During the late 19th century, urbanization increased rapidly as many Americans moved to cities. The urban population grew from 10 million in 1870 to over 30 million by 1900, with most new urban residents being immigrants. Many immigrants lived in crowded and unsanitary tenement housing in ethnic enclaves and worked long hours for low pay in the growing industrial economy. At the same time, large corporations like Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil dominated their industries, leading to concerns over monopolies and wealth inequality. Workers organized unions to fight for better conditions, while African Americans faced increasing racial segregation and violence in the South under Jim Crow laws after the Supreme Court's "separate but equal" ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants poured into American cities, and populations skyrocketed. New building technologies allowed for the construction of skyscrapers in major urban areas. At the same time, social problems emerged as many immigrants lived in poor conditions. New business practices like vertical and horizontal integration led to the rise of monopolies that dominated industries. While economic growth was substantial, the Gilded Age also saw the development of class divisions and inequality.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants poured into major cities, transforming the population. As populations grew, new technologies like steel production and elevators enabled the construction of skyscrapers. New business models like vertical and horizontal integration helped companies dominate entire industries. While industrialization created wealth for some, workers often faced difficult conditions. Unions organized to advocate for better treatment. Racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans also increased during this period of rapid change known as the Gilded Age.
Staar 02 industrialization during the gilded age1rpoolmhs
The document summarizes key technological innovations and industrial developments in the United States following the Civil War. It describes how new inventions like the Bessemer Process for steel production and the use of electricity enabled industrialization and economic growth. New business organizations like corporations allowed companies to raise large amounts of capital. Entrepreneurs and industrial leaders established monopolies in industries like oil and steel. While this growth benefited business owners, workers often faced difficult and unsafe conditions, leading to the rise of labor unions seeking better treatment.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants, particularly from Europe, flocked to major cities, transforming the nation from a rural to an urban one. New York, Chicago, and other cities saw their populations boom, becoming hubs of industry and immigrant communities. However, urban living also brought problems like poverty, disease, high crime rates, and the rise of political machines that provided services in exchange for votes. At the same time, new forms of mass entertainment and culture emerged to meet the needs of urban immigrant populations and the growing middle class.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and immigration. Millions moved from rural areas to cities, and many immigrants from Europe also arrived in urban centers. By 1900, over 30 million people lived in US cities. New York, Chicago, and other major cities saw their populations boom, becoming hubs of industry and home to large immigrant communities. However, this period also brought problems of urban poverty, disease, high crime rates, and the rise of political machines to help immigrants navigate city life. At the same time, the new urban middle class began to enjoy increased leisure activities and the rise of mass consumption and popular culture.
1) A new wave of immigration in the late 1800s brought large numbers of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Mexico to the United States, changing immigration patterns.
2) Immigrants faced challenges adjusting to life in the US, often living in crowded cities and working difficult jobs, but many found community in immigrant neighborhoods and support from organizations.
3) Some Americans opposed the new immigration and worked to restrict it, passing laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act, due to concerns about jobs and cultural changes.
The document provides information on the Gilded Age in the United States from 1870-1900. It summarizes the presidents during this period and discusses the rise of large industries, such as steel, oil, and railroads, led by businessmen like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan. It also examines the working conditions, labor unions, immigration, and growth of cities during the Gilded Age, which saw both rapid industrialization but also significant social problems.
1) In the late 1800s, most immigrants to the United States came from southern and eastern Europe rather than northern Europe. They entered through ports like New York and were inspected at Ellis Island.
2) Millions of immigrants came for economic opportunities and freedom from persecution, pushed by factors like poor farming conditions and pulled by plentiful jobs. They settled in ethnic neighborhoods in large cities.
3) Immigrant workers faced poor living and working conditions, such as overcrowded tenement housing and unsafe factories with long hours and low pay, including child labor. Events like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire led to reforms for worker protections.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants poured into American cities, and populations skyrocketed. New building technologies allowed for the construction of skyscrapers in major urban areas. At the same time, social problems emerged as many immigrants lived in poor conditions. New business practices like vertical and horizontal integration led to the rise of monopolies that dominated industries. While economic growth was substantial, the Gilded Age also saw the development of class divisions and inequality.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants poured into major cities, transforming the population. As populations grew, new technologies like steel production and elevators enabled the construction of skyscrapers. New business models like vertical and horizontal integration helped companies dominate entire industries. While industrialization created wealth for some, workers often faced difficult conditions. Unions organized to advocate for better treatment. Racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans also increased during this period of rapid change known as the Gilded Age.
Staar 02 industrialization during the gilded age1rpoolmhs
The document summarizes key technological innovations and industrial developments in the United States following the Civil War. It describes how new inventions like the Bessemer Process for steel production and the use of electricity enabled industrialization and economic growth. New business organizations like corporations allowed companies to raise large amounts of capital. Entrepreneurs and industrial leaders established monopolies in industries like oil and steel. While this growth benefited business owners, workers often faced difficult and unsafe conditions, leading to the rise of labor unions seeking better treatment.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants, particularly from Europe, flocked to major cities, transforming the nation from a rural to an urban one. New York, Chicago, and other cities saw their populations boom, becoming hubs of industry and immigrant communities. However, urban living also brought problems like poverty, disease, high crime rates, and the rise of political machines that provided services in exchange for votes. At the same time, new forms of mass entertainment and culture emerged to meet the needs of urban immigrant populations and the growing middle class.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and immigration. Millions moved from rural areas to cities, and many immigrants from Europe also arrived in urban centers. By 1900, over 30 million people lived in US cities. New York, Chicago, and other major cities saw their populations boom, becoming hubs of industry and home to large immigrant communities. However, this period also brought problems of urban poverty, disease, high crime rates, and the rise of political machines to help immigrants navigate city life. At the same time, the new urban middle class began to enjoy increased leisure activities and the rise of mass consumption and popular culture.
1) A new wave of immigration in the late 1800s brought large numbers of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Mexico to the United States, changing immigration patterns.
2) Immigrants faced challenges adjusting to life in the US, often living in crowded cities and working difficult jobs, but many found community in immigrant neighborhoods and support from organizations.
3) Some Americans opposed the new immigration and worked to restrict it, passing laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act, due to concerns about jobs and cultural changes.
The document provides information on the Gilded Age in the United States from 1870-1900. It summarizes the presidents during this period and discusses the rise of large industries, such as steel, oil, and railroads, led by businessmen like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan. It also examines the working conditions, labor unions, immigration, and growth of cities during the Gilded Age, which saw both rapid industrialization but also significant social problems.
