This document discusses fiber optic sensors and opportunities for improving their commercial viability. It begins with an overview of the technology, highlighting fiber optic sensors' superior performance, small size, distributed sensing capabilities, and safety. However, their high cost and lack of scalability have limited adoption. The document proposes a "lab-in-a-fiber" approach using microfluidics to develop low-cost, plug-and-play fiber optic sensors that can measure multiple parameters like strain, temperature, pressure, chemicals, and biomedical readings. This would help address key issues currently restricting the technology's growth and enable broader real-world deployment.
Design of fiber bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor based on optical frequ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the simulation of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as a temperature sensor is conducted. The FBG temperature sensor is designed based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometer (OFDR) concept. A continuous wave (CW) laser is used as the optical source and it is transmitted to two FBGs. The two FBGs reflection spectra will produce a beat frequency that can be detected using a Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum analyzer. Any temperature change will shift Bragg wavelength, thus produce a shift for the beat frequency. In this work, an FBG with temperature sensitivity 10 pm/˚C is employed. It is found that by using this technique, a high-resolution temperature sensor can be designed with temperature resolution of 0.1˚C.
INTRODUCTION: Fibre optical sensors offer number of distinct advantages which makes them unique for many applications where conventional sensors are difficult or impossible to deploy or can not provide the same wealth of information. They are completely passive, hence can be used in explosive environment. Immunity to electromagnetic interference makes it ideal for microwave environment. They are resistant to high temperatures and chemically reactive environment, ideal for harsh and hostile environment. Small size makes it ideal for embedding and surface mounting. Has high degree of biocompatibility, non-intrusive nature and electromagnetic immunity, ideal for medical applications like intra-aortic balloon pumping. They can monitor a wide range of physical and chemical parameters. It has potential for very high sensitivity, range and resolution. Complete electrical insulation from high electrostatic potential and Remote operation over several km lengths without any lead sensitivity makes it ideal for deployment in boreholes or measurements in hazardous environment. Unique multiplexed and distributed sensors provide measurements at large number of points along single optical cable, ideal for minimising cable deployment and cable weight, monitoring extended structures like pipelines, dams.
Various types of sensors are Point sensors, Integrated Sensors, Quasidistributed multiplexed sensors, Distributed sensors. Examples of such sensors are Fabry-Perot sensors, Single Fibre Bragg Grating sensors, Integrated strain sensor, Intruder Pressure sensor, Strain/Force sensor, Position sensor, Temperature sensor, Deformation sensor etc.
This presentation presents an overview of fiber optic sensor technology ,basic classifications of optic sensors, the basic functions of optical fiber sensors and also discusses the two important fiber optic sensors , namely the Mach - Zehnder interferometric fiber sensor and the fiber optic gyroscope.
This document discusses pyroelectric sensors and their use in detecting human movement. It contains the following key points:
1. Pyroelectric sensors can detect rapid temperature changes caused by human movement, but are sensitive to air currents which can trigger false alarms.
2. The sensor works by detecting the infrared radiation emitted from warm bodies using a lens to focus the radiation onto two sensing elements. As a heat source moves, it exposes one element then the other.
3. For outdoor use, the sensor requires protection from rain and wind. Focusing lenses and shadow masks are used to improve detection range and create a detectable signal pattern from moving heat sources.
Optical fiber sensors can measure various physical parameters by converting them to optical signals. They have applications in structure health monitoring and use light transmitted through optical fibers. The document discusses different types of optical fiber sensors including intrinsic and extrinsic, and how they work based on intensity, phase, frequency and polarization. It also covers the basic components, principles, advantages and challenges of optical fiber sensor systems.
The document discusses fiber optic sensors and how they can be used for sensing temperature, stress, pressure and other parameters. It describes how optical fibers can be used either as a medium for transmitting measured information or as a sensing element. The document outlines different types of fiber optic sensors including intrinsic and extrinsic sensors. It also describes how fiber optic sensors work and can be classified based on the modulation method (intensity, phase, polarization). The document discusses applications of fiber optic sensors such as in monitoring large structures like bridges.
Fiber optic interferometers to sense various physical parameters including temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index have been widely investigated. They can be categorized into four types: Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac.
. Some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications. Some of the simple to fabricate but exceedingly effective
.Types of Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors
There exist representative four types of fiber optic interferometers, called the Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac. For each type of sensor, the operating principles and the fabrication processes are presented.
Then, some of their characteristics for sensing applications are described with some recently reported research in each field
This document discusses active vibration control using magnetostrictive transducers. It first defines magnetostriction as a property of ferromagnetic materials where their shape or dimensions change with magnetization. Magnetostrictive materials can convert between magnetic and kinetic energy and are used to build actuators and sensors. An active vibration control system uses a magnetostrictive transducer as an actuator along with an accelerometer and control system to apply counter forces that reduce structural vibrations. Magnetostrictive transducers consist of a magnetostrictive rod within a coil that is preloaded with poles and mass/springs. Active vibration control has advantages like high sensitivity and accuracy in reducing vibrations in applications like manufacturing machinery. F
Design of fiber bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor based on optical frequ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the simulation of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as a temperature sensor is conducted. The FBG temperature sensor is designed based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometer (OFDR) concept. A continuous wave (CW) laser is used as the optical source and it is transmitted to two FBGs. The two FBGs reflection spectra will produce a beat frequency that can be detected using a Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum analyzer. Any temperature change will shift Bragg wavelength, thus produce a shift for the beat frequency. In this work, an FBG with temperature sensitivity 10 pm/˚C is employed. It is found that by using this technique, a high-resolution temperature sensor can be designed with temperature resolution of 0.1˚C.
