1. In Drosophila, maternal effect genes code for cytoplasmic determinants that establish the body axes and initial segmentation pattern through concentrations of proteins like Bicoid.
2. In C. elegans, cells send signaling molecules to neighboring cells, and the concentration of the signal received determines the cell's fate, such as forming the inner vulva in response to the highest signal concentration.
3. Both organisms use similar genetic and cellular mechanisms involving gradients of signaling molecules read out through cascades of gene regulation to develop their body plans in an orderly progression from fertilization to the fully formed animal.
Developmental cascade of morphogens Define Drosophila Body PlanDouglas Easton
The expression of genes in specific regions of the early Drosophila embryo determine the anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes of the organism. Expression of these genes are both spatially and temporally coordinated.
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Segmentation in Drosophila melanogaster Shreya Ahuja
All human beings, no matter how different we look, have a certain basic body plan established in us (for instance, all of us have our heads are placed right above our shoulders with arms stretching out from either side). Drosophila is no exception. This presentation talks about establishment of the body plan in Drosophila, how and when the different Segmentation Genes are expressed in Drosophila to give rise to its segmented body pattern.
Developmental cascade of morphogens Define Drosophila Body PlanDouglas Easton
The expression of genes in specific regions of the early Drosophila embryo determine the anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes of the organism. Expression of these genes are both spatially and temporally coordinated.
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Segmentation in Drosophila melanogaster Shreya Ahuja
All human beings, no matter how different we look, have a certain basic body plan established in us (for instance, all of us have our heads are placed right above our shoulders with arms stretching out from either side). Drosophila is no exception. This presentation talks about establishment of the body plan in Drosophila, how and when the different Segmentation Genes are expressed in Drosophila to give rise to its segmented body pattern.
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT DROSOPHILA
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
CELL BIOLOGY OF DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
THE DROSOPHILA GENOME
UNUSAL FEATURES OF DROSOPHILA
SEX DETERMINATION
GENETIC MARKERS
DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA
CLEAVAGE
THE ORIGINS OF ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR POLORITY {GENES}
CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
The term 'segmentation gene' is a classification given to a broad class of genes that are further subdivided into three smaller classes of genes. Within the segmentation gene group, there are gap genes, pair-rule genes and segment polarity genes. They control development in this order.
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT DROSOPHILA
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
CELL BIOLOGY OF DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
THE DROSOPHILA GENOME
UNUSAL FEATURES OF DROSOPHILA
SEX DETERMINATION
GENETIC MARKERS
DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA
CLEAVAGE
THE ORIGINS OF ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR POLORITY {GENES}
CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
The term 'segmentation gene' is a classification given to a broad class of genes that are further subdivided into three smaller classes of genes. Within the segmentation gene group, there are gap genes, pair-rule genes and segment polarity genes. They control development in this order.
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
This is a discussion about the 90% activity of cell- THE INTERPHASE which comprises of three sub-stages that are needed by the cell to enter CELL DIVISION-MITOSIS or MEIOSIS
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
AP Bio Ch 21
1. CH 21.3: Pattern Formation in AnimalsCH 21.3: Pattern Formation in Animals
& Plants Results from Similar Genetic& Plants Results from Similar Genetic
and Cellular Mechanismsand Cellular Mechanisms
2. Cytoplasmic Determinants vs.
Inductive Signaling
• We will examine
Drosophila for the
effects of cytoplasmic
determinants
• We will examine C.
elegans for the effect
of cell signaling
Objective: Be able to describe how
cytoplasmic determinants affect development
of Drosophila and how cell signaling affects
development of C. elegans
3. Establishing A Body Plan
Body plan is determined by
positional information
molecules (P.I. molecules)
1.) molecules in the
cytoplasm
2.) signals from other cells
P.I. Molecules in cytoplasm
P.I. released from
other cells
4. Drosophila Development: A
Cascade of Gene Activations
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Fruit flies are
bilaterally
symmetrical
Dorsal=back; Ventral=underbelly
Anterior=towards the head;
Posterior=towards the rear
5. Development
of Drosophila
– a case study
• Drosophila is the most well studied animal
• Observing and studying its development from
zygote to adult has lead to better
understanding of development in other
organisms, including humans
6. •Nurse & follicle cells supply egg with nutrients,
mRNA, etc. Egg already has cytoplasmic
determinants for orientation of the 2 axes
of fly
1. First 10 mitotic divisions: cells don’t grow before
mitosis. No cytokinesis=multinucleate cell
2. Nuclei move to cell’s edge. Cell=blastoderm
3. Plasma membranes surround nuclei. Axes &
segments are determined.
4. Clearly visible segments
5. Organs form. Fly goes through 3 larval stages
6. Case forms around larvae. Now called pupa.
7. Metamorphosisadult fly emerges
7.