1) In the late 1800s, most immigrants to the United States came from southern and eastern Europe rather than northern Europe. They entered through ports like New York and were inspected at Ellis Island.
2) Millions of immigrants came for economic opportunities and freedom from persecution, pushed by factors like poor farming conditions and pulled by plentiful jobs. They settled in ethnic neighborhoods in large cities.
3) Immigrant workers faced poor living and working conditions, such as overcrowded tenement housing and unsafe factories with long hours and low pay, including child labor. Events like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire led to reforms for worker protections.
Unit 03 industrial revolution and immigrationbeluzadder
1) Two influential American inventors in the late 19th century were Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison. Bell invented the telephone and founded AT&T, while Edison invented the phonograph and light bulb and founded General Electric.
2) The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, achieved the first powered, controlled airplane flight in 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Henry Ford then revolutionized automobile manufacturing with his assembly line, making cars more affordable.
3) Robber barons like Andrew Carnegie in steel and John D. Rockefeller in oil amassed huge fortunes in the late 1800s by controlling entire industries through consolidation and monopolistic practices. They later became influential philanthropists.
The Gilded Age refers to the late 1800s, which saw a rise in wealth from industrialization but also growing social problems. Major characteristics included privately owned factories subject to government rules, and the rise of large corporations owned by shareholders. Robber barons like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt amassed huge fortunes and monopolies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads. The period was characterized by laissez-faire policies but also saw tensions between big business, labor unions, and reformers. Inventions like the telephone, light bulb, and film camera transformed society.
The document summarizes key developments during the Second Industrial Revolution from 1876-1900 in the United States. It describes how new technologies like the Bessemer process for steel production and the rise of oil and electricity as power sources drove industrial growth. Mass production led to the rise of large corporations in industries like steel, oil, and railroads. This period also saw important inventions in communication and transportation. However, industrialization resulted in difficult working conditions and low wages for laborers, prompting the rise of labor unions to advocate for workers' rights.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid industrialization driven by three key factors: abundant natural resources like oil and iron, governmental support of industry, and urbanization. New inventions in electricity, the typewriter, telephone, and steel production transformed the economy. The railroad industry expanded dramatically across the country, standardizing time zones and connecting markets. This period also saw the rise of large corporations, labor unrest over poor working conditions, and the emergence of unions seeking better treatment of workers.
After World War I, Americans faced difficulties adjusting to peace such as a recession, job losses, and isolationism. In the 1920s, Republican presidents pursued laissez-faire economic policies and limited government interference in business. The Roaring 20s were driven by new industries like automobiles, mass production techniques, mass consumption fueled by advertising, and stock market speculation. Cultural values changed as Prohibition took effect, fundamentalism clashed with modernism, and women and African Americans gained new freedoms and opportunities for self-expression.
Unit 1 powerpoint #3 (the gilded age industrialization)Jason Lowe
During the Gilded Age in the late 1800s, the United States government pursued policies of laissez-faire capitalism and low regulation of businesses. This allowed large industries to grow rapidly and inventors like Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell to develop new technologies like the light bulb and telephone. Industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller amassed great fortunes in steel and oil, though some viewed them as "robber barons". The period saw both rapid economic growth as well as inequality, as many workers struggled and some philosophers cited "social Darwinism" to justify the success of the wealthy.
Between the 1880s and 1900s, millions of new immigrants arrived in the United States from southern and eastern Europe, fleeing poverty, persecution, and seeking opportunities. They faced difficult journeys and were processed through immigration centers like Ellis Island upon arrival. The new immigrants largely settled in cities and took on unskilled jobs, living in overcrowded tenement housing. As cities grew rapidly, urban infrastructure expanded through skyscrapers, subways, and parks to accommodate the large populations. However, this also led to problems like unsanitary living conditions that reformers worked to improve through legislation, investigative journalism, and social programs.
The document provides background information on the economic and social conditions in the United States during the 1920s that ultimately led to the Great Depression. It discusses how postwar economic adjustments, nativism, the Red Scare, labor unrest, and the Sacco and Vanzetti trial created social tensions. It also describes the economic boom of the 1920s fueled by the rise of the automobile industry, mass production, consumer credit, and the stock market. However, it notes the prosperity of the 1920s was built on unstable economic foundations, as farmers struggled, income inequality grew, and many Americans took on too much debt, setting the stage for the economic collapse of the Great Depression.
The Gilded Age in the United States lasted from around 1870 to 1900. This period saw massive industrial growth and the rise of large corporations due to new inventions and industries like steel, oil, railroads, and electricity. Inventors like Edison, Bell, the Wright Brothers, and others developed many modern technologies. Business leaders and industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan amassed huge fortunes but often used corrupt business practices that angered farmers and workers. Labor unions formed to fight for better conditions but faced opposition. The period was marked by rapid change, wealth accumulation by some, but also corruption and poor conditions for many workers and farmers.
The Gilded Age in American history saw powerful business tycoons, known as Robber Barons, exploit workers and amass great fortunes while most Americans lived in poverty. The Industrial Revolution transformed the economy from rural and agricultural to urban and industrial, spurring new technologies, mass production techniques, and the rise of big business monopolies in industries like steel, oil, and railroads. While some innovations improved living standards, working conditions were often dangerous and workers faced low pay, long hours, and lack of rights or protections. Growing economic inequality sparked labor unrest and calls for reform.
Beginning in the late 1800s, most immigrants coming to the U.S. were from southern and eastern Europe. Immigrants lived in their own separate neighborhoods and kept many of their former traditions. Immigration led to a massive increase in the number of slums and tenement buildings in U.S. cities. Workers blamed immigrants for low wages or shortages of employment. A resentment of foreigners crept into America’s attitudes.
The document provides an overview of the Gilded Age in United States history from the 1870s to 1900. It describes how the era got its name, as the country experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth alongside high levels of poverty and corruption. Key aspects of the Gilded Age discussed include the rise of large industrialists, growing inequality between the wealthy and poor, immigration and urbanization, political machines that controlled local politics, and suffering among groups like Native Americans, African Americans, farmers, and women.
Unit 1 powerpoint #1 (the gilded age intro to unit 1)Jason Lowe
The Gilded Age in United States history from the 1870s to around 1900 was a period of rapid industrialization and economic growth, but also marked by significant social and political problems. While on the surface the country appeared prosperous, underneath there was widespread poverty, corruption, and suffering for groups like Native Americans, African Americans, farmers, immigrants, women, and children. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain to reflect that outwardly America seemed golden but was flawed beneath.
