surface. Papillary conjunctivitis appears as localized swelling or papillae on the tarsal conjunctiva. Corneal abrasion is a scratch or staining on the cornea surface caused by a poorly fitted lens or lens deposits. Prolonged lens wear can lead to corneal hypoxia/edema from oxygen deprivation. Neovascularization is the growth of new blood
Bandage Contact Lens
This document discusses the use of bandage contact lenses after refractive surgery procedures like LASIK and PRK. It describes how bandage contact lenses can help reduce pain, promote healing of the epithelium, and prevent complications like striae or epithelial in-growth after surgery. Different types of bandage contact lens materials are reviewed, including hydrogels, silicone hydrogels, collagen shields, and scleral lenses. Factors like oxygen transmissibility, diameter, and disposable versus reusable lenses are discussed when selecting a bandage contact lens. Potential complications are also mentioned.
Binocular balancing
1. Binocular balancing ensures equal accommodation relaxation in both eyes during subjective refraction. It does not aim to equalize visual acuity between eyes.
2. There are several techniques for binocular balancing, including successive alternate occlusion, vertical prism dissociation, fogging/Humphiss test, polarized filters, and the septum technique. These techniques add plus lenses until the patient reports equal blurriness between eyes.
3. The vertical prism dissociation technique uses prisms to displace one eye's image vertically while fogging is used, and plus lenses are added until equal blur is reported. The polarized technique uses polarizing filters to partially separate the images while the sept
Aniseikonia
The term ‘‘aniseikonia” comes from the Greek words ‘‘an” (not) ‘‘is” (equal) & ‘‘eikon” (icon or image) so aniseikonia is a binocular condition in which the apparent sizes of the images seen with the two eyes are unequal.
Whenever refractive ametropias in the two eyes of a person are different (i.e., when there is an anisometropia), the corrected retinal images of the two eyes, and consequently the two visual images, differ in size.
This condition has been termed aniseikonia
Optical aniseikonia
Retinal aniseikonia
Cortical aniseikonia
Soft toric Contact Lens
- Toric soft contact lenses are used to correct astigmatism by containing a cylindrical component that standard soft lenses do not have. They maintain the correct orientation in the eye to provide clear vision.
- Toric lenses are fitted using a trial lens method where the patient wears diagnostic lenses to determine the proper prescription accounting for any rotation. The final prescription is adjusted based on the measured rotation of the trial lens.
- A proper fitting toric lens will have full corneal coverage, good centration, stable orientation, and comfortable vision. Care involves using multipurpose solutions and proper insertion/removal to avoid damage.
Aphakia and pseudophakia (1)
This document discusses aphakia and pseudophakia. It defines aphakia as the absence of the eye's natural lens, which can be congenital or due to trauma or surgery. It describes how aphakia affects the eye's optics and visual acuity. Treatment options for aphakia include spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lens implantation, and refractive corneal surgery. Pseudophakia refers to the condition after an intraocular lens is implanted to correct aphakia. The document outlines the signs and management of pseudophakia.
Aphakia and pseudophakia
This document discusses aphakia and pseudophakia. It defines aphakia as the absence of the crystalline lens and lists various causes. It describes how aphakia changes the optical properties of the eye, eliminating accommodation. Treatment options for aphakia include spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lens implantation. Spectacles can cause issues like image magnification, roving ring scotomas, and restricted visual field. Contact lenses and intraocular lenses are better options as they avoid these problems but have disadvantages as well. Pseudophakia refers to the condition after intraocular lens implantation to correct aphakia. The document discusses calculating the power of intraocular lenses and the different refractive outcomes
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Anomalies of accomodation
Accommodation anomalies can occur due to various causes and present with different symptoms. Assessment involves dynamic retinoscopy and measuring accommodation amplitudes. Accommodative fatigue can result from overuse and be treated by correcting refractive errors and discussing visual hygiene. Presbyopia is age-related and treated with near vision correction. Other failures of accommodation include insufficiency, paralysis, spasm, and sustained accommodation, each with different etiologies, signs, and treatments.
Hess chart, diplopia chart, cover tests
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
worth 4 dot test.pptx
The Worth Four Dot test is used to assess binocular vision. It presents four lights - red, green, green, white - through red-green glasses. The test checks for suppression or diplopia by asking the patient to report the number, color, and position of lights seen. Abnormal responses can indicate conditions like strabismus, suppression in one eye, or vertical/horizontal diplopia from deviations. The test is inexpensive and easy to perform but relies on subjective patient responses.
