The document summarizes the closing of the Western frontier in the United States between 1860-1900. It discusses the many groups that were involved including Native Americans, miners, cattlemen, farmers, railroads, and the U.S. government. It also describes some of the key events like the building of the transcontinental railroad, the cattle drives, conflicts over land use, and battles between the U.S. army and Plains Indians as Native lands were increasingly encroached upon.

1. The Closing of the Western Frontier

2. Key Tensions Native Americans Buffalo Hunters Railroads U. S. Government Cattlemen Sheep Herders Ranchers Farmers

3. Key Tensions Ethnic Minorities Nativists Environmentalists Big Business Interests [mining, timber] Local Govt. Officials Farmers Buffalo Hunters Lawlessness of the Frontier “ Civilizing” Forces

4. the Railroad builders

5. Railroad Construction

6. Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

7. Importance of the Railroad Coming of the machine age Now a continental nation Atlantic and Pacific connection

8. the cowboys

9. The Bronc Buster Frederick Remington

10. Black Cowboys

11. Cowboys Mixed group Former Confederate cavalry Immigrants African Americans Mexican vaqueros “ just a plain bowlegged human who smelled very horsey at times”

12. Cowboys Average age 24 Owned their own saddle Most only made one trail drive Dangerous job

13. the GUNSLINGERS

14. Colt .45 Revolver God didn’t make men equal. Colonel Colt did!

15. Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers Jesse James Billy the Kid

16. Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890

17. the MINERS

18. Prospecting

19. Mining Centers: 1900

20. Mining (“Boom”) Towns-- Now Ghost Towns Calico, CA

21. The Cattlemen & the Sheep herders

22. The Cattle Trails

23. Land Use: 1880s

24. New Agricultural Technology “ Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

25. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden

26. The Range Wars Sheep Herders Cattle Ranchers

27. Minority groups in the West

28. Regional Population Distribution by Race: 1900

29. Regional Population Distribution by Race: 1900

30. Black “Exoduster” Homesteaders

31. Blacks Moving West

32. The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains

33. A Romantic View

34. The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian Wars

36. African American & Chinese Populations: 1880-1900

37. The Farmers

39. Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890

40. Homesteads From Public Lands

41. What is the Message of this Picture?

42. The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD

44. Grange 1867 Set up cooperatives* Bought seeds at wholesale rate Built warehouses Better shipping rates * group of farmers pool their money to buy seeds and tools at wholesale rates

45. Grange Voted for candidates that supported their aims Populist Party 1892 farmers and labor unions

46. Populist Party Government should raise farm prices Regulate Railroad rates Income tax Eight hour work day Limit immigration Increase the supply of silver

47. Election of 1896 Populist/Democratic Party – William Jennings Bryan Republican – William McKinley

49. the plains indians

50. Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

51. Colonel John Chivington Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sandy Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

52. Capt. William J. Fetterman 80 soldiers massacred December 21, 1866

53. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867) 2 nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Reservation Policy

54. Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874

55. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Armstrong Custer

56. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

57. Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause

58. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA

59. Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890

60. Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

61. Indian Reservations Today

62. Crazy Horse Monument: Black Hills, SD Lakota Chief

63. Korczak Ziolkowski, Sculptor Crazy Horse Monument His vision of the finished memorial.

64. Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD

65. the myth & legend of the west

66. The Traditional View of the West

67. William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show

68. “ Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull

69. Legendary Female Western Characters Calamity Jane Annie Oakley

70. The Fall of the Cowboy Frederick Remington

71. what were the long-term effects of the westward experience?

72. Destruction of the Buffalo Herds The near extinction of the buffalo.

73. Yellowstone National Park First national park established in 1872.

74. National Parks

75. Conservation Movement John Muir With President Theodore Roosevelt

76. Sierra Club Founded in 1892