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APD & Laser Diode
This document presents an overview of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and laser diodes, focusing on the specific commercial models of each, such as the UPD-15IR2-FC APD and the RLS/976nm-950mw fiber Bragg grating stabilized laser diode. It discusses the operating principles, applications, sensitivity, and pricing of these devices, highlighting their roles in high-speed optical communications and various other technologies. Additionally, it includes insights into the design features, performance characteristics, and market positioning of the mentioned models.
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APD & Laser Diode
- 1. Presentation on APD& Laser Diode
- 2. Purpose This presentation isabout Optical detector (APD) of a specific commercial model and what does it do with addition to Laser Diode and it’s commercial use also from a specific model.
- 3. Optical Detector • Anoptical detector is a device that converts light signals into electrical signals, which can then be amplified and processed. The photo detector is as essential an element of any fiber optic system as the optical fiber or the light source. Photo detectors can dictate the performance of a fiber optic communication link. • All photo detectors are encased incompact and strong aluminum housings and can be one-sided with a battery or an outer force supply. The UV-broadened renditions of the silicon type photo detectors are the only commercial items that spread the spectral go from 170 to 1100 nm.
- 4. Commercial Model APDbased UPD-15IR2-FC • Another sort of interesting UV- sensitive InGaAs photo detectors can be used for identifying laser beats in the range from 350 to 1700 nm, subsequently having the widest unearthly range and the highest speed economically available.
- 5. Biasing Voltage andCurrent & Image
- 6. Fig: Equivalent Circuitof an APD Form fig. (g) models the device output as; Ipd = In + IMKn + (Cs + Cj)d VA/dt + VA/ Rleak (g) (a) (d)(c) (b) (f)(e)
- 7. Structure of APDand UPD-15-IR2-FC APD photodetector 1. Generally, avalanche diode is made from silicon or other semiconductor materials. These diodes are doped heavily. Thus, the depletion region width in this diode is very slight. APD’s are mainly used for their high speed & internal gain in optical communications. 2. This model series are best suited for measurement of optical waveforms from DC to 25 GHz. Various models feature rise times as short as 15 ps and cover the spectral range from 170 to 2600 nm. 3. Another type of unique UV-sensitive InGaAs photodetectors can be used for detecting laser pulses in the range from 350 to 1700 nm, thus having the widest spectral range and the highest speed commercially available.
- 8. Structure of APDand UPD-15-IR2-FC APD photodetector
- 9. Operating Principle ofAPD(UPD-15IR2-FC) • When a photon of full energy strikes the diode, it makes a couple of an electron- hole. This mechanism is also called as the inner photoelectric effect. • If the absorption arises in the depletion region junction, then the carriers are removed from the junction by the in built electric field of the depletion region. • Therefore, holes in the region move toward the anode, and electrons move toward the cathode, and a photocurrent will be generated.
- 10. Operating Principle ofAPD(UPD-15IR2-FC) • A photodiode continually operates in a reverse bias mode. • The photocurrent is nearly independent of reverse bias voltage which is applied. For zero luminance, the photocurrent is almost zero excluding for small dark current. It is of the order of nano amperes. • As optical power rises the photo current also rises linearly. The max photocurrent is incomplete by the power dissipation of the photo diode. V-I Characteristics of avalanche photodiode
- 11. Sensitivity of APDbased UPD-15IR2-FC 1. Sensitivity is understood as the ability to detect weak signals. That a ability is usually limited by detector noise. 2. A quantitative measure for that aspect is the noise- equivalent power, which is essentially the optical input required to obtain the same output signal strength is that which results from detector noise. 3. some photo detectors have particularly higher responsivity, while others have a higher detectivity. For our chosen APD, UPD-15-IR2-FC, it is Fiber, and 9 μm (Dia. μm /mm2) in sensitivity. Here, S=I/H where, I=Current and H=Irradiance