Exodeviations , Exotropia
This document discusses exodeviations (divergent strabismus), which occurs when the visual axis is deviated laterally and the fovea is rotated nasally. Exodeviations can be comitant or incomitant. Comitant exodeviations include infantile exotropia, intermittent exotropia, and sensory exotropia. Incomitant exodeviations include paralytic, restrictive, and musculofascial innervational anomalies. Treatment options depend on the type of exodeviation and include non-surgical approaches like optical treatment and orthoptic exercises or surgical approaches like lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection.
Acaratio
The AC/A ratio measures the amount of accommodative convergence induced per diopter of accommodation. It can be calculated using phorias at distance and near or measured using the gradient method. A normal AC/A ratio is 4:1 with a range of 2-6:1. An elevated or reduced AC/A ratio can indicate different binocular vision dysfunctions and influence treatment decisions.
Worth 4 dot test
This document describes the Worth four-dot test procedure used to differentiate between binocular single vision (BSV), alternating or harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), and various types of suppression. The test involves having the patient view four lights - one red, two green, and one white - through differently colored lenses placed in front of each eye. The number and color of lights seen by the patient can indicate whether they have BSV, ARC, or left, right, alternating, or diplopia suppression. The results must be interpreted in the context of any manifest strabismus present at the time of testing.
Pediatric refraction
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
Low vision
This document discusses low vision and provides definitions, classifications, common causes, and management strategies.
[1] Low vision is defined as visual impairment even after treatment that results in visual acuity worse than 6/18 but ability to use vision. It can be caused by conditions like macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, and glaucoma.
[2] Low vision affects people's ability to perform visual tasks and can cause blurry or decreased vision, loss of peripheral vision, and light sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing vision and goals, while management includes low vision devices and counseling.
[3] Common low vision devices include telescopes, magnifiers, and electronic
Microtropia - Definition, Types and Shot Note
Microtropia is a small-angle strabismus less than 6-8 PD that is difficult to detect on cover test. It is also known as monofixation syndrome. There are three types based on fixation pattern. Microtropia can be caused by residual strabismus, anisometropia, foveal lesions, heredity, or amblyopia. Clinical features include a foveal scotoma, mild amblyopia, parafoveal eccentric fixation, and low-level stereoacuity between 60-3000 seconds of arc. Investigations include visual acuity tests, cover test, four prism diopter test, Amsler charts, Bagolini
Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children (Journal Club) (health...
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/reduce-myopia/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children (Journal Club)
Objectives:
- To discuss about the different interventions to reduce myopia progression in children
- To determine the effectiveness of different interventions to slow down the progression of myopia in children
Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression:
Environmental Considerations
- Time Spent Outdoors
- Near-Vision Activities
Spectacles & Contact Lenses
- Gas-Permeable Contact Lens Wear
- Bifocal & Multifocal Spectacles
- Soft Bifocal Contact Lenses
- Orthokeratology
Pharmacological Therapies
- Antimuscarinic Agents: Atropine & Pirenzepine
Under Correction of Myopia
Amblyopia Management
Amblyopia is a condition of reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not caused by structural eye problems. It occurs during early childhood development when there is inadequate visual stimulation to one or both eyes. Common causes include strabismus, significant refractive error differences between the eyes, form deprivation, and abnormal binocular interaction. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and using occlusion therapy or drugs to blur vision in the non-amblyopic eye, forcing use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy is the most common treatment but requires compliance to achieve results. Other options include penalization, visual stimulation, and drugs, but occlusion remains the standard first approach. Success depends on early diagnosis and treatment before age 7.
Jackson cross cylinder
JACKSON CROSS CYLINDER, JCC, JCC TEST, DISCOVERING THE ASTIGMATISM, REFINEMENT OF THE AXIS, REFIM\NEMENT OF CYLINDER POWER, FASLU MUHAMMED.
Ill-sustained accommodation
Ill-sustained accommodation
WHAT?
-AKA accommodative fatigue
-Amplitude of accommodation is initially normal, but deteriorates over time after prolong focusing at near task.
-Sub-classification of accommodative insufficiency.
-An early stage of accommodative insuffciency.
CLINICAL SIGNS:
-Hard on any clinical tests that require stimulation of accommodation (hard on minus lens) and deteriorates AA over time.