INTRODUCTION: Fibre optical sensors offer number of distinct advantages which makes them unique for many applications where conventional sensors are difficult or impossible to deploy or can not provide the same wealth of information. They are completely passive, hence can be used in explosive environment. Immunity to electromagnetic interference makes it ideal for microwave environment. They are resistant to high temperatures and chemically reactive environment, ideal for harsh and hostile environment. Small size makes it ideal for embedding and surface mounting. Has high degree of biocompatibility, non-intrusive nature and electromagnetic immunity, ideal for medical applications like intra-aortic balloon pumping. They can monitor a wide range of physical and chemical parameters. It has potential for very high sensitivity, range and resolution. Complete electrical insulation from high electrostatic potential and Remote operation over several km lengths without any lead sensitivity makes it ideal for deployment in boreholes or measurements in hazardous environment. Unique multiplexed and distributed sensors provide measurements at large number of points along single optical cable, ideal for minimising cable deployment and cable weight, monitoring extended structures like pipelines, dams.
Various types of sensors are Point sensors, Integrated Sensors, Quasidistributed multiplexed sensors, Distributed sensors. Examples of such sensors are Fabry-Perot sensors, Single Fibre Bragg Grating sensors, Integrated strain sensor, Intruder Pressure sensor, Strain/Force sensor, Position sensor, Temperature sensor, Deformation sensor etc.
This presentation presents an overview of fiber optic sensor technology ,basic classifications of optic sensors, the basic functions of optical fiber sensors and also discusses the two important fiber optic sensors , namely the Mach - Zehnder interferometric fiber sensor and the fiber optic gyroscope.
This document discusses pyroelectric sensors and their use in detecting human movement. It contains the following key points:
1. Pyroelectric sensors can detect rapid temperature changes caused by human movement, but are sensitive to air currents which can trigger false alarms.
2. The sensor works by detecting the infrared radiation emitted from warm bodies using a lens to focus the radiation onto two sensing elements. As a heat source moves, it exposes one element then the other.
3. For outdoor use, the sensor requires protection from rain and wind. Focusing lenses and shadow masks are used to improve detection range and create a detectable signal pattern from moving heat sources.
Optical fiber sensors can measure various physical parameters by converting them to optical signals. They have applications in structure health monitoring and use light transmitted through optical fibers. The document discusses different types of optical fiber sensors including intrinsic and extrinsic, and how they work based on intensity, phase, frequency and polarization. It also covers the basic components, principles, advantages and challenges of optical fiber sensor systems.
The document discusses fiber optic sensors and how they can be used for sensing temperature, stress, pressure and other parameters. It describes how optical fibers can be used either as a medium for transmitting measured information or as a sensing element. The document outlines different types of fiber optic sensors including intrinsic and extrinsic sensors. It also describes how fiber optic sensors work and can be classified based on the modulation method (intensity, phase, polarization). The document discusses applications of fiber optic sensors such as in monitoring large structures like bridges.
Fiber optic interferometers to sense various physical parameters including temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index have been widely investigated. They can be categorized into four types: Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac.
. Some specific examples of recently reported interferometeric sensor technologies are presented in detail to show their large potential in practical applications. Some of the simple to fabricate but exceedingly effective
.Types of Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors
There exist representative four types of fiber optic interferometers, called the Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, and Sagnac. For each type of sensor, the operating principles and the fabrication processes are presented.
Then, some of their characteristics for sensing applications are described with some recently reported research in each field
This document discusses active vibration control using magnetostrictive transducers. It first defines magnetostriction as a property of ferromagnetic materials where their shape or dimensions change with magnetization. Magnetostrictive materials can convert between magnetic and kinetic energy and are used to build actuators and sensors. An active vibration control system uses a magnetostrictive transducer as an actuator along with an accelerometer and control system to apply counter forces that reduce structural vibrations. Magnetostrictive transducers consist of a magnetostrictive rod within a coil that is preloaded with poles and mass/springs. Active vibration control has advantages like high sensitivity and accuracy in reducing vibrations in applications like manufacturing machinery. F
This document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins by defining a spectrometer and describing how FTIR obtains infrared spectra using an interferometer and Fourier transform. It then explains the basic components and working of an FTIR, including advantages like higher sensitivity, accuracy and resolution compared to dispersion spectrometers. Specific advantages like Fellgett's multiplex advantage and improved signal-to-noise are covered. Finally, common applications of FTIR are listed.
This document compares and contrasts the properties of dispersive infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses seven key differences between the two techniques: 1) components and movement, 2) calibration, 3) stray light effects, 4) number of frequencies detected simultaneously, 5) scan speed, 6) effects of IR radiation from the sample, and 7) advantages of single beam versus double beam optics.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It defines key terms and outlines the history and development of FTIR. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferometer splits light into two beams which undergo constructive and destructive interference. Key components of an FTIR instrument are described, such as the infrared source, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, laser, and detectors. Thermal and photonic detectors are discussed. Finally, some applications of FTIR in forensics are highlighted.
