Karaniwang tinututulan ang mga uri ng egoismo sa mga sistemang etikal na nakabatay sa pagsusustento na ang moralidad ay dapat magtaguyod ng kabutihan at katarungan para sa lahat, hindi lamang para sa sarili. Ito ay tinuturing na may kakulangan sa moralidad dahil ito ay nagbibigay-pansin lamang sa sariling interes.
Sa pangkalahatan, ang pagtutunguhing lubos sa sarili at ang pagiging egoistiko ay maaaring makasama sa lipunan, at ang mga prinsipyong ito ay madalas na nagiging sanhi ng hindi pagkakasunduan at kontrahan sa mga etikal na pananaw.
Bagama’t may kalayaan ang taong piliin at gawin ang isang kilos, hindi sakop
ng kalayaang ito ang piliin ang kahihinatnan ng kilos na pinili niyang gawin. Binigyanglinaw ito sa talakayan sa EsP sa Baitang 7. Palaging may pananagutan ang tao sa
kahihinatnan ng kaniyang piniling kilos.
Ano kung gayon ang kalayaan? Ano ang kaugnayan nito sa iba pang pakultad
ng tao? May kaugnayan kaya ito sa pagpapakatao ng tao? Naririto ang paliwanag ni
Johann tungkol sa tunay na kalayaan.
Ang salitang kalayaan ay karaniwang gumigising sa puso ng bawat tao.
Ipinaglalaban ng bawat tao ang kaniyang karapatang mabuhay at magpasiya ayon
sa kaniyang nais, sa pangangatuwirang walang panlabas na hadlang na sisirain
sa paggawa niya nito. Ito ang madalas na iniisip ng tao tungkol sa kalayaan – ang
paggawa ng isang bagay na nais niyang gawin o ang karapatang sabihin ang anumang
bagay na nais niyang sabihin. Karaniwang sa pag-asam at pagsisikap na makamit
ang kalayaan, nakaliligtaan ang mahalagang hakbang sa pagkamit nito. Karaniwang
tinitingnan ang kalayaan bilang kawalan ng panlabas na hadlang sa pagkamit ng
ninanais ng tao. Bibihirang kinikilala na ang pinakamalaking hadlang sa kalayaan ay
hindi ang nagmumula sa labas kundi ang nagmumula mismo sa loob ng tao. Ito ay
hiwalay sa ginagawa o kilos ng iba kaya’t kailangan ng tao ng “higit” pa sa malayang
kilos-loob upang maging malaya. Ang tinutukoy na “higit” ay makikita kung titingnan
ang kalayaan sa aspektong mayroon itong kakambal na responsibilidad o sa madaling
sabi, ang kalayaan ay may kasunod na responsibilidad.
Narito ang paliwanag ni Johann sa dalawang pakahulugan sa pananagutan na
nakaaapekto sa ideya ng kalayaan.
1. Simulan natin sa pagsasabing ang malayang kilos ay kilos
na “mananagot ako.” Ito ay kilos na nagmula sa akin. Sa
puntong ito, ang kalayaan ay nakakabit sa aking sarili (sa
pagiging ako), sa aking kakayahang kumilos, sa aking
sariling kagustuhan, sa pagsasabi ng oo o hindi sa mga
nakapalibot sa akin, sa pagpapasiya ko kung ano ang
aking gagawin. Ito ang kalayaang kaugnay ng malayang
kilos-loob at mayroon ako nito dahil ako ay tao, likas ito sa akin. Sapagkat ang tao
ay tao, siya ang pinagmumulan ng kaniyang kilos. Kaya may pananagutan siya sa
kalalabasan ng kaniyang ginawa. Nangangahulugan
itong kailangan niyang harapin ang kahihinatnan ng
kaniyang ginawa. Halimbawa, maaaring bumagsak
ang marka ng isang mag-aaral na hindi pumapasok
sa klase. Hindi niya maiiwasang hara
The document is the K to 12 English Curriculum Guide published by the Department of Education of the Philippines in May 2016. It outlines the philosophy, guiding principles, and context for the English curriculum. The philosophy states that language is central to intellectual, social, and emotional development. The principles indicate that language acquisition is an active lifelong process and learners benefit from engaging with a variety of texts. It also notes that today's students, known as Generation Z, have grown up with ubiquitous technology and short attention spans due to extensive technology use.