MANAGEMENT:
1. Correction
2. Added plus lenses
3. Visual therapy
Assesssment of strabismus
The document defines and describes various types of strabismus including tropia, phoria, comitant and incomitant deviations. It outlines the assessment of strabismus including taking a patient history, testing visual acuity, and performing an examination of motor and sensory status. The examination involves evaluating ocular alignment using tests such as cover testing, evaluating eye movements and fusion, and identifying suppression or abnormal retinal correspondence.
Myopia refractive error
This document provides an overview of myopia, including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. It defines myopia as a refractive error where parallel rays come to focus in front of the retina. Myopia is classified into congenital, simple/developmental, pathological and acquired types. Causes include excessive axial length growth and changes in corneal or lenticular curvature. Clinical examination includes visual acuity testing and fundus examination. Treatment involves optical correction with glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery depending on the degree of myopia.
Contact lens complication
This document discusses several common complications that can arise from contact lens wear, including dry eye, papillary conjunctivitis, corneal abrasion, corneal hypoxia/edema, neovascularization, keratitis, and corneal ulcer. Dry eye is the most common problem and results from a lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture on the eye surface. Papillary conjunctivitis appears as localized swelling or papillae on the tarsal conjunctiva. Corneal abrasion is a scratch or staining on the cornea surface caused by a poorly fitted lens or lens deposits. Prolonged lens wear can lead to corneal hypoxia/edema from oxygen deprivation. Neovascularization is the growth of new blood
Bandage Contact Lens
This document discusses the use of bandage contact lenses after refractive surgery procedures like LASIK and PRK. It describes how bandage contact lenses can help reduce pain, promote healing of the epithelium, and prevent complications like striae or epithelial in-growth after surgery. Different types of bandage contact lens materials are reviewed, including hydrogels, silicone hydrogels, collagen shields, and scleral lenses. Factors like oxygen transmissibility, diameter, and disposable versus reusable lenses are discussed when selecting a bandage contact lens. Potential complications are also mentioned.
Binocular balancing
1. Binocular balancing ensures equal accommodation relaxation in both eyes during subjective refraction. It does not aim to equalize visual acuity between eyes.
2. There are several techniques for binocular balancing, including successive alternate occlusion, vertical prism dissociation, fogging/Humphiss test, polarized filters, and the septum technique. These techniques add plus lenses until the patient reports equal blurriness between eyes.
3. The vertical prism dissociation technique uses prisms to displace one eye's image vertically while fogging is used, and plus lenses are added until equal blur is reported. The polarized technique uses polarizing filters to partially separate the images while the sept
Aniseikonia
The term ‘‘aniseikonia” comes from the Greek words ‘‘an” (not) ‘‘is” (equal) & ‘‘eikon” (icon or image) so aniseikonia is a binocular condition in which the apparent sizes of the images seen with the two eyes are unequal.
Whenever refractive ametropias in the two eyes of a person are different (i.e., when there is an anisometropia), the corrected retinal images of the two eyes, and consequently the two visual images, differ in size.
This condition has been termed aniseikonia
Optical aniseikonia
Retinal aniseikonia
Cortical aniseikonia
Soft toric Contact Lens
- Toric soft contact lenses are used to correct astigmatism by containing a cylindrical component that standard soft lenses do not have. They maintain the correct orientation in the eye to provide clear vision.
- Toric lenses are fitted using a trial lens method where the patient wears diagnostic lenses to determine the proper prescription accounting for any rotation. The final prescription is adjusted based on the measured rotation of the trial lens.
- A proper fitting toric lens will have full corneal coverage, good centration, stable orientation, and comfortable vision. Care involves using multipurpose solutions and proper insertion/removal to avoid damage.
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Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children (Journal Club) (health...
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Similar to Aphakia
Aphakia and pseudophakia (1)
This document discusses aphakia and pseudophakia. It defines aphakia as the absence of the eye's natural lens, which can be congenital or due to trauma or surgery. It describes how aphakia affects the eye's optics and visual acuity. Treatment options for aphakia include spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lens implantation, and refractive corneal surgery. Pseudophakia refers to the condition after an intraocular lens is implanted to correct aphakia. The document outlines the signs and management of pseudophakia.