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to determine the functional groups present in molecules based on the vibrations of atoms. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths, which correspond to vibrations between bonds of different atoms. The peaks in an infrared spectrum can identify functional groups and chemical bonds based on the wavelength of absorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is now commonly used as it allows simultaneous detection of all infrared wavelengths for faster analysis.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to analyze materials. It collects spectral data over a wide range simultaneously using the Fourier transform. It has advantages over dispersive infrared spectroscopy such as being faster, more sensitive, and requiring no external calibration. The document provides details on the components of an FTIR instrument such as the infrared radiation source, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, and detector. It also explains how an interferogram is produced and converted into an infrared spectrum using Fourier transformation.
spectroscopy, classification of spectroscopy, history, UV-VIS spectrophotometer, principle, beer lambert law instrumentation, detector, single beam, double beam in time, double beam in space, application, merits, and demerits
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. It explains that FT-IR spectroscopy uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, whereas dispersive infrared spectroscopy measures them sequentially. This allows FT-IR to produce spectra much faster. The document also outlines the key components of an FT-IR system, including the Michelson interferometer, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, and how a Fourier transform is used to convert the interferogram signal into an infrared spectrum. Finally, some advantages of FT-IR are noted, such as improved sensitivity and ability to analyze a wide range of sample types.
Spectrophotometer-MiniScan EZ by HunterLabSohail AD
The document discusses the MiniScan EZ spectrophotometer by HunterLab. It is a portable spectrophotometer that provides accurate color measurements similar to benchtop models. It uses a pulsed xenon lamp and dual-beam technology to measure reflectance across a 400-700nm range with high resolution. The MiniScan EZ is suitable for color quality control in industries like textiles, plastics, paints and others where color is important. It provides measurements of color scales like CIE L*a*b* in under 2 seconds.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) theory and instrumentation. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and discovery of infrared radiation. It describes the principles of infrared absorption including electronic, vibrational and rotational transitions. The key components of an FTIR instrument are described including the infrared light source, Michelson interferometer, sample compartment, detectors and processing unit. Common infrared window materials and their properties are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses how FTIR instruments work using a Michelson interferometer to simultaneously collect spectral data over a wide range, and how this is preferred over dispersive infrared methods. The key components of an FTIR like the IR source, beam splitter, mirrors and detector are described. FTIR provides advantages like speed, precision and requires no external calibration. Its applications include analysis of solids, liquids and gases to study molecular characteristics.
Theory and Principle of FTIR head points:
What is Infrared Region?
Infrared Spectroscopy
What is FTIR?
Superiority of FTIR
FTIR optical system diagram
sampling techniques
The sample analysis process
advantage of FTIR
References
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy involves using IR radiation to analyze chemical bonds and molecular structures. The IR spectrum provides information on the types of chemical bonds and functional groups present in a compound. Most commonly, IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of IR radiation by a sample, though emission and reflection can also be used. The technique is widely applied to analyze organic materials, as well as some inorganic and organometallic compounds.
This document provides information about a photo colorimeter model ACM-34096-R produced by Technocracy Pvt. Ltd. It has a high photoelectric stability LED light source and is microprocessor controlled. It is inexpensive and ideal for education or routine laboratory tasks with a small 1 ml sample volume. Key features include an interchangeable glass filter, silicon photodiode detector, 3 1/2 digit LCD display, and measurements of transmittance, absorbance and concentration. It has a 2 year warranty and is suitable for square or round cuvettes. Technical specifications include a wavelength range of 400-800nm and photometric range of 0-100% transmittance and 0-1.999 absorbance.
Spectrophotometry uses light absorption properties of substances to quantitatively analyze samples. It follows Beer's Law, where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. A spectrophotometer splits light into wavelengths, passes a sample beam through the sample, and measures the intensities of light transmitted versus a reference beam. This allows measurement of absorbance across wavelengths. Main applications include concentration measurement, detection of impurities, and studying chemical kinetics.
This document outlines the objectives and outcomes of the course EC8751-Optical Communication. The key objectives are to study optical fiber modes, materials, fabrication, transmission characteristics, optical sources and detectors, receiver systems, and measurements. The outcomes are to understand basic fiber elements, analyze dispersion and polarization techniques, design optical components, construct receiver systems, and design communication systems and networks. It provides textbook references and outlines topics like fiber structure, types, applications, generation of optical fiber communication systems, and fiber materials.
A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Early models took weeks for results and were only 25% accurate. In 1940, Arnold Beckman invented the first modern spectrophotometer, the Beckman DU, which provided results within minutes that were 99.99% accurate. A spectrophotometer uses a light source, dispersion devices like prisms or filters, sample cells, detectors, and a display. It is used to identify compounds and determine absorbance and transmission of light in chemistry.
Validate spectrophotometric measurements with certified UV/Vis reference mate...Hellma
Certified reference materials can be used to validate spectrophotometric measurements and ensure their traceability to international standards. Regular checks of UV/Vis spectrophotometers are required by organizations like ISO and USP to ensure measurement reliability. Parameters like photometric accuracy, wavelength accuracy, stray light level, and spectral resolution should be checked. Hellma Analytics' calibration laboratory is accredited to certify reference materials across the UV/Vis spectrum to support these validation needs.
This document discusses various topics related to engineering physics, including attenuation in optical fibers, types of attenuation such as absorption, scattering and bending losses, different types of dispersion including chromatic and waveguide dispersion, and fiber optic sensors. It describes displacement sensors which measure the distance between a transmitting and receiving fiber, and pressure sensors which detect changes in interference patterns due to variations in the length of the sensing fiber under pressure changes.
The document discusses fibre optic sensors for measuring pH. It describes how fibre optic sensors work by modulating light properties like intensity, phase or wavelength. They have advantages for biomedical applications like in vivo monitoring. An ideal fibre optic sensor for biomedicine would be reliable, easy for operators to use, and low cost. The document discusses measuring blood pH, gastric/esophageal pH, and tissue pH using fibre optic sensors. It describes different sensor designs and challenges like sensitivity to light propagation. Fibre optic sensors eliminate drawbacks of traditional glass pH electrodes.
