Uploaded byKavindya Fernando
Anxiety disorders-
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. It provides information on the prevalence, clinical features, course, differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment options for each disorder. The treatment options discussed include pharmacological interventions like antidepressants and anxiolytics as well as psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
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Anxiety disorders-
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- 2. What is normalanxiety? • respond to threatening situation • Defense or escape (‘fight or flight) • Increased • Heartrate • Blood pressure • Respiration • Muscle tension • Sympathetic nervous system activation • Tremor • Sweating • Polyuria • Diarrhea • Beneficial response JMJ 2
- 3. What is abnormalanxiety? • Respond similar to normal anxiety, • But out of proportion to the treat, • And/or is more prolonged JMJ 3
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- 6. Anxiety disorders JMJ 6 •Prevalence • 1 year prevalence – 14%
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- 8. Generalized anxiety disorder JMJ8 • Introduction • Clinical features • Appearance • Prevalence • Co-morbidities • Differential diagnosis • Aetiology • Prognosis • Assessment and management
- 9. Generalized anxiety disorder JMJ9 • Characterized by • Excessive, uncontrolled, irrational worry • About everyday things • They can be over concerned with • Normal issue of health, money, work & relationships • Is symptoms have been present for a shorter time, • May be stress or adjustment disorder
- 10. Generalized anxiety disorder JMJ10 • Clinical features • Complain of anxiety • Appearance • Looks concerned about something • Restless, sweaty and shaky • Tearfulness – may suggest depression Symptoms Psychological Physical
- 11. Psychological Symptoms JMJ 11 •Fearful anticipation • Irritability • Sensitivity to noise • Restlessness • Poor concentration • Depression • Obsessions • Depersonalization
- 12. Psychological Symptoms JMJ 12 GI •Epigastric discomfort • Excessive wind(due to air swallowing) • Frequent or loose motions RESPIRATORY • Constriction in the chest • Difficulty inhaling • Over breathing CARDIOVASCULAR • Palpitation • Discomfort in chest • Awareness of missed beats GENITOURINARY • Frequent or urgent micturition • Failure of erection • Menstrual discomfort • Amenorrhoea CNS • Tremor, pricking sensation • Tinnitus • Dizzziness • B/L headache • Aching muscles SLEEP DISTURBANCE • Insomnia • Night terrors
- 13. Sleep JMJ 13 • Characteristicway • Lies awake worrying • They wake intermittently • Often report unpleasant dreams • Occasionally night terrors • Early waking with an inability to go back to sleep again is much less common among patients with a generalized anxiety diosrders
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- 15. Prevalence JMJ 15 • 4-5% •2:1 – women:men • Common in • Caucasians • Lower socio-economic group • Age at onset – 21 years • Peak at – 40 to 59 years
- 16. DD JMJ 16 Depressive disorders In chronicGAD Other symptoms of depression + Schizophrenia Anxiety can occur before other symptoms Dementia In older patients Assess memory impairment Drugs Alcohol Cannabis Antidepressant Antipsychotics Benzodiazepine Caffeine Sedatives Thyroxine Bronchodilators Anti hypertensive Anti convulsions Withdrawal from alcohol/substance Symptoms severe on awaking in morning - dependence Physical illness Thyrotoxicosis Hypoparathyroi dism peochromocyto ma Hypogycemia Arrythmia Respi.disease Carcinoid tumor Temporal lobe epilepsy
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- 18. Prognosis JMJ 18 • Diagnosiscannot be made until the symptoms have been present for 6 months • Worse prognosis • When symptoms severe
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- 20. Assessment and management JMJ20 • Full psychiatric history • Risk assessment • Self harm, exploitation, driving, self neglect • Psychological evaluation • Physical examnation
- 21. Assessment and management JMJ21 Treatment General Measures Psychological treatment Pharmacotherapy
- 22. General Measures JMJ 22 •Psychoeducational for patient and carers • Relaxation training • Problem-solving skills • Self-help • Books • Website • Telephone guided treatment • Computerized CBT • Voluntary- sector group meetings
- 23. Psychological Treatments JMJ 23 •Psychoeducational, support and problem solving • Self-help books or computer courses • Refer to Cognitive behaviour therapy • Weekly sessions of 1 hour to a total of 16-20 hours delivered within 4 months
- 24. Pharmacotherapy JMJ 24 • Antidepressents •SSRI – 1st line tx • Tricyclic anti depressants also can be used • More toxic in overdose, less good side effects • If no improvement after 12 weeks- add another SSRI • Medication usually – for 6 months after symptoms relieve • Limit use of anxiolytics • Causes dependence • Can use for short term (benzodiazepine) • Buspirone • Non benzodiazepine anxiolytic • Short term relief in GAD • Less likely to cause dependence