Aphakia and pseudophakia
This document discusses aphakia and pseudophakia. It defines aphakia as the absence of the crystalline lens and lists various causes. It describes how aphakia changes the optical properties of the eye, eliminating accommodation. Treatment options for aphakia include spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lens implantation. Spectacles can cause issues like image magnification, roving ring scotomas, and restricted visual field. Contact lenses and intraocular lenses are better options as they avoid these problems but have disadvantages as well. Pseudophakia refers to the condition after intraocular lens implantation to correct aphakia. The document discusses calculating the power of intraocular lenses and the different refractive outcomes
Aphakia & Pseudophakia.pptx
This document discusses aphakia, which is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It defines aphakia, describes the causes including congenital absence and surgical removal of the lens. It outlines the changes that occur in the eye with aphakia such as high hypermetropia. Methods for correcting aphakia are discussed including spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lens implantation. Pseudophakia is defined as the condition when aphakia is corrected with an intraocular lens.
Aphakia by SURAJ CHHETRI
This document discusses aphakia, which is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It covers the causes of aphakia, the optics and clinical features of the condition, and the various methods used to correct refractive errors in aphakic patients, including spectacles, contact lenses, and intraocular lenses. The advantages and disadvantages of each correction method are presented, as well as common problems experienced by newly corrected aphakic patients.
Aphakia or pseudophakia
This document provides information about aphakia and different types of intraocular lenses (IOLs). It defines aphakia as the absence of the crystalline lens of the eye. The causes of aphakia discussed include congenital absence, surgical removal, trauma, and absorption of lens matter. The effects of aphakia on vision and eye optics are explained. Treatment options for aphakia include spectacles, contact lenses, and IOL implantation. Different types of IOLs are described such as anterior chamber IOLs, iris-supported IOLs, and posterior chamber IOLs.
Aphakia
- Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It can be congenital or caused by surgery or trauma.
- In aphakia, the eye becomes highly hyperopic, the anterior focal point moves forward, and the retinal image is magnified. This decreases visual acuity and field of view.
- Aphakia is treated with spectacles, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses. Spectacles cause issues like increased image size, ring scotomas, and reduced field of view. Contact lenses and IOLs provide better image quality but have risks of complications.
Optics of human eye & refractive errors
The document discusses the anatomy and optics of the human eye. It describes the main components of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and their functions. It also covers topics like emmetropia, refractive errors including myopia and hyperopia, their types and clinical features. Schematic and reduced eye models are introduced to conceptualize the optical properties of the eye.
OPTICS OF HUMAN EYE & REFRACTIVE ERRORS
The document discusses the anatomy and optics of the human eye. It describes the main components of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and their functions. It also covers topics like emmetropia, refractive errors including myopia and hyperopia, their causes and treatments. Schematic and reduced eye models are introduced to conceptualize the optical properties of the eye.
Refractive Errors
This document discusses refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines key terms like diopter, focal length, refractive index and explains how the eye's refractive power and axial length relate. Causes and corrections of refractive errors like glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery are covered. Development of refractive errors and amblyopia over lifetime are summarized.
ANISOMETROPIA & PSEUDOPHAKIA.pdf
Anisometropia refers to a difference in refractive power between the two eyes. It can be classified based on refractive error type and dioptric difference. Treatment includes spectacles, contact lenses, LASIK, and treating any amblyopia. Aniseikonia is an unequal size of retinal images between the eyes. It can be optical or retinal in origin. Treatment depends on the cause but may include contact lenses or iseikonic spectacles. Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens, usually due to cataract surgery. It causes blurry vision. Treatment includes thick spectacles, contact lenses, or secondary IOL implantation. Pseudophakia refers to replacement of the natural lens
Refractive errors (eye condions)
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
myopia-141210010058-conversion-gate01.pdf
Dr. Om Patel presented on myopia (nearsightedness). There are several types and causes of myopia, including axial myopia caused by an elongated eyeball, curvatural myopia from increased corneal or lens curvature, and pathological myopia associated with degenerative changes. Treatment options discussed included optical correction with glasses or contacts, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, and phakic intraocular lenses for high myopia. The goal of treatment is to slow progression and provide clear vision.
Aphakia
Aphakia and its causes. Correction of Aphakia. Advantages and disadvantages of different corrections. Surgeries and related signs and symptoms of aphakia. Complications related to Aphakia.
Myopia
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness), including its optics, etiological classifications, clinical varieties, and treatment options. Myopia occurs when light rays focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it. It can be axial, curvatural, or positional. Treatment includes optical correction with glasses or contacts, as well as refractive surgeries like LASIK, PRK, clear lens extraction, phakic IOL implantation, intracorneal ring segments, and orthokeratology. More advanced techniques like LASIK and ICLs can correct higher degrees of myopia over -12 diopters.