This document discusses different types of traditional Filipino folk literature:
- Bugtong/Burburti - riddles or puzzles with surprising or amusing answers that are mysteries or hard to explain. Often presented as games.
- Examples of bugtong/burburti riddles are provided.
- Proverbs - brief sayings that provide advice on how to live or express beliefs thought to be generally true. Examples of proverbs in different Filipino languages are given.
- Tanaga - short poetic forms used to comment on life situations or human characteristics. Structure and styles of tanaga forms like 3-line and 5-line stanzas are described.
The document discusses various factors that affect learning, including intellectual factors like prior knowledge and intellectual ability, environmental factors like natural and social surroundings, physical factors like health, nutrition, and physical defects, emotional factors like stress and sleep, media influences from print and non-print media, and relationships with teachers, parents, and peers. A supportive environment from teachers, parents, and other students can positively impact a student's learning.
This document provides definitions for common telephone terms such as answer, answering machine, caller, call back, call display, cellular phone, dial, dialing tone, directory, hang up, operator, phone booth, pick up, receiver, ring, and ringer.
This document discusses the key elements of drama, including setting, characters, plot, theme, and style. It also covers elements of drama in theatre, such as scenery, costumes, props, lights, and sounds. Additionally, it lists different forms of theatre space like the proscenium stage, thrust stage, booth stage, arena stage, and created stage. The purpose of theatre is to promote social awareness, entertain audiences, and allow for free expression of opinions. Common Philippine play forms include komedya, cenakulo, playlets, sarswela, and drama.
This document discusses different types of road signs including:
1. Warning signs that indicate potential hazards like sharp curves, slippery roads, and falling rocks.
2. Priority signs like stop signs that indicate right of way at intersections.
3. Prohibitory or restrictive signs that prohibit actions like turning, overtaking, parking, or pedestrian access.
4. Mandatory signs that require drivers to take actions like keeping left, limiting to certain vehicles only, or paying a toll.
5. Information, facilities, or service signs that point out locations for parking, hospitals, schools, restaurants, police, medical services, gas stations, and more.
Writing a letter is not as easy as ABC. We all know we must follow a certain format. Though recipients of our letters may not be so strict, we must still follow the rules in writing them because we want everything to be presentable to them.
The document discusses the difference between active and passive voice in sentences. In active voice, the subject performs the action, while in passive voice, the subject receives the action. To change a sentence from active to passive voice, make the object the subject and add "be + past participle" along with "by + the original subject." Examples are provided to demonstrate changing sentences from active to passive voice.
The document outlines key principles and policies of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It discusses the establishment of a democratic republic where sovereignty resides with the people. It covers principles of independence, social justice, human rights, role of key institutions, and the duties of the state in areas like health, education, labor, economy, environment and local governance. The document provides context and explanation for various sections of the Constitution.
The document summarizes the key events and organizations of the Philippine Reform Movement from 1882 to 1896. It discusses figures like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce who advocated for political reforms in the Philippines and founded organizations like La Liga Filipina and La Solidaridad to promote assimilation and representation in the Spanish Cortes. The Reform Movement ultimately failed and gave way to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Globalization is increasing the integration of economies worldwide through greater trade, investment, and technology sharing, which is impacting education through greater internationalization, privatization, and an increased focus on workforce skills. Education systems will need reforms like updated curricula focused on productivity, as globalization constrains national policies while spreading cultural influences and creating economic inequalities across borders. The impacts of globalization on youth experiences through technology, social changes, and economic realities will shape needed roles for education to best prepare students for an interconnected world.
Information processing theory describes how learners receive and process information through their senses. It involves stages of encoding, storage, and retrieval of different types of knowledge in various memory stores like sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Key aspects of the theory include how attention filters incoming information, the role of executive control processes like forgetting through decay and interference, and methods that can aid retrieval from long-term memory such as rehearsal, organization, and visualization.
This document discusses David Ausubel's epistemology/knowledge-based theory of instructional design. The key points are:
1) Ausubel's subsumption theory proposes that new information is best learned when it is meaningfully incorporated into a learner's existing cognitive structure and linked to prior knowledge.
2) Advance organizers are used to explicitly connect new concepts to existing knowledge through exposition, narratives, outlines or other visual representations.
3) There are four processes of meaningful learning according to Ausubel: derivative subsumption, correlative subsumption, superordinate learning, and combinatorial learning.