- 12. Plots and informationof APD based UPD-15IR2-FC UPD-15IR2-FC: • According to varies companies’ ultrafast photodetector price is computable for optical communication link. Price range basically shows the variety between different model and their prices. As far our research our selected Alphalas. • UPD-15IR2-FC model is priced somewhere between $2200-$2500 based on adds on like wideband high-gain amplifiers with this model
- 13. APD Plot withUPD-15IR2-FC Fig: InGaAs Based APD Power v/s Frequency graph under incident optical power Fig: Spectral Response (TA= 23 ̊C, M = 1) Fig: Gain vs. Reverse Bias (TA= 23 ̊C, 1550 nm)
- 14. Fig: Capacitance vs.Reverse Bias (TA= 23 ̊C) Fig: Dark Current vs. Reverse Bias (TA= 23 ̊C)
- 15. Uses of APDand UPD-15IR2-FC • we already know APD’s are mainly used for their high speed & internal gain in optical communications, and for this specific model, it has faster rise time of 15ps and wider bandwidth of 25GHz with spectral range of 700- 1700nm. • Applications of APD’s are mainly for with respect to this specific model includes; I. Pulse Form Measurements II. Pulse Duration Measurements III. Precise Synchronization IV. Mode Beating Monitoring V. Heterodyne Measurements
- 16. Uses of APDand UPD-15IR2-FC Some of the regular uses are; High speed laser scanner (2D bar code reader) Laser Range Finders Speed Gun Microscopy and Particle Detection PET Scanner/MRI Machine
- 17. Quantum efficiency ofAPD (UPD-15IR2-FC) Quantum efficiency is the fraction of photon flux that contributes to the photocurrent in a photodetector or a pixel. It is defined as the number of signal electrons created per incident photon. In the visible and near-infrared region, photodiodes can have quantum efficiencies above 90%, although values between 40% and 80% are more common. For, UPD-15-IR2-FC it is 75%
- 18. NEP and Responsivityof APD (UPD-15IR2-FC) The Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) is the common metric that quantifies a photodetector’s sensitivity or the power generated by a noise source. Essentially, the NEP expresses the minimum detectable power per square root bandwidth of a given detector; in other words, it’s a measure of the weakest optical signal that can be detected. NEP can also be called Optical Power per Square root of Bandwidth and can be formulized as: 𝑝1 𝐵 = 1 𝑅 2ⅇ 𝐼 𝑑 + 𝐼 𝑝ℎ
- 19. NEP and Responsivityof APD (UPD-15IR2-FC) The Responsivity (or radiant sensitivity) of a photodiode or some other kind of photodetector is the ratio of generated photocurrent and incident (or sometimes absorbed) optical power (neglecting noise influences), determined in the linear region of response. It can be calculated according to:
- 20. Detectivity of APD(UPD-15IR2-FC) A measure of the detecting ability or sensitivity of a photodiode. The reciprocal of noise equivalent power (NEP). The specific detectivity of APD is a measure of detector SNR normalized for detector active area and is: where A: is the active area of the device. For UPD-15-IR2-FC it is 0.0000000000000000008 Fig: Detectivity with response to Wavelength Fig: Dependence of detectivity on temperature
- 21. Laser Diode • Asemiconductor device that generates coherent light of high intensity is known as laser diode. LASER is an abbreviation for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Stimulated emission is the basis of working of a laser diode. • Laser diode is similar to LED, however, different from LED, the PN junction of laser diode produces coherent radiation. Coherent radiation means the light waves generated by the device have the same frequency and phase.
- 22. Commercial Model ofFiber Bragg Grating Stabilized Laser Diode (RLS/976nm-950mW) • A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others. This is achieved by creating a periodic variation in the refractive index of the fiber core, which generates a wavelength-specific dielectric mirror. • A fiber Bragg grating can therefore be used as an inline optical filter to block certain wavelengths, or as a wavelength-specific reflector.
