This document discusses hallucinations and different types of hallucinogenic drugs. It defines hallucinations as perceiving something without an external stimulus. The main types of hallucinations are auditory, visual, gustatory, and tactile. Common hallucinogenic drugs are discussed in depth, including LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and cannabinoids. The document explains how these drugs work in the brain by interfering with serotonin and glutamate receptors to alter mood, perception, and behavior.

2. is the phenomenon whereby perception
in the absence of external stimulus that
has qualities of real perception
where someone sees, hears, smells, tastes or feels things that
don't exist outside their mind

3. TYPES OF
HALLUCINATION
CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVABLE
BEHAV IOR
AUDITORY
•Hearing noises or
sounds most commonly
in the form of voice
•Moving eye back and
forth as if looking to
see who or what is
talking
VISUAL
•Sees a person or object
that is not present
•Visions can be pleasant
or terrifying as in seeing
monsters
•Suddenly running
into another room

4. TYPES OF
HALLUCINATION
CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVABLE
BEHAVIOR
GUSTATORY
•Experiences a taste
that is not present and
frequently is bitter or
strong
•Spitting out food or
a beverage.
•Refusing to eat,
drink or take
medicines
TACTILE
•Experiences the feeling
of a touch.
•Feeling electrical
sensations coming from
the ground, inanimate
objects or other people
•Slapping self as if
putting out a fire

5. Drugs which causes
hallucinations
Drug which alter mood, behavior, thought and perception
Psychedelic
Psychotogenic
Psychotomimetic
Synonyms -
• Lysergic acid diethylamine
• Lysergic acid amide
• Psilocybin
• Mescaline
• Cannabinoids

7. How do hallucinogens affect the brain?
Interfere with the action of the
brain chemical serotonin, which
regulates:
•mood
•sensory perception
•sleep
•hunger
•body temperature
•muscle control
Interfere with the action of the
brain chemical glutamate, which
regulates:
•pain perception
•responses to the
environment
•emotion
•learning and memory
Partially work by temporarily disrupting communication between
brain chemical systems throughout brain and spinal cord

8. LSD •Lysergic acid diethylamine
•Most potent hallucinogen
•mood-changing chemical
•found in the ergot fungus that grows on rye
•25-50µg produces all effect
• Pharmacology of LSD is indeed quite complex so
its mechanisms of action remain unclear

9. Lysergic acid amide
• Relative of LSD but 10 times less potent
•Found in morning glory (Ipomoea violace) seeds

10. Psilocybin •Found in Mexican mushroom
(Psilocybe mexicana)
•also known as Magical mushroom
•Mainly interacts with 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and
5-HT2C receptor subtypes
Synonyms • Shrooms
• Magic mushrooms
• Sacred mushrooms

11. Mescaline •From Mexican “Lophophora williamsii”
•Low potency hallucinogen
•Phenylalkylamine

12. Cannabinoids •Found from Cannabis indica
•Used in various forms like
 Bhang – dried leaves
 Ganja - dried female infloresence
 Charas – dried resinous extract

13.  Zmigrod L, Garrison J, Carr J. The neural mechanisms of
hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging
studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2016 (69);113–
123
Strassman R. Hallucinogenic Drugs in Psychiatric Research and
Treatment:
Perspectives and Prospects, The Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease, Vol. 183, No. 3, pp. 127-138
Kokate C, Purohit A, Gokhale S. Pharmacognosy. Nirali
prakashan, 51th ed, pp-451-453

14. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
(2011) Drug Profiles: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms.
Available: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-
profiles/mushrooms. Accessed 21th Sep 2016
National Institute on Drug Abuse (2009) DrugFacts:
Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP. Available:
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogen
s-lsd-peyote-psilocybin-pcp. Accessed 21th Sep 2016