Behaviorism is a philosophy of psychology that views human and animal behavior as observable actions that can be studied scientifically without reference to internal mental states. Key principles include classical conditioning proposed by Ivan Pavlov, operant conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner involving reinforcement and punishment, and the idea that psychology should be an objective, experimental science of observable behavior.
Robert Gagné was an American psychologist known for his theory of Conditions of Learning. He specified 5 categories of learning and 9 phases of the learning process. His theory emphasizes that different types of learning require different conditions, and instruction should be designed accordingly. The conditions include the preparation, presentation, application and assessment of the material based on the learner's level of understanding. Gagné's work provided a framework for instructional design and sequencing based on the cognitive processes involved in learning.
2. KASIPAGAN SA PAGGAWA
“Makakamit lamang ng tao ang
bunga ng magandang buhay kung
siya ay masipag, may dedikasyon,
at disiplina.”
3. Narito ang mga gabay sa
pagsasabuhay ng
kasipagan at
pagtitiyaga……..
4. SIMULAN ANG GAWAIN NA MAY
PASASALAMAT SA DIYOS.
Ang paggawa ay isang
paraan ng
pagpapahayag ng
pagmamahal sa Diyos.
5. MAGKAROON NG MATAAS NA SUKATAN SA
PAGGANAP SA GAWAIN.
Gawin ang
pinakamahusay,
pinakamagaling, at
pinakapulidong trabaho
o produkto na iyong
magagawa. Iwasan ang
mababang uri ng
paggawa dahil sa
pagtanggap at
pagsunod sa
paniniwalang “Pwede
na iyan”.
6. MAGING MAAYOS AT ORGANISADO
ANG PAGGAWA
Maging kapaki-
pakinabang at
higit na epektibo
ang pagganap ng
gawain kung
naplano, nailista o
naihanda na nang
nakaraang araw
ang mga gagawin
pagdating sa
trabaho.
7. IKALUGOD ANG IYONG GAWAIN.
Magiging
magaan at
kasiya-siya ang
gawain kung
may positibong
pananaw sa
pagganap nito.
8. TINGNAN ANG PAGKAKAMALI BILANG
PAGHAMON SA PAG-UNLAD NG SARILI SA
GAWAIN.
Hindi maiiwasan na
magkamali habang
ginagawa ang
tungkulin. Sa halip na
mainis at tumigil na
gawin ang gawain,
isipin na natural o
normal na sitwasyon
ang magkamali sa
lahat ng uri ng
gawain.
9. SIKAPIN ANG PAG-UNLAD NG SARILI SA
GAWAIN
Walang tao na alam ang lahat
na kailangang malaman sa
kanyang gawain. Higit ang
mga benepisyo na magiging
bunga kung nagsisikap na
magkaroon ng higit na
kaalaman sa kanyang gawain.
10. PANATILIHIN ANG
MATAAS NA INTEGRIDAD
SA PAGGANAP NG
TUNGKULIN.
Ipagpatuloy ang mga
pagpapahalaga sa
mabuting paggawa sa
pagsisilbi sa trabaho.
Makikilala ka na
masipag, matiyaga, at
maaasahang bahagi ng
samahan.
12. DISIPLINA SA TAMANG
PAGGAMIT NG PANAHON
May mga tao na
ipagpapabukas ang
maaari namang gawin sa
kasalukuyan.
Ang ugali na pagiging
procastinator ay madalas
na magresulta sa gawain
na pangkaraniwan
lamang at hindi mataas
ang uri o kalidad ng
pagkagawa.
13. DISIPLINA NA MAGING RESPONSIBLE
AT MAAASAHAN
Pinipili sa mga trabaho ang mga
manggagawa na nagpapakita ng
pagiging responsible at
maaasahang gawin ang mga
gawain nang wasto at may
kalidad kahit na hindi
binabatayan.
14. DISIPLINA NG KATAPATAN SA GAWAIN
Tapat sa paggawa ang disiplinadong
manggagawa. Ibibigay niya ang
pinakamahusay na kalidad ng trabahong
inaasahan mula sa kanya.
15. DISIPLINA NANG PAGTITIWALA SA MGA
SARILING KAKAYAHAN
Laging isipin at isapuso
ang iyong mga positibong
talino, kakayahan, at
talento para sa gawaing
iniaatang sa iyo.