Fibre optic pressure and temperature sensorI'am Ajas
This document describes a fibre optic sensor for measuring pressure and temperature in geothermal wells. The sensor uses an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer to measure pressure and a fibre Bragg grating to measure temperature. It was tested under simulated wellbore conditions and demonstrated the ability to accurately measure both pressure and temperature. The sensor provides a simple, miniature, and robust solution for downhole monitoring in geothermal applications.
This document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins by defining a spectrometer and describing how FTIR obtains infrared spectra using an interferometer and Fourier transform. It then explains the basic components and working of an FTIR, including advantages like higher sensitivity, accuracy and resolution compared to dispersion spectrometers. Specific advantages like Fellgett's multiplex advantage and improved signal-to-noise are covered. Finally, common applications of FTIR are listed.
This document compares and contrasts the properties of dispersive infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses seven key differences between the two techniques: 1) components and movement, 2) calibration, 3) stray light effects, 4) number of frequencies detected simultaneously, 5) scan speed, 6) effects of IR radiation from the sample, and 7) advantages of single beam versus double beam optics.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It defines key terms and outlines the history and development of FTIR. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferometer splits light into two beams which undergo constructive and destructive interference. Key components of an FTIR instrument are described, such as the infrared source, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, laser, and detectors. Thermal and photonic detectors are discussed. Finally, some applications of FTIR in forensics are highlighted.
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to determine the functional groups present in molecules based on the vibrations of atoms. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths, which correspond to vibrations between bonds of different atoms. The peaks in an infrared spectrum can identify functional groups and chemical bonds based on the wavelength of absorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is now commonly used as it allows simultaneous detection of all infrared wavelengths for faster analysis.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to analyze materials. It collects spectral data over a wide range simultaneously using the Fourier transform. It has advantages over dispersive infrared spectroscopy such as being faster, more sensitive, and requiring no external calibration. The document provides details on the components of an FTIR instrument such as the infrared radiation source, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, and detector. It also explains how an interferogram is produced and converted into an infrared spectrum using Fourier transformation.
spectroscopy, classification of spectroscopy, history, UV-VIS spectrophotometer, principle, beer lambert law instrumentation, detector, single beam, double beam in time, double beam in space, application, merits, and demerits
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. It explains that FT-IR spectroscopy uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, whereas dispersive infrared spectroscopy measures them sequentially. This allows FT-IR to produce spectra much faster. The document also outlines the key components of an FT-IR system, including the Michelson interferometer, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, and how a Fourier transform is used to convert the interferogram signal into an infrared spectrum. Finally, some advantages of FT-IR are noted, such as improved sensitivity and ability to analyze a wide range of sample types.
Spectrophotometer-MiniScan EZ by HunterLabSohail AD
The document discusses the MiniScan EZ spectrophotometer by HunterLab. It is a portable spectrophotometer that provides accurate color measurements similar to benchtop models. It uses a pulsed xenon lamp and dual-beam technology to measure reflectance across a 400-700nm range with high resolution. The MiniScan EZ is suitable for color quality control in industries like textiles, plastics, paints and others where color is important. It provides measurements of color scales like CIE L*a*b* in under 2 seconds.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) theory and instrumentation. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and discovery of infrared radiation. It describes the principles of infrared absorption including electronic, vibrational and rotational transitions. The key components of an FTIR instrument are described including the infrared light source, Michelson interferometer, sample compartment, detectors and processing unit. Common infrared window materials and their properties are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses how FTIR instruments work using a Michelson interferometer to simultaneously collect spectral data over a wide range, and how this is preferred over dispersive infrared methods. The key components of an FTIR like the IR source, beam splitter, mirrors and detector are described. FTIR provides advantages like speed, precision and requires no external calibration. Its applications include analysis of solids, liquids and gases to study molecular characteristics.
Theory and Principle of FTIR head points:
What is Infrared Region?
Infrared Spectroscopy
What is FTIR?
Superiority of FTIR
FTIR optical system diagram
sampling techniques
The sample analysis process
advantage of FTIR
References
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy involves using IR radiation to analyze chemical bonds and molecular structures. The IR spectrum provides information on the types of chemical bonds and functional groups present in a compound. Most commonly, IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of IR radiation by a sample, though emission and reflection can also be used. The technique is widely applied to analyze organic materials, as well as some inorganic and organometallic compounds.
This document provides information about a photo colorimeter model ACM-34096-R produced by Technocracy Pvt. Ltd. It has a high photoelectric stability LED light source and is microprocessor controlled. It is inexpensive and ideal for education or routine laboratory tasks with a small 1 ml sample volume. Key features include an interchangeable glass filter, silicon photodiode detector, 3 1/2 digit LCD display, and measurements of transmittance, absorbance and concentration. It has a 2 year warranty and is suitable for square or round cuvettes. Technical specifications include a wavelength range of 400-800nm and photometric range of 0-100% transmittance and 0-1.999 absorbance.
Spectrophotometry uses light absorption properties of substances to quantitatively analyze samples. It follows Beer's Law, where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. A spectrophotometer splits light into wavelengths, passes a sample beam through the sample, and measures the intensities of light transmitted versus a reference beam. This allows measurement of absorbance across wavelengths. Main applications include concentration measurement, detection of impurities, and studying chemical kinetics.
This document outlines the objectives and outcomes of the course EC8751-Optical Communication. The key objectives are to study optical fiber modes, materials, fabrication, transmission characteristics, optical sources and detectors, receiver systems, and measurements. The outcomes are to understand basic fiber elements, analyze dispersion and polarization techniques, design optical components, construct receiver systems, and design communication systems and networks. It provides textbook references and outlines topics like fiber structure, types, applications, generation of optical fiber communication systems, and fiber materials.