Correction of ametropia
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
Aphakia
Aphakia is the absence of the eye's natural lens. It is usually caused by surgical removal of the lens during cataract surgery. Symptoms include diminished vision and sensitivity to light. Signs include an operative scar and a deep, black-colored pupil. Aphakia results in high hyperopia and loss of accommodation. It is typically corrected with secondary intraocular lens implantation, spectacles, or contact lenses to restore vision. Uncorrected aphakia can lead to issues like diplopia due to the enlarged retinal images.
Amblyopia
The document discusses the pathophysiology, classification, and management of amblyopia, noting that it is a decreased vision in an otherwise normal eye due to visual deprivation or abnormal binocular interaction during visual development. It describes the different types of amblyopia including strabismic, anisometric, and form vision deprivation and recommends early detection and treatment with refractive correction, occlusion or penalization of the better eye, and visual stimulation activities to improve vision in the amblyopic eye. Prognosis is best for strabismic amblyopia and when treatment begins at a younger age.
Optics of ametropia
brief description of the optics of an ametropic eye namely myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism and aphakia.
Refraction and refractive errors
This document discusses the optical system of the eye and various types of refractive errors. It begins by explaining how the cornea and lens are responsible for most of the eye's refractive power. It then discusses schematic eyes and different types of ametropia including myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. The document provides details on causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment options for each refractive error.
Myopia
This document provides information about myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. It discusses the different mechanisms that can cause myopia, including excessive axial length growth. It classifies myopia based on clinical features, degree, and age of onset. Treatment options covered include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, phakic IOL implantation, and corneal ring segments.
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Aphakia
- 2. APHAKIA PRESENTER SHANA SIYAD DOA 1 ST YEAR CHAITHANYA EYE HOSPITAL & RI MODERATOR. DORA BABU DEVARAPALLI
- 3. Aphakia literally means absence of crystalline lens. Optical point of view it is a condition in which the lens is absent from the pupillary area. Aphakia produces high degree of hyperopia.
- 4. causes: Congenital absence of lens Surgical aphakia Trauma 1. aphakia due to absorption of len matter 2. traumatic extrusion 3. posterior dislocation lens in vitreous
- 5. Optics of aphakia the total power of the eye is reduced to about +44D from +60D. Image formation in aphakia is magnified with spectacles(33%), CL (10%), ACIOL (2- 5%) PCIOL(0%). VA in spects corrected aphakia is falsified due to large image size.
- 6. Continuation…. Total loss of accommodation due to absence of lens. Binocular optical defects like anisometropia and aniseikonia are harmful to the development of normal binocular functions.
- 7. CLINICAL FEATURES Symptoms: The only symptom is defective vision for near and far. Signs: Limbal scar may be seen in surgical aphakia AC is deeper than normal Iridodonesis Jet black pupil
- 8. CONTI… Only two purkinjes images are seen in aphakia. Slit lamp examination clarify absence of lens from patellar fossa Hypermetropic small disc seen in fundus Retinoscopy reveals high hypermetropia.
- 9. TREATMENT OF APHAKIA Optical principle:: To correct the error by convex lenses of appropriate power, so that the image is formed on the retina.
- 10. MODALITIES OF CORRECTING APHAKIA 1. Spectacles spectacle prescription is the most common method of correcting aphakia.(roughly +10). Cylindrical lenses also prescribed for surgical induced astigmatism. An addition of +3 to+4.00D is required for near vn to compensate for the loss of accommodation.
- 11. ADVANTAGES OF SPECTS IN APHAKIA Spects are cheap, easy and safe method of correcting aphakia. DISADVANTAGES OF SPECTS Image magnification Spherical aberrations Prismatic aberrations Resticted field of vision Decreased quality of colour vision Cosmetic blemish.
- 12. CONTACT LENSES FOR APHAKICS Advantages: Less magnification of image Elimination of aberrations and prismatic effects Wider and better field of vision Cosmetically more acceptible Better suited for uniocular aphakia
- 13. DISADVANTAGES OF CLS IN APHAKIA: More cost Difficult to wear, especially in old age and childhood. May be associated corneal complications.
- 14. IOL IMPLANTATION It is the best available method of correcting aphakia.
- 15. REFRACTIVE CORNEAL SURGERY Keratophakia Epikeratophakia Hyperopic lasik
- 16. REFERENSES Ak khurana Parsons.