During the Progressive Era from 1890-1917, monopolies formed by large companies led reformers like Theodore Roosevelt to advocate for trust-busting laws. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 were passed to prevent monopolies and protect consumers, though they did not help all groups equally. The Progressive movement more broadly sought reforms to politics, education, and social issues during this time of rapid industrialization that worried many Americans.
This document provides an overview of industrialization in the United States between 1860-1900. It discusses several key factors that contributed to industrialization, including cheap labor, natural resources, transportation infrastructure like railroads, government policies of laissez-faire that kept taxes low and regulations minimal, and new technologies pioneered by inventors. Industrial leaders like Carnegie in steel and Rockefeller in oil amassed great wealth and power through practices like vertical and horizontal integration that reduced competition. While this period saw tremendous economic growth, it also led to the rise of large corporations and concerns about the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few "captains of industry."
By 1900, the U.S. had emerged as the world's leading industrial power due to its abundant natural resources, growing labor supply through immigration, capital investments, technological innovations, and business-friendly government policies. Wealthy industrialists and entrepreneurs like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Ford built vast industrial empires in steel, oil, banking, and automobiles through practices like vertical integration and trusts that eliminated competition. New technologies revolutionized areas like transportation, communication, manufacturing, and daily life. However, concerns grew about the power of large trusts and monopolies as well as wealth inequality between the rich industrialists and the working class.
The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, connecting the Union Pacific Railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, California. Workers faced poor conditions due to harsh weather and difficult terrain. The railroad facilitated westward expansion and increased demand for industries like steel and coal. It also led to the establishment of time zones to coordinate train schedules. The railroad era marked the rise of "robber barons" like Vanderbilt and powerful corporations, and the beginnings of big business in America through trusts and monopolies.
This chapter discusses the expansion of American industry between 1850-1900. It describes the technological revolution during this period brought on by inventions like the light bulb, telephone, and internal combustion engine. It also discusses the growth of big businesses like railroads and steel production and conflicts that arose between large corporations and workers. The chapter is divided into sections on technological changes, growth of big businesses, industrialization's impact on workers, and major strikes that occurred.
The document discusses how technological changes and globalization transformed the American economy in the late 20th century. It describes how the development of computers and new technologies like satellites and the internet revolutionized communication, business, and daily life. As a result, many jobs shifted to the service sector, multinational corporations emerged, and the global economy became more interconnected. Overall, technology and globalization brought both new opportunities and challenges to the U.S. economy and society.
Chapter 5 - Industrialization and the Gilded Age.pptxAngelaPhillips49
The document summarizes technological innovations and industrialization in the United States following the Civil War. Key developments included the Bessemer process which increased steel production, new inventions like the telephone and typewriter, and the rise of oil and electricity as energy sources. The growth of railroads connected regions and markets. Entrepreneurs like Rockefeller and Carnegie established large corporations and amassed wealth, though workers faced long hours, low pay, and unsafe conditions, leading some to organize unions. Overall industrialization transformed the US economy through technological advances and new business models.
The US became the largest industrial nation between 1860-1900 due to several key factors: cheap labor, natural resources, transportation infrastructure like railroads, new technologies/inventions, and minimal government intervention/low taxes (laissez-faire policies). Major industrialists like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford exploited economies of scale through practices like vertical/horizontal integration and scientific management, leading to consolidation of entire industries under monopolies or trusts which critics argued threatened democratic ideals. Supporters claimed this system rewarded hard work and innovation as per Social Darwinism, while philanthropic acts by industrialists aimed to soften criticism.
Unit 03 industrial revolution and immigrationbeluzadder
1) Two influential American inventors in the late 19th century were Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison. Bell invented the telephone and founded AT&T, while Edison invented the phonograph and light bulb and founded General Electric.
2) The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, achieved the first powered, controlled airplane flight in 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Henry Ford then revolutionized automobile manufacturing with his assembly line, making cars more affordable.
3) Robber barons like Andrew Carnegie in steel and John D. Rockefeller in oil amassed huge fortunes in the late 1800s by controlling entire industries through consolidation and monopolistic practices. They later became influential philanthropists.
The Gilded Age refers to the late 1800s, which saw a rise in wealth from industrialization but also growing social problems. Major characteristics included privately owned factories subject to government rules, and the rise of large corporations owned by shareholders. Robber barons like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt amassed huge fortunes and monopolies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads. The period was characterized by laissez-faire policies but also saw tensions between big business, labor unions, and reformers. Inventions like the telephone, light bulb, and film camera transformed society.
The document summarizes key developments during the Second Industrial Revolution from 1876-1900 in the United States. It describes how new technologies like the Bessemer process for steel production and the rise of oil and electricity as power sources drove industrial growth. Mass production led to the rise of large corporations in industries like steel, oil, and railroads. This period also saw important inventions in communication and transportation. However, industrialization resulted in difficult working conditions and low wages for laborers, prompting the rise of labor unions to advocate for workers' rights.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid industrialization driven by three key factors: abundant natural resources like oil and iron, governmental support of industry, and urbanization. New inventions in electricity, the typewriter, telephone, and steel production transformed the economy. The railroad industry expanded dramatically across the country, standardizing time zones and connecting markets. This period also saw the rise of large corporations, labor unrest over poor working conditions, and the emergence of unions seeking better treatment of workers.
After World War I, Americans faced difficulties adjusting to peace such as a recession, job losses, and isolationism. In the 1920s, Republican presidents pursued laissez-faire economic policies and limited government interference in business. The Roaring 20s were driven by new industries like automobiles, mass production techniques, mass consumption fueled by advertising, and stock market speculation. Cultural values changed as Prohibition took effect, fundamentalism clashed with modernism, and women and African Americans gained new freedoms and opportunities for self-expression.
Unit 1 powerpoint #3 (the gilded age industrialization)Jason Lowe
During the Gilded Age in the late 1800s, the United States government pursued policies of laissez-faire capitalism and low regulation of businesses. This allowed large industries to grow rapidly and inventors like Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell to develop new technologies like the light bulb and telephone. Industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller amassed great fortunes in steel and oil, though some viewed them as "robber barons". The period saw both rapid economic growth as well as inequality, as many workers struggled and some philosophers cited "social Darwinism" to justify the success of the wealthy.