A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Early models took weeks for results and were only 25% accurate. In 1940, Arnold Beckman invented the first modern spectrophotometer, the Beckman DU, which provided results within minutes that were 99.99% accurate. A spectrophotometer uses a light source, dispersion devices like prisms or filters, sample cells, detectors, and a display. It is used to identify compounds and determine absorbance and transmission of light in chemistry.
Validate spectrophotometric measurements with certified UV/Vis reference mate...Hellma
Certified reference materials can be used to validate spectrophotometric measurements and ensure their traceability to international standards. Regular checks of UV/Vis spectrophotometers are required by organizations like ISO and USP to ensure measurement reliability. Parameters like photometric accuracy, wavelength accuracy, stray light level, and spectral resolution should be checked. Hellma Analytics' calibration laboratory is accredited to certify reference materials across the UV/Vis spectrum to support these validation needs.
This document discusses various topics related to engineering physics, including attenuation in optical fibers, types of attenuation such as absorption, scattering and bending losses, different types of dispersion including chromatic and waveguide dispersion, and fiber optic sensors. It describes displacement sensors which measure the distance between a transmitting and receiving fiber, and pressure sensors which detect changes in interference patterns due to variations in the length of the sensing fiber under pressure changes.
The document discusses fibre optic sensors for measuring pH. It describes how fibre optic sensors work by modulating light properties like intensity, phase or wavelength. They have advantages for biomedical applications like in vivo monitoring. An ideal fibre optic sensor for biomedicine would be reliable, easy for operators to use, and low cost. The document discusses measuring blood pH, gastric/esophageal pH, and tissue pH using fibre optic sensors. It describes different sensor designs and challenges like sensitivity to light propagation. Fibre optic sensors eliminate drawbacks of traditional glass pH electrodes.
Fibre optic pressure and temperature sensorI'am Ajas
This document describes a fibre optic sensor for measuring pressure and temperature in geothermal wells. The sensor uses an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer to measure pressure and a fibre Bragg grating to measure temperature. It was tested under simulated wellbore conditions and demonstrated the ability to accurately measure both pressure and temperature. The sensor provides a simple, miniature, and robust solution for downhole monitoring in geothermal applications.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection. Fibers are classified based on mode (single or multi-mode) and refractive index profile (step or graded). Key advantages are high bandwidth, low attenuation, immunity to EMI, and security. Applications include telecommunications, broadband, medicine, military and more. Optical fibers have become the backbone of long-distance networks since the 1980s due to refinements in manufacturing.
This presentation gives you an overview of the EU FP7 ACTPHAST project, coordinated by the Brussels Photonics Team of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
Optical fiber Communication training reporthuzaifa027
This document provides a table of contents and index for a report on optical fiber cables. It includes 8 chapters that cover topics such as the history of optical fiber cables, how they work, different types of optical fibers and cables, optical networks, fiber optic installation, splicing, power measurement, and conclusions. The document provides an overview of the contents and organization of the technical report on optical fiber cables.
Este documento trata sobre interferencia y difracción de la luz. Explica que la interferencia ocurre cuando se combinan ondas coherentes y monocromáticas, resultando en interferencia constructiva o destructiva. También describe el experimento de Young que demostró la naturaleza ondulatoria de la luz. La difracción ocurre cuando la luz pasa a través de aberturas pequeñas y se explican los tipos de difracción de Fraunhofer y Fresnel. Finalmente, se menciona el uso de rejillas de difracción para analizar
Project Report on Optical Fiber Cables and Systems (MTNL Mumbai)Pradeep Singh
This document provides a summary of a project report on optical fiber cables and systems used by MTNL Mumbai. It discusses the basic optical fiber transmission system including digital distribution frames, multiplexers, optical line terminating units, and repeaters. It also covers topics like Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), digital transmission hierarchies including Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), data circuits, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), and the construction, maintenance and fault detection of optical fiber cables. Network elements of SDH like terminal multiplexers, add/drop multiplexers, and digital cross-connects are also described.
Optical fiber Communication training ppthuzaifa027
The document summarizes the key steps and activities involved in an optical fiber communication training seminar pursued at Aksh Optifibre Ltd. in 2016-2017. It discusses the company profile, provides an introduction to the training, and outlines the main topics covered including the basics of optical fiber communication, fiber installation processes like trenching and blowing fiber, splicing techniques, and using equipment like OTDR for fault detection and loss measurement. The training aimed to teach technicians about optical fiber technologies and prepare them to install and maintain fiber networks.
El documento trata sobre los fenómenos ondulatorios. Explica que las ondas se propagan sin transporte de materia pero sí de energía. Describe las características de una onda como amplitud, longitud de onda y frecuencia. También explica los tipos de ondas, interferencia, reflexión y ondas estacionarias.
This document discusses using an optical sensor to measure tilt angle in motorcycles. It describes the sensor parameters, how tilt angle is defined and calculated using sensor measurements, and how the sensor data is processed. Test results from using the sensor on racetracks are presented. The advantages of the optical sensor approach include its small size, low cost and weight. Drawbacks include interference from the environment and roughness of the road. The measurement of tilt angle is useful for applications like anti-lock braking systems.
This document provides an overview of free space optics (FSO) communications. It discusses the history and development of FSO from the late 19th century experiments of Alexander Graham Bell to modern military and satellite applications. The basic components and designs of FSO links are described, including the advantages and disadvantages of directed line-of-sight and diffuse links. Advanced techniques to improve link performance through diversity and adaptive signal processing are also summarized. Key effects on FSO link performance like scattering and limitations are outlined. The document concludes with a discussion of security benefits and references for FSO communications.