8. Genetic Analysis of Early Development
•Researchers studying
embryonic segmentation in
fruit flies focused on
comparing wild-type &
mutant flies
•By purposefully mutating specific genes, the researchers could
observe the phenotypic effect that the gene has on the body plan of
the fly
9. Axis Establishment
•Maternal effect genes code for the cytoplasmic determinants within
the mother’s egg
•If maternal effect genes are mutated in
the mom, then the offspring are
mutants, regardless of their genotype…
makes sense since these genes code for
determinants
•Maternal effect genes AKA egg-polarity genes
•Ex. of maternal effect gene = bicoid gene.
Bicoid gene seems to affect anterior
formation because when it’s mutated, the
fly develops with 2 posterior ends!
10. Axis Establishment
•It turns out that the
concentration of the bicoid
protein establishes the position
of the anterior end
High concentration of bicoid
protein = head formation
•In fact, you can stimulate any
part of the embryo to develop
into an anterior region if you
inject it with enough biocoid
•Bicoid=maternal effect gene
associated with axis formation
11. Segmentation Pattern
Segmentation genes direct the formation of body segments:
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
•Three sets of
segmentation
genes:
•Gap genes
•Pair-rule genes
•Segment polarity genes
•Some of the products of each set of
segmentation genes act as transcription
factors that activate the next group of
segmentation genes
12. Identity of Body Parts
•Once segments are
established, homeotic
genes determine the
body parts that will
grow from each
segment
•Proteins encoded by homeotic genes serve as activators or repressors forProteins encoded by homeotic genes serve as activators or repressors for
genes responsible for various appendagesgenes responsible for various appendages
•All of the fly’s cells have the same
genes. However, if a cell is in the head
segment, then its homeotic genes produce
proteins that only activate antenna growth
(for example). And in the cells of the
thoracic segment, the antenna genes are
not activated, but the leg genes are.
13. What we have learned from the fruit fly
• The molecules and
mechanisms present
in fruit fly formation
are found in many
other organisms
14. What we have learned from the
fruit fly
1. Maternal effect genes code for
cytoplasmic determinants that
direct the formation of the
body plan
2. First, the amount of bicoid
gene codes for head or butt
3. Second, segmentation genes
code for proteins that make
body segments form
4. Then homeotic genes code for
proteins that make body parts
grow from each segment
15. C. elegans: The Role of Cell Signaling
•In the development of multicellular organisms, communication
between neighboring cells is very important.
•Signaling between cells that are adjacent to
one another is called induction
16. Induction: Two Examples of Cell Signaling During
Development
A signal protein on the surface
of cell #4 induces the posterior
end of cell #3 to become a
daughter cell that will give rise
to intestinal tissue
So as early as the 4 cell
stage of development,
cells are communicating
with each other to direct
development of the
embryo
17. Induction: Two Examples of Cell Signaling
During Development
•Anchor cell releases signal proteins.
•The nearest cell receives the
highest concentration of the
signal and becomes the inner
vulva
•The two cells on either side
receive fewer signal proteins
(a weaker signal) and are thus
induced to form the outer
vulva
•Cells further out don’t receive
the signal, so they develop into
epithelial cells
Chemical signals from neighbor cells continue to direct development of
the organism
18.
19. Key Points About DevelopmentKey Points About Development
The sequence of cell signals
drives the formation of
organs
The effect of an inducer
molecule can depend on its
concentration
The cell response is often
(in)activation of gene activity
characteristic of a particular
differentiated cell
20. Programmed Cell Death (AKA Apoptosis)
Normal
WBC
WBC undergoing
apoptosis
•Ced-3 & Ced-4Ced-3 & Ced-4
proteins areproteins are
essential foressential for
apoptosis,apoptosis, and areand are
always present inalways present in
the cell asthe cell as
inactive proteinsinactive proteins
•Proteases-enzymes that break down
protein
Nucleases-break down nucleic acids
•When a death signal binds to the receptor,
it triggers a cascade that activates ced-3
&ced-4 and leads to the production of
proteases & nucleases
21. Programmed Cell Death (AKA Apoptosis)
Why have cells that self-destruct???
•In vertebrates, it is essential for the proper development & functioning
of the nervous system, the immune system, and development of
separate digits
In humans, extra skin cells die to give us distinct and separated
fingers/toes.
The lack of apoptosis in these cells for ducks is what gives them
webbed feet
22. What we have learned from C. elegans
1. Cells send messages to
each other to direct
formation of the body
2. The effect of these
messages depends on the
dose the cell receives
3. The order of the signals
the cell receives leads to
organ formation
4. The death signal will lead
to the death of that cell
23. Quick Write
• Briefly describe how cytoplasmic
determinants affect development of
Drosophila
• Briefly describe how cell signaling
affects development of C. elegans