Between the 1880s and 1900s, millions of new immigrants arrived in the United States from southern and eastern Europe, fleeing poverty, persecution, and seeking opportunities. They faced difficult journeys and were processed through immigration centers like Ellis Island upon arrival. The new immigrants largely settled in cities and took on unskilled jobs, living in overcrowded tenement housing. As cities grew rapidly, urban infrastructure expanded through skyscrapers, subways, and parks to accommodate the large populations. However, this also led to problems like unsanitary living conditions that reformers worked to improve through legislation, investigative journalism, and social programs.
The document provides background information on the economic and social conditions in the United States during the 1920s that ultimately led to the Great Depression. It discusses how postwar economic adjustments, nativism, the Red Scare, labor unrest, and the Sacco and Vanzetti trial created social tensions. It also describes the economic boom of the 1920s fueled by the rise of the automobile industry, mass production, consumer credit, and the stock market. However, it notes the prosperity of the 1920s was built on unstable economic foundations, as farmers struggled, income inequality grew, and many Americans took on too much debt, setting the stage for the economic collapse of the Great Depression.
The Gilded Age in the United States lasted from around 1870 to 1900. This period saw massive industrial growth and the rise of large corporations due to new inventions and industries like steel, oil, railroads, and electricity. Inventors like Edison, Bell, the Wright Brothers, and others developed many modern technologies. Business leaders and industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan amassed huge fortunes but often used corrupt business practices that angered farmers and workers. Labor unions formed to fight for better conditions but faced opposition. The period was marked by rapid change, wealth accumulation by some, but also corruption and poor conditions for many workers and farmers.
The Gilded Age in American history saw powerful business tycoons, known as Robber Barons, exploit workers and amass great fortunes while most Americans lived in poverty. The Industrial Revolution transformed the economy from rural and agricultural to urban and industrial, spurring new technologies, mass production techniques, and the rise of big business monopolies in industries like steel, oil, and railroads. While some innovations improved living standards, working conditions were often dangerous and workers faced low pay, long hours, and lack of rights or protections. Growing economic inequality sparked labor unrest and calls for reform.
Beginning in the late 1800s, most immigrants coming to the U.S. were from southern and eastern Europe. Immigrants lived in their own separate neighborhoods and kept many of their former traditions. Immigration led to a massive increase in the number of slums and tenement buildings in U.S. cities. Workers blamed immigrants for low wages or shortages of employment. A resentment of foreigners crept into America’s attitudes.
The document provides an overview of the Gilded Age in United States history from the 1870s to 1900. It describes how the era got its name, as the country experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth alongside high levels of poverty and corruption. Key aspects of the Gilded Age discussed include the rise of large industrialists, growing inequality between the wealthy and poor, immigration and urbanization, political machines that controlled local politics, and suffering among groups like Native Americans, African Americans, farmers, and women.
Unit 1 powerpoint #1 (the gilded age intro to unit 1)Jason Lowe
The Gilded Age in United States history from the 1870s to around 1900 was a period of rapid industrialization and economic growth, but also marked by significant social and political problems. While on the surface the country appeared prosperous, underneath there was widespread poverty, corruption, and suffering for groups like Native Americans, African Americans, farmers, immigrants, women, and children. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain to reflect that outwardly America seemed golden but was flawed beneath.
During the Progressive Era from 1890-1917, monopolies formed by large companies led reformers like Theodore Roosevelt to advocate for trust-busting laws. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 were passed to prevent monopolies and protect consumers, though they did not help all groups equally. The Progressive movement more broadly sought reforms to politics, education, and social issues during this time of rapid industrialization that worried many Americans.
This document provides an overview of industrialization in the United States between 1860-1900. It discusses several key factors that contributed to industrialization, including cheap labor, natural resources, transportation infrastructure like railroads, government policies of laissez-faire that kept taxes low and regulations minimal, and new technologies pioneered by inventors. Industrial leaders like Carnegie in steel and Rockefeller in oil amassed great wealth and power through practices like vertical and horizontal integration that reduced competition. While this period saw tremendous economic growth, it also led to the rise of large corporations and concerns about the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few "captains of industry."
By 1900, the U.S. had emerged as the world's leading industrial power due to its abundant natural resources, growing labor supply through immigration, capital investments, technological innovations, and business-friendly government policies. Wealthy industrialists and entrepreneurs like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Ford built vast industrial empires in steel, oil, banking, and automobiles through practices like vertical integration and trusts that eliminated competition. New technologies revolutionized areas like transportation, communication, manufacturing, and daily life. However, concerns grew about the power of large trusts and monopolies as well as wealth inequality between the rich industrialists and the working class.
The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, connecting the Union Pacific Railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, California. Workers faced poor conditions due to harsh weather and difficult terrain. The railroad facilitated westward expansion and increased demand for industries like steel and coal. It also led to the establishment of time zones to coordinate train schedules. The railroad era marked the rise of "robber barons" like Vanderbilt and powerful corporations, and the beginnings of big business in America through trusts and monopolies.
This chapter discusses the expansion of American industry between 1850-1900. It describes the technological revolution during this period brought on by inventions like the light bulb, telephone, and internal combustion engine. It also discusses the growth of big businesses like railroads and steel production and conflicts that arose between large corporations and workers. The chapter is divided into sections on technological changes, growth of big businesses, industrialization's impact on workers, and major strikes that occurred.
The document discusses how technological changes and globalization transformed the American economy in the late 20th century. It describes how the development of computers and new technologies like satellites and the internet revolutionized communication, business, and daily life. As a result, many jobs shifted to the service sector, multinational corporations emerged, and the global economy became more interconnected. Overall, technology and globalization brought both new opportunities and challenges to the U.S. economy and society.
Chapter 5 - Industrialization and the Gilded Age.pptxAngelaPhillips49
The document summarizes technological innovations and industrialization in the United States following the Civil War. Key developments included the Bessemer process which increased steel production, new inventions like the telephone and typewriter, and the rise of oil and electricity as energy sources. The growth of railroads connected regions and markets. Entrepreneurs like Rockefeller and Carnegie established large corporations and amassed wealth, though workers faced long hours, low pay, and unsafe conditions, leading some to organize unions. Overall industrialization transformed the US economy through technological advances and new business models.
The US became the largest industrial nation between 1860-1900 due to several key factors: cheap labor, natural resources, transportation infrastructure like railroads, new technologies/inventions, and minimal government intervention/low taxes (laissez-faire policies). Major industrialists like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford exploited economies of scale through practices like vertical/horizontal integration and scientific management, leading to consolidation of entire industries under monopolies or trusts which critics argued threatened democratic ideals. Supporters claimed this system rewarded hard work and innovation as per Social Darwinism, while philanthropic acts by industrialists aimed to soften criticism.