Optical fibers are thin glass rods wrapped in plastic that are used to transmit light signals for applications such as high-speed internet, telecommunications, endoscopy, and microscopy. They allow transmission of data over longer distances and in places where copper wires cannot reach. Optical fibers work via the phenomenon of total internal reflection, where light bouncing around the higher refractive index glass core is reflected back in rather than escaping at the lower refractive index cladding.
IPOS (Institute of Photonics and Optical Science) is a research institute at the University of Sydney with approximately 100 members from various schools including Physics, Electrical Engineering, and Chemistry. It has 55 researchers and 35 research students working on diverse areas of photonics including quantum photonics, communications, astrophotonics, biomedical photonics, and more. Key capabilities include microstructured polymer optical fiber sensing, optofluidics which combines microfluidics and microphotonics, and silk photonics which uses biocompatible silk films for optical devices. Research is supported by facilities like the Australian Institute of Nanoscience building with a clean room and dedicated photonics labs.
The document discusses Material Requirement Planning (MRP), a systematic methodology for production planning and inventory control. MRP answers three key questions: what is needed, how much is needed, and when is it needed. It does this by collecting information from the master production schedule, bill of materials, and inventory data to generate planned order releases and time-phase requirements. MRP aims to reduce inventory levels and costs while maintaining customer service levels.
The Master Production Schedule (MPS) breaks down the production plan into product families to promote valid order promises and control inventory levels. It disaggregates sales and operations data and schedules production to meet demand while accounting for factors like lot sizes, lead times, and available inventory. By validating capacity and scheduling production proactively, the MPS enables a company to maintain desired levels of customer service while proactively controlling resources and inventory.
Fiber optic sensors have four potential functions in structural health monitoring: monitoring external manufacturing process parameters, serving as embedded sensors for non-destructive evaluation, functioning as a data-link network to support other SHM systems, and complementing performance monitoring and control systems. Fiber optic sensors have advantages over conventional electronic sensors in that they are made of silica-based materials, enable multiplexing, and have a lower cost. They can provide distributed sensing along structures like buildings to monitor temperature. Fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in concrete have been used to measure strain on the Confederation Bridge in Canada.
application of fibre optics in communicationRimmi07
Fibre optic communication has revolutionised telecommunications by enabling much longer distance links with lower loss and higher data rates. Fibre optic systems use total internal reflection to transmit light through the fibre and are used widely in telecom backbones, broadband networks, and data transmission. Single mode fibre has a small core and transmits single signals for long distances, while multi-mode fibre has a larger core and transmits multiple signals for shorter links like local networks. Fibre optics enable high-speed internet, cable TV, and reliable data transmission.
Optical fiber is a flexible transparent fiber made of high quality glass or plastic that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe. Optical fibers are widely used for fiber optic communications due to their ability to transmit signals over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are safe from electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers have been used for communication since the 1840s and are now used for transmitting data at rates as high as 400 gigabits per second. Optical fiber provides benefits such as greater bandwidth, immunity to electrical interference, and lower signal attenuation over long distances compared to conventional copper cables.
This document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques. It describes different methods for sound generation including hammers, magnetostrictive, and piezoelectric techniques. It then focuses on piezoelectric probes, explaining how they work using polarized crystal materials like lead zirconate titanate. Different probe designs are described for compression and shear waves. Factors that determine probe frequency like crystal thickness are also covered. Finally, automated inspection techniques are briefly outlined.
The document discusses Intelligent Fiber Bragg Gratings (IFBG), which are fiber optic sensors embedded in optical fiber that can sense multiple physical parameters. IFBG prototypes have been developed in-house that are cheaper than existing solutions. IFBGs use Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) and can be multiplexed into arrays and interrogated using different architectures involving switches, lasers, and photodiodes. Potential applications include structural health monitoring of composites.
This document summarizes key points about transmission media from a chapter on the topic. It discusses various types of guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided wireless transmission. It covers characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, attenuation, and maximum distance between repeaters. Examples of applications for different frequency ranges are also provided, such as broadcast radio and terrestrial microwave links.
This document discusses various types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber, as well as wireless transmission methods using antennas, broadcast radio, satellites and infrared. Key characteristics of each medium like bandwidth, attenuation and data rates are provided. Factors that impact wireless propagation such as free space loss, multipath interference and refraction are also summarized.
Timing system for picosecond laser power pointbncscientific
This document discusses the timing system requirements for a picosecond laser experiment. It describes how the timing system synchronizes the various components of the laser system, including two amplifiers, Pockel cells, and diagnostics instruments, which operate at frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 100 Hz. The timing system provides 8 delayed output pulses with picosecond resolution and jitter to trigger the different elements. It can be controlled via a GUI and fiber optic cables. The timing solutions are also applicable to experiments using petawatt lasers, synchrotrons, and other large physics facilities.
Looking for a reliable fluorescence spectrophotometer? Look no further than Labozon. Our advanced technology ensures precise measurements and easy operation for all your research needs.
The document discusses basic ultrasound physics. It explains that ultrasound uses a transducer to send pulses into the body which are reflected and scattered. The returning echoes are used to form an image. It describes ultrasound beam formation and properties like resolution, reflection, refraction, scattering, and attenuation in tissues. It also discusses common artifacts that can appear on ultrasound images and different transducer probe types.