- 23. Commercial Model ofFiber Bragg Grating Stabilized Laser Diode (RLS/976nm-950mW) • This FBG based Laser diode is from 3SP Technologies • Commercially known as (RLS/976nm-950mW). • These 950mW fiber Bragg grating stabilized 976nm laser diodes are the newest generation of ultra- high-power pumps from 3SP Technologies, the industries' leading manufacturer of grating stabilized laser diodes for doped fiber pumping applications. • These new models have Highest Reliability Rating - Fully Telcordia GR-468-CORE Compliant. These models have wavelength from 900-1190nm • Pricing can be varied with add-ons or preconfigured modules, but base price is $1350.00
- 24. Types of LaserDiodes There is different type of Laser Diodes with different operating system and principle and every one of them has different type of functionality and applications. Some of the type of LDs are; • Multi-longitudinal mode (MLM) or Fabry-Perot laser • Single longitudinal mode laser (SLM) • Single longitudinal mode with distributed feedback laser, usually called a DFB laser • DFB laser with external modulator • Distributed Bragg Reflector lasers (DBR) • Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) • Double heterostructure lasers • Quantum well lasers • Quantum cascade lasers
- 25. Types of LaserDiodes (FBG RLS/976nm-950mW) • Fiber Bragg Grating LD which is a form of DBR diodes. The framework is the most representative in DBR-laser diode (distributed Bragg reflector laser diode). The DBR-laser diode is used in the wavelength converter, which is rigid and integrated with the modulator. • Fiber Bragg Gratings have many applications in optical communication, laser technique and sensing systems.
- 26. Types of LaserDiodes (FBG RLS/976nm-950mW) The Wavelength Locker FBGs are used as external reflectors for laser diodes. It is easy to stabilize wavelength generation of pump semiconductor lasers and single frequency lasers by using such FBGs
- 27. Mechanism of FBGLaser Diode FBG (RLS/976nm-950mW) • Fiber Bragg Gratings are used in single-mode fibers, same as this one and in that case the physical modeling is often relatively simple. The mechanism of light emission is the same as a light-emitting diode (LED). • Light is generated by flowing the forward current to a p-n junction. In forward bias operation, the p-type layer is connected with the positive terminal and the n-type layer is connected with the negative terminal, electrons enter from the n-type layer and holes from the p-type layer. • When the two meet at the junction, an electron drops into a hole and light is emitted at the time.
- 29. FBG Laser diodewavelength and uses of those wavelength • The emission wavelength of a laser diode is essentially determined by the band gap of the laser-active semiconductor material: the photon energy is close to the band gap energy. • In quantum well lasers, there is also some influence of the quantum well thickness. A variety of semiconductor materials makes it possible to cover wide spectral regions. • In particular, there are many ternary and quaternary semiconductor compounds, where the bandgap energy can be adjusted in a wide range simply by varying the composition details
- 30. FBG Laser diodewavelength and uses of those wavelength • They are based on in-house wafer growth and chip development technology. The butterfly package is a low profile, epoxy-free, 14-pin module which offers > 950 milli-watts of CW output power. • The wavelength is locked using an FBG which is located in the polarization maintaining (PM) fiber pigtail. These laser diodes are offered with bare fiber (no connector) for direct coupling. • Laser diodes, which are capable of converting electrical current into light, are available from 3SP technologies with center wavelengths in the 375 - 2000 nm range and output powers from 1.5 mW up to 3 W. We also offer Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) with center wavelengths ranging from 4.05 to 11.00 µm.
- 31. FBG Laser diodewavelength and uses of those wavelength In this laser diode source up to 950 mW of Output Power at a Center Wavelength of 976.0 nm (±1 nm). These 950mW fiber Bragg grating stabilized 976nm laser diodes are the newest generation of ultra-high power pumps from 3SP Technologies, the industries' leading manufacturer of grating stabilized laser diodes for doped fiber pumping applications. They are utilized extensively in fiber laser pumping applications which require a single mode first stage pump source. These pumps are qualified to the stringent Telcordia testing requirements demanded for use in submarine EDFA's.
- 32. Applications of FBGLaser Diode (RLS/976nm-950mW) This laser diode model is a variant of new 1999CVB models from 3SP Technologies. Though these have the same applications as a Fiber Bragg Grating LD, this model has some specific applications. Which are, • High output power low noise EDFAs • Dense wavelength division multiplexing EDFAs • CATV
- 33. Applications of FBGLaser Diode (RLS/976nm-950mW) Some of other uses of Fiber Brag Grating LD’s are; • Core Pumping Erbium-Doped Fiber Devices: Low-Noise CW Lasers Mode-Locked Oscillators Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) • Optical Tweezer Systems
- 34. Applications of FBGLaser Diode (RLS/976nm-950mW) • Broadband filters (BBF) • Raman Amplification
- 35.
Editor's Notes
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