The US became the largest industrial nation between 1860-1900 due to several key factors: cheap labor, natural resources, transportation infrastructure like railroads, new technologies/inventions, and an entrepreneurial spirit. While the government pursued laissez-faire policies with low taxes and few regulations, large corporations consolidated power through practices like vertical and horizontal integration. This concentration of industry led some to criticize the capitalist system as threatening democratic ideals, though supporters argued it was a natural outcome of competition and social Darwinism.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants, especially from Europe, flocked to major cities, transforming the nation from a rural to an urban society. Between 1870 and 1900, the urban population grew from 10 million to over 30 million. Many immigrants lived in overcrowded tenement housing with poor sanitation. New technologies like steel-frame construction enabled the growth of skyscrapers in urban centers. As cities grew rapidly, political machines filled governance gaps and provided services to immigrant communities. The rise of industrial capitalism and mass consumption changed American leisure and popular culture.
Capitalism- The American experience 1907-1941.pptxJon Newland
The document provides background information on the rise of capitalism in the United States from 1907-1941. It discusses the key causes including the expansion of railways, post-Civil War reconstruction, immigrant labor, the discovery of oil, and mass production. Important individuals like Rockefeller, Carnegie, Ford, and Morgan helped drive industrialization. The Gilded Age saw huge economic growth but also the rise of monopolies and inequality. The Progressive Era brought reforms to regulate industry and protect workers in response to these issues.
The document discusses the rapid industrialization of the United States between 1865-1900. Key factors contributing to industrialization included abundant natural resources, labor supply, new technologies, capital investment, and business-friendly government policies. Mass production techniques like assembly lines and scientific management principles increased efficiency. The railroad industry expanded greatly and helped open up new markets. While proponents argued industrialists were self-made men and capitalism expanded opportunities, there was growing unrest over extreme wealth inequality and poor conditions for many workers. As monopolies consolidated power, the socialist movement gained some influence in response to the social problems of the late industrial era.
This document discusses the urbanization of New York City between 1865-1898. It describes how New York saw a financial boom after the Civil War driven by industries like oil, steel, and railroads. Political corruption flourished under Boss Tweed, who embezzled over $50 million for city projects. The gap between wealthy and poor New Yorkers widened significantly during this period. Immigration increased dramatically, filling up tenement housing in poor conditions.
(2) industrialization and the gilded agereghistory
After the Civil War, industrialization in America accelerated due to new inventions and processes like the Bessemer Process for steel production. Entrepreneurs like Rockefeller and Carnegie established large corporations and monopolies in industries like oil and steel. While this growth boosted the economy, workers often faced long hours, low pay, and dangerous conditions. They organized unions to demand better treatment, but faced opposition from owners and the government who favored business interests.
The document provides an overview of social, economic, and political changes in the United States during the 1920s. It was an era of rapid change as traditional rural values clashed with new urban lifestyles. The economy experienced rapid growth and prosperity led by new industries like automobiles and consumerism. However, there was also conflict as some Americans feared the loss of traditional values and groups like immigrants, African Americans, and women seeking greater freedoms. The period saw both social liberalism embodied by flappers and a rise in religious fundamentalism defending traditional values.
This document provides information about urbanization in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the growth of large cities like Manchester, England and Chicago due to industrialization and rural-to-urban migration of workers. It also describes some of the problems that arose in cities like overcrowding, poor living conditions in tenement housing, lack of sanitation and infrastructure, and public health issues. The document outlines some technological innovations that helped modernize cities and address problems like skyscrapers, elevators, electric streetcars, and subways.
1) Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry in the late 19th century through his company Carnegie Steel. Use of the Bessemer process allowed him to produce steel much cheaper, making it more widely used in infrastructure like railroads and skyscrapers.
2) Railroads expanded greatly due to steel, facilitating westward expansion and economic growth by connecting farms and industries across long distances. They relied on steel produced cheaply by Carnegie.
3) Chinese and Irish immigrants faced difficult and dangerous conditions building the transcontinental railroad but were essential to its completion in 1869, connecting the country by rail coast to coast.
This document discusses sources of economic growth and social changes in the United States during the 1950s. It identifies key factors that contributed to growth including government spending, military spending, the post-war baby boom, and suburban expansion. This growth transformed the Western US and fueled a consumer culture centered around automobiles, television, and suburban living. New technologies also emerged in areas like medicine, pesticides, electronics, computers, and space exploration. Social trends included rising prosperity, concerns over conformity, and the beginnings of the civil rights movement.
The American economic revolution of the early to mid-1800s brought dramatic changes to the economy, society, culture, and politics. The population grew rapidly through natural increase and large-scale immigration from Europe. Cities grew as many migrated from rural areas for new economic opportunities. While immigration provided new labor, it also caused social tensions as nativist groups opposed the cultural and political changes. Transportation networks like canals and railroads expanded rapidly to support industry and trade. Mass production, new technologies, and other industrial advances transformed the economy and led to the rise of large-scale business organizations. These changes brought wealth to some but also inequality and difficult working conditions for many, especially the new immigrant laborers. The family and gender roles adjusted to the
The document summarizes Progressive Era reforms around the turn of the 20th century. Progressives sought to address problems from industrialization like poor working conditions exposed by photographers like Lewis Hine and authors like Upton Sinclair. Urban immigrants lived in overcrowded tenements as shown by Jacob Riis. Settlement houses like Jane Addams' Hull House helped immigrants assimilate. Progressives also pushed for political reforms to curb monopolies and corruption exposed by "muckrakers," aiming to fix social injustices.
The document provides an overview of several key events and trends in the United States during the 1920s. It describes the post-World War I recession, Red Scare, Palmer Raids, and Sacco and Vanzetti trial. It then summarizes the presidencies of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, their support of business and laissez-faire policies. Major factors in 1920s prosperity included the rise of the automobile industry, new mass production technologies, and the age of mass consumption fueled by advertising and consumer credit. However, prosperity was uneven and some groups like farmers and workers faced difficulties. The Temperance movement also led to Prohibition in 1919.
The document provides an overview of several key aspects of the Roaring Twenties in the United States. It describes how after World War I and a brief recession, the US experienced rapid economic growth and cultural change in the 1920s. New technologies like automobiles, mass production techniques, and electrical appliances drove prosperity, while cultural changes included flappers, prohibition, and the Harlem Renaissance. However, not all Americans shared equally in the economic boom of the decade.