Secondary theoretical analysis of swellingHarry Ramza
Analysis of the swelling silicone coating on the optical sensor head has been calculated based on the time and length-different due to exposure. In initial state, cladding refractive index (n2) is higher than core refractive index (n1). This situation cause the light that propagate in fiber optic leak to atmosphere. In the exposed state, cladding refractive index will decrease and results in light propagating based on total internal reflection. This situation has been described and calculated from the beginning until the maximum value.
In-band OSNR Monitoring Technique based on Brillouin Fiber Ring LaserDavid Dahan
We propose an improved technique for in-band OSNR monitoring based on a Brillouin fiber ring laser seeded by the optical channel to be monitored. This technique shows a reduction of the required input power into the monitor along with a large and tunable dynamic OSNR monitoring range. It is demonstrated experimentally and numerically for various bit rates and modulation formats
This document discusses a timing system for picosecond lasers. The timing system is needed to synchronize amplifiers, Q-switches, Pockel cells, diagnostics equipment and experiments running at various frequencies from single shot to 100 Hz. It uses a master oscillator transmitter to distribute a timing signal over fiber optic cables to local delay generators near each piece of equipment. The timing system provides synchronized output pulses with picosecond resolution and precision for controlling laser and experimental equipment.
Light sources based on optical-scale acceleratorsGil Travish
Presented at the 2010 Future Light Sources Workshop, SLAC, Palo Alto, CA. Gives an overview of optical-scale particle accelerator structures as would be used in x-ray light sources.
LightWave: Using Compact Fluorescent Lamps as SensorssidhantguptaUW
LightWave is a novel sensing technique that can convert ordinary CFLs into sensors of human proximity. This requires no modification of the bulb or instrumentation on the human body. A single sensor installed anywhere in the home converts all CFL lamps in a home into sensors. LightWave can detect human proximity, touches on the lamp shade or the metal base and on the bulb itself. In addition, it can also detect changes in ambient temperature, all with off-the-shelf unmodified CFLs.
This document discusses light microscopy detectors. It compares different types of detectors including PMTs, APDs, CCDs, and CMOS, noting their strengths and weaknesses in terms of speed, noise levels, resolution, and other factors. It focuses on how detectors can be optimized for sensitivity, discussing parameters like quantum efficiency and noise floor. Specific detector technologies are examined in more detail, such as EMCCDs and scientific CMOS cameras, comparing their performance and applications in areas like single molecule detection and live cell imaging.
The SUN-OPM-PON200 is a handheld optical power meter designed for Passive Optical Network (PON) field testing. It simultaneously measures power levels on all PON wavelengths. Features include a visual fault locator, memory for 1000 test records, 3 color LED indicators for pass/warning/fail readings, and a USB interface for data transfer. It is useful for installing and maintaining Fiber to the X networks.
This document discusses Omnisens' DITEST system for distributed fiber optic leak detection. It summarizes that DITEST uses a single laser source and Brillouin scattering techniques to monitor thousands of locations along a single optical fiber with high sensitivity. DITEST offers long-range monitoring over 50km with 1m spatial resolution and temperature/strain measurement resolution of 0.5°C and 10mε. It provides continuous, real-time leak detection along pipelines with quick response times and no false alarms. DITEST is presented as offering significant advantages over alternative leak detection methods through its stability, sensitivity, scalability and lack of ongoing operational costs.
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It begins by introducing infrared spectroscopy and explaining that infrared radiation is absorbed by molecular bonds, allowing molecules to be identified by their infrared spectra. It then describes the principles of FT-IR spectroscopy, including how an interferogram is generated and transformed via a Fourier transform to produce a spectrum. The document outlines several advantages of FT-IR spectroscopy over dispersive infrared spectroscopy, such as improved sensitivity, accuracy, and ability to collect spectral data quickly. It concludes by discussing some applications of FT-IR spectroscopy.
The Southeast Regional Acoustics Consortium (SEAC) met in March 2012 at Florida International University bringing together academic institutions, federal and regional fisheries and environmental management agencies, and private industry that conduct active acoustics research in the coastal environments of the US from North Carolina to Texas and the US Caribbean. Informal presentations and discussions highlighted the latest tools for fisheries research, organized around high-priority research objectives and management drivers (e.g., stock assessment improvements, integrated ecosystem assessments) and HTI’s Pat Nealson conducted a presentation to help demystify FM Slide/Chirp signals in hydroacoustics for fisheries assessments.
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Daniele Tosi - OFSRC presentation at Jiliang UniversityDaniele Tosi
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15. Chirped FBG
Pressure
Spectrum
Delta pressure
d
16. Evanescent field sensors
Interfacing an optical fiber with surrounding
environment (gas, chemical, biomedical)
>> Hold the tail to whack the dog <<
Tail
Dog
Evanescent field
25. Information
Information is encoded into spectrum
Short bandwidth for FBG/CFBG (1-5 nm)
Wide bandwidth for EFT/SPR (50-800 nm)
How to demodulate?
Cost, sensitivity, frequency
26. Spectrometric
LED Spectro
(white) meter
FBG1 ... FBGn
λ
LED Spectro
(white) meter
EFT1 ... EFTn
27. Spectrometric
LED Spectro
(white) meter
FBG1 ... FBGn
Absorption
λ
LED Spectro
(white) meter
EFT1 ... EFTn
28. Spectrometric
LED Spectro
(white) meter
FBG1 ... FBGn
Strain
Temperature
λ
LED Spectro
(white) meter
EFT1 ... EFTn
30. Intensity
Power detectors do not resolve spectrum
>> Need to transduce spectrum into power <<
Solution: sweeping laser, synchronized photodetector
Bonus: cheap
$25-100k
vs
31. Intensity
$2.2k !