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- 26. Phobic anxiety disorder JMJ26 • Symptoms may be same as GAD • But there are 3 distinguishing features • Anxiety occurs in particular circumstances only • Avoidance of circumstances • Anticipatory anxiety Phobic Simple phobia Social phobia Agoraphobia
- 27. Simple phobia JMJ 27 •Introduction • Prevalence • Prognosis • Treatment
- 28. Simple phobia JMJ 28 •Inappropriately anxious • in the presence of a particular object or situation, or • When anticipating this encounter, • and has the urge to avoid the object or situation • for example, • a person who fears storms may become extremely anxious when there are only black clouds, which might precede a storm
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- 30. Simple phobia JMJ 30 •Prevalence • Common • Life time prevalence of 12.5% • Mean age of onset – 7 • Most situational phobias present in early adulthood • More frequent in women
- 31. Simple phobia JMJ 31 •Prognosis • Phobias that begins in childhood • Continue for many years • Those starting after a stressful experience in adult live • May improve with time
- 32. Simple phobia JMJ 32 •Treatment • Cognitive behavior therapy • Tx of choice for simple phobia is graded exposure therapy • Medication • Benzodiazepine short term course • To the patients who need immediate relief
- 33. Social phobia JMJ 33 •Introduction • Onset & course • Prevalence • DD • Aetiology • Prognosis • Treatment
- 34. Social phobia JMJ 34 •Anxiety in social situations • Specific concerns • About being observed critically by others • Situations • Restaurants, canteens • Anticipatory anxiety • Avoidance • Symptoms • Use of Alcohol • Low-self esteem
- 35. Social phobia JMJ 35 •Onset and course • Begins with acute attack of anxiety • Subsequently, anxiety occurs in similar places, • Episodes becomes gradually severe • With increasing avoidance
- 36. Social phobia JMJ 36 •Prevalence • Lifetime prevalence – 12.1% • Equally common in men & women • Mean age of onset – 13-20 years
- 37. Social phobia -DD JMJ 37 GAD Distinguished by pattern of situation Depression Absence of other depressive symptoms Schizophrenia Avoidance due to paranoid delusions Anxious/ avoidant personality disorder Lifelong shyness & lack of self-confidence Personality disorders starts at young age More gradual development Social inadequacy Primary lack of social skills Panic disorder with agoraphobia Panic attacks are typically unexpected
- 38. Social phobia JMJ 38 •Aetiology • Starts in late adolescence • Prognosis • Most improve by mid-life
- 39. Social phobia JMJ 39 •Treatment • Antidepressents • Best – SSRI • 2nd line – SNRI • Monoamine oxidase were used fro social anxiety • While taking drugs patients are advised to practice exposure to situations • Anxiolytic medications • Immediate short term relief • Risk of dependence • Beta adrenergic antagonists • Control tremor and palpitations
- 40. Agoraphobia JMJ 40 • Introduction •Clinical features • Course and outcome • Prevalence • DD • Prognosis • Treatment
- 41. Agoraphobia JMJ 41 • inwhich the patient experiences anxiety • in situations that are unfamiliar, • From which they cannot escape, • or in which they perceive they have little control. • Leads to avoidance
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- 43. Agoraphobia JMJ 43 • Courseand outcome • Median age of onset – 20 years • 2 peaks • 15-30 years • 70-80 years • First episode of agoraphobia often occurs while the person is • away from home, • waiting for public transport, or • Shopping in a crowded store • Suddenly develops panic attack
- 44. Agoraphobia - DD JMJ44 GAD Distinguished by pattern of situation Social phobia Pattern is different Simple phobia May involve panic attacks Only occur in special objects or situations Depressive disorders Low mood, anhedonia, lack of energy Schizophrenia Paranoid delusions may mistaken
- 45. Agoraphobia JMJ 45 • Treatment •Antidepressents • 1st line – SSRI • Fluoxetine, fluoxamine, citalopram, sertraline • Should be combined with exposure, either as a self- help procedure or as part of CBT • Anxiolytics • Benzodiazepine • Short term
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- 47. Panic Disorder Panic attack •Intense fear • Characterized by cluster of typical symptoms Panic diorder • Recurrent panic attacks • Not associate with • Substance abuse • Medical conditions • Another psychiatric disorders JMJ 47
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- 49. Prevalence JMJ 49 • Twicecommon in females • Risk factors • Urban living • Divorce • Limited education • Physical or sexual abuse • 2 peaks of onset • 15 to 24 years • 45 to 55 years
- 50. DD JMJ 50 • Otheranxiety disorders • (GAD, phobias, social anxiety, agoraphobia) • Depression • PTSD • Obsessive-compulsive disorder • Drug intoxication/ withdrawal • Endocrine disorders • Hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, Cushing’s syndrome, carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytoma • Cardiovascular disorder • Arrhythmia, chest pain, Mitral regurgitation • Respiratory disorders • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, asthma
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