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During the early to mid-1800s, the United States experienced rapid economic, technological, and population growth that transformed it into a market economy. Key developments included the expansion of commercial farming in the Midwest, the transportation revolution of canals and railroads, the rise of manufacturing in the North, and large-scale immigration. However, this period also saw social tensions emerge between native-born Americans and Catholic immigrants, as well as economic divisions growing between the industrial North and agricultural South. Rapid advances in transportation and communication further integrated the national economy but also exacerbated regional differences leading up to the Civil War.
The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain from a largely agricultural society to an industrialized one between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized textile manufacturing led people to move from rural areas to cities where factories were located. This rapid urbanization strained city infrastructure and living conditions, with overcrowded slums and poor sanitation. While factory owners profited, workers faced long hours, dangerous conditions, low pay, and few rights. The Revolution also brought new ideas about economics, politics, and society that still influence the modern world.
The Vietnam War lasted from 1956 to 1975 and involved North Vietnam and the Viet Cong fighting against South Vietnam and the United States. It began as an anti-colonial rebellion against French control of Vietnam and escalated into a proxy war between the U.S. and Soviet Union amid the Cold War. Despite massive U.S. military involvement and bombing campaigns, the Vietnam War ended with a Communist victory in 1975 after the fall of Saigon. The war was highly controversial in the U.S. and had lasting domestic political and cultural impacts.
John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960 in one of the closest races in American history. As president, Kennedy established the Peace Corps to provide humanitarian aid around the world. He committed the US to landing on the moon to win the space race against the Soviet Union. However, the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba was a failure that made the US look weak. Kennedy faced further challenges with the Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis, before his presidency was tragically cut short by his assassination in 1963.
The Japanese attacked the Philippines hours after bombing Pearl Harbor. US forces under Douglas MacArthur retreated to Bataan Peninsula but later surrendered, leading to the brutal Bataan Death March. In response to these defeats, the US launched Doolittle's Raid on Tokyo and won a major victory at the Battle of Midway in 1942, marking a turning point in the war against Japan in the Pacific. Meanwhile, the Soviets defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, another major turning point. The Allies also had success in North Africa. These victories put Germany and Japan on the defensive for the remainder of the war.
The document discusses America's foreign policy in the early 20th century as it moved between isolationism and internationalism. While often characterized as isolationist in the 1920s, the US was actively involved through conferences, agreements, and loans abroad. FDR believed the US could not remain isolated as Germany and fascism rose. Though neutral at first, FDR took steps like Lend-Lease to aid Britain and passed embargoes against Japan. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor led the US to enter World War II.
After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the US neutral but determined to help the Allied countries. He revised neutrality laws to allow the US to sell weapons to Allied countries. FDR was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support for Britain. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to send weapons to Britain. Japan grew angry over US embargoes and froze Japanese assets in response to threats in the Pacific. Japan then attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, bringing the US into World War II.
The US mobilized for WWII on an unprecedented scale, transforming the economy and society. The government took on expanded roles, controlling wages, prices and production to support the war effort. Unemployment dropped from 14% to 2% as millions of Americans, including many women and minorities, went to work in newly-expanded industries producing vast quantities of military equipment. Over 40 million men were drafted, though the military remained segregated and discrimination persisted at home, including the internment of Japanese Americans. Despite shortages, most Americans embraced sacrifices to support the war through rationing, scrap drives, and buying war bonds.
The Holocaust refers to the Nazi campaign during World War II to exterminate Jews and others deemed inferior. Once in power, the Nazis swiftly implemented racist policies outlined by Hitler, persecuting not only Jews but also the disabled, Roma people, Slavs, homosexuals, and political opponents. Jews were segregated into ghettos and deprived of rights through laws like the Nuremberg Laws. Pogroms like Kristallnacht in 1938 killed many Jews and destroyed Jewish homes and businesses. As persecution increased, some Jews fled but many were unable to escape Nazi-controlled Europe as countries like the United States limited immigration. This ultimately led to the "Final Solution" and establishment of concentration camps for slave labor and
The document summarizes the rise of fascist and totalitarian regimes in Europe and Asia in the aftermath of WWI. It describes how leaders like Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in Russia, and Hitler in Germany rose to power amid economic struggles and unrest over territorial losses from WWI. Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles and began invading neighboring countries like Austria and Czechoslovakia, prompting Britain and France to pursue a failed policy of appeasement. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War II.
The United States mobilized for war by dramatically increasing industrial production. American workers were highly productive, manufacturing over 600,000 Jeeps, 88,000 tanks, and 7,000 ships during the war. The government intervened in the economy by controlling wages, rents, prices and production quotas. Over 40 million men were drafted into the military. The war effort increased opportunities for women and minorities, though racism still persisted as seen in the internment of Japanese Americans. Overall, the massive mobilization transformed the economy and society, helping to end the Great Depression while fueling the early Civil Rights movement.
Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928 on a platform of prosperity, but the stock market crashed in 1929, plunging the US into the Great Depression. Overproduction, declining exports, income inequality, and mistakes by the Federal Reserve exacerbated the economic downturn. By 1933, unemployment had reached 25% as banks failed, businesses closed, and millions lost their homes and farms. Shantytowns appeared as people struggled to survive with breadlines and soup kitchens. Dust storms destroyed the livelihoods of farmers on the Great Plains, forcing many to migrate to California in search of work. President Hoover did not use the federal government to help citizens, damaging his reputation.
The New Deal was Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression that devastated the United States economy in the 1930s. FDR promised a "New Deal" and was elected president in 1932. The New Deal had three main goals: relief for the unemployed and poor, economic recovery, and reforms to prevent future depressions. FDR and his "Brain Trust" of advisers implemented numerous programs to pursue these goals, including the CCC, TVA, SEC, Social Security, and others. The New Deal dramatically expanded the role of the federal government in managing the economy and providing social services.
This document provides an overview of trench warfare during World War 1 on the Western Front. It describes how both sides dug extensive trench systems that stretched across Europe and engaged in brutal direct assaults across no man's land that resulted in massive casualties. New weapons like machine guns, tanks, chemical weapons, airplanes, and flamethrowers contributed to stalemate and carnage. The document outlines some of the key battles and events of the war, including America's entry and role in turning the tide, and the eventual German surrender in 1918.