D. Tosi, G. Perrone, “Low-cost, high sensitivity, signal processing-
enhanced fiber Bragg grating sensing system for condition-based
maintenance application”, Sensor Letters, 2011
32. Intensity
Fixed-wavelength
MHz frequency
Laser noise
$2.2k !
D. Tosi, G. Perrone, “Low-cost, high sensitivity, signal processing-
enhanced fiber Bragg grating sensing system for condition-based
maintenance application”, Sensor Letters, 2011
33. Intensity
$10.5k
D. Tosi, M. Olivero, A. Vallan, G. Perrone, “Weigh-in-motion through
fibre Bragg grating optical sensors,” Electronic Letters, 2010
34. Intensity
Swept laser
100 Hz
Laser noise
$10.5k
D. Tosi, M. Olivero, A. Vallan, G. Perrone, “Weigh-in-motion through
fibre Bragg grating optical sensors,” Electronic Letters, 2010
41. Scalability
Every unit is a prototype...
Architecture Calibration Packaging
Self-calibration Embedment into
Plug&play
development composite
Create LIFA building Agile calibration Packaging of building
blocks development blocks
Remove wavelength Minimize installation
Auto recalibration
constraints efforts
42. Re-targetting FOS
Target Commercial R&D
Strain 1 nε 1 με 0.1 nε
Temperature 0.2 °C 0.5 °C 0.1 °C
Bio/chem. 10 ppm ~0.1% ~0.01%
Cost/sensor $500 > $5k > $5k
Scalability Complete Prototype None
# Sensors 20 100 100
62. Standard chain
Data
Interpretation
Storage +
Processing
Interrogation
Unit
63. Abstraction layer
Data
CONCRETE Interpretation
Storage +
SEMI-ABSTRACT Processing
Interrogation
ABSTRACT Unit
64. Abstraction layer
Data
CONCRETE Interpretation
Storage +
SEMI-ABSTRACT Processing
Interrogation
ABSTRACT Unit
65. Ineffectiveness
PROBLEM: Data are processed on high
levels of abstraction
➙ No use of a priori physical information
Same for WSN, but FOS have higher
performance and margin!
66. Embedded DSP
Data Data
Fusion + Reduction
Processing
DSP
Interrogation
Unit
67. Closing the gap
SOLUTION: Process data onboard
➙ Data are processed on low level of
abstraction
BEST use of a priori information on
output data!
68. Frequency analysis Adaptive filtering
Processing
DSP
AI
Data fusion
Machine learning
69. Example IFBG
IFBG
Cost = $2.2k; #10 sensors
Stand-alone RLS + MVE RLS&Kalman
+ KLT/MVE
Strain res. 1 με 1 nε <1 pε
Min SNR -10 dB -39 dB -69 dB
Frequency 25 kHz 25 kHz 25 kHz
Proc. time 0.1 s 10 s 4 min
70. Example IFBG
800m
D. Tosi, M. Olivero, G. Perrone, “Low-cost fiber Bragg grating vibroacoustic sensor for
voice and heartbeat detection,” Applied Optics, 2008
74. Smart structures
Cloud structures
Venezia, Scola Grande
Torino, Cappella Guarini
I. Ivascu, D. Tosi, M. Olivero, G. Perrone, N. N. Puscas, “Low-cost FBG
temperature sensor for application in cultural heritage preservation,”
Torino, Passerella Olimpica Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials
75. Gain = ηT - C
Gain = (η+Δη)(T+ΔT) - (C+ΔC)
+10% lifecycle
+ 10% efficiency
(Vestas)
laser = dashed line\nnot much flexibility\nshowcased at Italia degli Innovatori, Shanghai/Nanjing Nov\n
Laser moves faster than oscillations\n
Laser moves faster than oscillations\n
\n
to show where the problem is I&#x2019;ll plot some market numbers\n
wsn missed the $1B milestone\nFOS retraction\n
\n
\n
grouped in a range\ndemand for WSN can&#x2019;t be met by optics\ndepand for FOS - going to the left and mostly important up\n
\n
1) building blocks - scalabili\n2) da custom made - plurality of systems - to plug&play\n3) da calibrazione full a calibrazione agile\n
you won&#x2019;t detect many tumors with .1% accuracy...\nso far, only detect presence with 1-15 min integration time. NOT enough\n#sensors per unit. units can be merged (signal processing...)\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Fabrication: first side polish, then recoat with metal layer or IPN\nThen hydrogen load (or not) and write FBGs\n
\n
\n
scalability\n
\n
\n
combines FBGA + spectrometer\n
combines FBGA + spectrometer\n
\n
\n
looking closer at the encoding\n
combines FBGA + spectrometer\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
wsn are closer to their physical limits\n
\n
\n
we know what they (data) are, a priori\nwe can use these straight on the physical layer, not afterwards\nMax performance\n
showcased at italia degli innovatori 2011 - shanghai/bejing\n
\n
\n
\n
shanghai skyline\nlifecycle=ageing\n
internet of things platforms that allow connecting devices\n
vestas installation uk isle of wight\nefficiency and lifecycle determine directly the cost of renewable energy\nlifecycle = strain + vibration mapping and corrosion\nsea installation -> presence of sand\n
reservoir monitoring\n
changi airport singapore first airport perimeter monitoring with fiber optics\n
minnesota pipeline\n
virgin galactic prototype for space tourism\n
+ menzionare applicazioni in integrare fibroscopi x pressione/biomedical parameters\n
hematoma - callus - spongy bone - remodelling\n
marco polo statue hangzhou\nfirst italian to &#x201C;discover&#x201D; china\n