The document summarizes President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points plan for peace after World War I and the negotiations at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. It outlines Wilson's vision for a League of Nations to prevent future wars, but notes that other Allied powers wanted to impose a harsher treaty on Germany. Though Wilson campaigned vigorously for the Treaty and League, the U.S. Senate rejected both due to opposition from Republicans like Henry Cabot Lodge and Americans' desire to avoid foreign entanglements, leading to a harsh treaty that sowed resentment in Germany.
America entered World War I in 1917 after a series of events eroded its neutrality. While Woodrow Wilson initially kept the US neutral, Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, which resulted in the sinking of American ships like the Lusitania, outraged the American public. Germany's interception of the Zimmerman Telegram, in which it offered Mexico territory in exchange for allying with Germany against the US, further turned American opinion against Germany. Wilson ultimately requested a declaration of war from Congress in 1917 after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
Theodore Roosevelt served as President from 1901-1909 and pursued an ambitious agenda of reform and regulation known as the "Square Deal." Some key aspects of his domestic policy included trust-busting like dissolving J.P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company, mediating labor disputes, and passing food and drug regulations. Roosevelt also championed conservation efforts and established 150 national forests. In foreign policy, he sent the Great White Fleet around the world and intervened in Latin America to promote political stability, including encouraging Panama's independence from Colombia to build the Panama Canal.
The Progressive Era saw widespread reforms between 1890-1920 in response to economic and social problems resulting from rapid industrialization and urbanization. Reformers addressed issues like political corruption, poverty, child labor, and unsafe working conditions through muckraking journalism that investigated these issues, the settlement house movement that provided social services to the poor, and advocacy of women's suffrage and prohibition. While they differed on solutions, Progressives broadly sought to regulate large businesses and make government more responsive to public needs through initiatives like the direct election of Senators.
The US became interested in expanding overseas in the late 1800s due to increasing industrialization and new ideas about Anglo-Saxon dominance. While the US had previously followed an isolationist foreign policy, it now sought new international markets and felt pressure to join European imperialism in Africa and Asia. This expansionism was also driven by a sense of national destiny and the belief that America had a duty to civilize other peoples. The US annexed Hawaii in 1898 and went to war with Spain over Cuba the same year, acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as a result. However, governing the Philippines led to a debate over whether America should become an imperial power in conflict with its republican ideals.
The Agrarian Revolt summarizes the emergence of the Populist movement in response to farmers' growing frustrations over economic issues like tariffs, trusts and railroad monopolies. Farmers formed organizations like the Grange at the local and state levels to advocate for their interests, but eventually the Farmers' Alliance and Populist Party developed to take the fight national. The Populists gained some political victories but ultimately declined after William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election, ensuring America's commitment to the gold standard.
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, promising a "New Deal" to address the Great Depression. During his first hundred days in office, FDR pushed numerous relief programs through Congress like the CCC and WPA to create jobs and the FDIC to insure bank deposits. The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government and was made up of relief, recovery, and reform programs, though some like the AAA were ruled unconstitutional. FDR's fireside chats helped restore public confidence. The New Deal dramatically increased the power of the federal government.
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, promising a "New Deal" to address the Great Depression. His New Deal policies aimed to provide relief through immediate aid programs, promote recovery of the economy, and reform the financial system. FDR pushed many programs through Congress in his first 100 days, including the CCC to employ young men in conservation projects, the PWA to fund public works projects, and the AAA to support farmers. The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government and established programs and agencies like the SEC, FDIC, and Social Security.
1. Urbanization
the process of moving to the
cities
During the three decades following
the Civil War, the US transformed
rapidly from a rural nation to a more
urban nation.
The urban population grew from
about 10 million in 1870 to over 30
million by 1900
2. By 1890, most of the population of
some major urban areas consisited of
foreign born immigrants :
• 87% of Chicago
• 80% of New York
• 84% of Detroit
• New York had more Irish than Dublin
• New York had more Germans than Hamburg
• Chicago had more Poles than Warsaw
3. Most of the immigrants who poured
into the US lacked money and
education. They remained in the
nations growing cities, where they
toiled long hours for little pay. Despite
the harshness of their new lives most
still improved their standard of living.
In the US they had a chance at social
mobility—moving up in society-unlike
in Europe.
4. As city populations grew, demand
raised the price of land, giving owners
greater incentive to grow upward
rather outward.
2 Major inventions helped with this
problem:
-Bessemer Steel process
-Safety Elevator
5. The Brooklyn Bridge
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tsi95z1Nmhg&feature=related
6. Bessemer Steel Process-a way to blow
air into iron ore and make steel
cheaply
Andrew Carnegie
Between the new steel process and
the invention of the safety
elevator, new buildings began to
appear on American skylines:
7. The skyscrapers
The Flatiron Building
At 21 stories and 307
ft (93 meter), it was
one of the city‘s most
interesting buildings
8. The Empire State Building
--one year and 45 days to build
--There are 102 floors
--There are 1,860 steps from street
level to 102nd floor.
--only five workers were
killed
9. The Chrysler Building
Built from 1929 to 1930
Constructed of steel with
brick and stainless steel on
the exterior
Height: 1046 ft
Number of Floors: 77
Height Record: Tallest building in the world at
completion, overtaken by the Empire State Building just
one year later. Currently the third tallest building in New
York City.
10. The Brooklyn Bridge
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tsi95z1Nmhg&feature=related
11. The Brooklyn Bridge
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WA47Y6
em8M&feature=player_detailpage
12. Separation by Class
• 3 Distinct classes developed
• High Society—consisted of Robber Barons-or
capitalist—people with large amounts of
wealth.
• Middle Class- (white collar)-consisted of the
doctors, lawyer, engineers, managers
• Working Class-immigrants (blue collar) who
came and worked long hours for very little pay
13. Ellis Island
• Most immigrants passed through Ellis Island in
about a day. Crowds of immigrants' filed past
the doctor for an initial inspection. A mark on
a shirt might indicate isolation or worst
deportation.
15. Once in the cities, immigrants lived in
neighborhoods that were often
separated into ethnic groups, such as
Little Italy in lower New York City. They
spoke their native languages and re-
created the appearance of their
homeland.
How well immigrants adjusted
depended partly on how quickly they
learned English and adapted to
American culture--Assimilated
20. Jacab Riis documented the slum life in
his now famous book
• “How the Other Half Lives”
21. Urban Problems
• City living posed threats such as
crime, violence, fire, diseases and pollution.
• Many native-born Americans often blamed
immigrants for the increase in crime and
violence.
• A feeling of nativism-preference for native
born people-began to set in.
22.
23.
24. • Many native born Americans desired to limit
immigration.
• In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese
Exclusion Act—it barred Chinese for coming to
America and prevented the ones here from
becoming citizens.
• The only ethnic group to be barred
• The Act was renewed every 10 years until
1943.
25. Urban Politics
The new immigrant needed
jobs, housing, heat and police
protection.
• A new kind of political system developed to
meet the needs of the new urban immigrant.
• The Political Machine—a political group
designed to gain and keep power
• Party Bosses-those who ran them
• In exchange for votes, party bosses provided
the immigrant with necessities.
26. Tammany Hall was the most famous of
the Political machines and William M.
“Boss” Tweed was the most notorious
of the Party Bosses.
27. • Despite the corruption of the system, political
machines did provide necessary services and
they helped to assimilate the masses of new
city dwellers
28. The Rise of Big Business
• Before the Civil War, the personal wealth of a
few people operating in partnership financed
most businesses, including many early
factories. Most manufacturing enterprises
were very small. By 1900 everything had
changed. Big businesses dominated the
economy, operating vast complexes of
factories, warehouses, offices, and
distribution facilities.
29. This could not have happened without the
corporation—an organization owned by
many but treated as though it was a single.
Stockholders own parts of the corporation
by owning shares called stock.
People buy stock – the company can invest
that money with new technologies, or hire
people or expand.In return, the company
pays back to the stockholders part of their
profits (dividends)
30. Andrew Carnegie and Steel
• He became a multi-millionarie by a practice
known as Vertical Integration—a vertically
integrated company owns all of the different
businesses on which it depends for its
operation.
• For example-he bought coal mines, limestone
quarries and iron ore fields.
32. John D. Rockefeller--Oil
• Rockefeller made his millions by a practice
called Horizontal Integration-buying up the
same type of business into one.
• He gained control of about 90% of all oil
companies in the US.
• When a single company achieves control of an
entire market, it becomes a monopoly-to have
total control of an industry or company
• What potential problems exist if one large
business buys all its competitors?
39. Unions
• Life for workers in industrial America was
difficult. As machines replaced skilled labor, work
became monotonous. Workers performed
repetitive tasks and working conditions were
unhealthy and dangerous.
• Eventually, many workers decided that the only
way to improve their working conditions was to
organize Unions—a group of workers who
worked to improve their working conditions
40. Knights of Labor
• The first nation-wide industrial union
• Called for an 8 hour day
• Equal pay for women
• Abolition of child labor
• They used strikes—stop work
• They supported arbitration-a third party
comes in between labor and management.
41. American Federation of Labor
• A trade union
• Samuel Gompers led
• Believe Unions should stay out of politics
• Fight for small gains—higher wages and better
working conditions
• Preferred arbitration over strikes
42. How did industry and companies
view unions?
Techniques to prevent unions from
forming.
Government was pro
management—always on the side
of industry.
43. The Gilded Age
• Something that is gilded is covered with gold
on the outside because it usually is hiding the
fact that it is made of cheap materials. Mark
Twain called this era of history that we are
studying the Gilded Age because even though
it was a great time of inventions and
innovation, industry, immigration and higher
standard of living—underneath the surface lay
corruption, poverty and crime, as well as a
gulf between the haves and have nots
44. New Ideas for Americans
• Individualism-that no matter how humble your
beginnings, you could rise in society and go as far
as your talents and commitment would take you.
• Social Darwinism- Herbert Spencer took Charles
Darwin’s theory of evolution and argued that
human society also evolved through competition
and natural selection—
• “survival of the fittest” became the catchphrase.
• Gospel of Wealth-Andrew Carnegie believed in
the idea that those who profited from society
owed it something in return—Philanthropy-giving
money back to promote social goods
45. New movements in Art
• Realism: portrayed people realistically instead
of idealizing them
• Thomas Eakins
• He considered no day to day subject beneath
his interest. He painted with realistic detail
young men swimming, surgeons operating
and scientists experimenting. He even painted
President Hayes working in shirtsleeves
instead of in more traditional formal dress.
50. Popular Culture
• People had more money so what were they doing?
• Coney Island in NYC
• Boxing
• Baseball
• Going to Vaudeville-a cross between theatre and a
circus
• Listening to Ragtime-a new music that echoed the
hectic pace of the city life. Syncopated rhythms-grew
out of the honky-tonk, salon pianists and banjo players
using the patterns of African American music-Scott
Joplin
51. Scott Joplin The Entertainer
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPmruHc4
S9Q
52. The Rise of Segregation
• Life for African Americans in the South after
the Civil War and Reconstruction was not
good—they were free and that’s all.
• Many resorted to sharecropping—living and
working off the land owned by someone else.
• 13th amendment-abolished slavery
• 14th amendment- defines citizenship
• 15th amendment-extends voting rights
53. • Many in the South found ways to prevent
African Americans from voting:
• Poll Tax- a fee in order to vote
• Grandfather Clause- ‘if your grandfather voted
then you can”
• Literacy Tests- prove you could read and write
54. Legalizing Segregation
• In the South, segregation-separation of the
races, was enforced legally by laws known as
Jim Crow Laws—the term came from the
name of a character popularized by a slavery
era blackface minstrel –a white musical stage
performer who darkened his face with
makeup and crudely imitated supposed
African American behavior.
55. • In 1892 an African American named Homer
Plessy challenged a Louisiana law that forced
him to ride in a separate railroad car from
whites.
• The Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson
upheld the “separate but equal” aspect of the
law.
• The ruling established the legal basis for
discrimination in the South for more than 50
years to come.
59. • Even worse than the Jim Crow laws was the
brutality leveled against African Americans.
• Between 1890-1900, there was an average of
187 lynchings –executions without proper
court preceedings-carried out by mobs each
year.
60.
61. http://youtu.be/dnlTHvJBeP0
• "Southern trees bear a strange fruit,
• Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,
• Black body swinging in the Southern breeze,
• Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.
• Pastoral scene of the gallant South,
• The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth,
• Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh,
• And the sudden smell of burning flesh!
• Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck,
• For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,
• For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop,
• Here is a strange and bitter crop."
62. African American Response
• Booker T. Washington :He proposed that
Blacks should concentrate on education and
vocation.
demonstrate
"industry, thrift, intelligen
ce and property."
63. W. E. B. DuBois
• He was concerned with the rights of Blacks—
voting was the key he said to proper
manhood.
64. In the years that followed, many
African Americans worked to win
the vote and end discrimination.
The struggle, however, would
prove to be a long one