Antiprotozoal drugs are a class of medication used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-cell organisms that belong to the type of parasites. Protozoal infections occur throughout the world and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in some regions such as Africa and South-East Asia.
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about Anti-viral drugs drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about Anti-viral drugs drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about anti-fungal drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Protozoal infections and antiprotozoal drugs(therapy).Gagandeep Jaiswal
presentation comprising knowledge about various protozoal infections and therapy options available for the treatment of those infections. various different drugs used in the therapy with their proposed mechanism of action. Hope it will be useful for understanding the pharmacology of antiprotozoals.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about anti-fungal drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Protozoal infections and antiprotozoal drugs(therapy).Gagandeep Jaiswal
presentation comprising knowledge about various protozoal infections and therapy options available for the treatment of those infections. various different drugs used in the therapy with their proposed mechanism of action. Hope it will be useful for understanding the pharmacology of antiprotozoals.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
The lectures in points :-
1- quinolones general information.
2-Fluoroquinolones action , side actions & interactions .
3-Fluroquinolones group members in detail .
4-Fluroquinolones in the clinical use .
5-Practical tips .
6-Rapid review .
7- Test yourself .
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant and potentially life-threatening medical condition that occurs after childbirth. It is characterised by excessive loss of blood, typically defined as blood loss exceeding 500 millilitres for a vaginal delivery or 1000 millilitres for a cesarean section. PPH is a critical concern due to its capacity to lead to severe maternal morbidity and even mortality.
Keratitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cornea of your eye.
The cornea is the clear part that covers both the iris and the pupil.
Keratitis can be caused by an infection or injury to the eye.
Keratitis is a common condition.
People who wear contact lenses may experience keratitis more frequently than people who don’t wear contacts. In either case, you can take steps to help prevent this condition.
If you do develop keratitis, see your doctor right away.
Central and Peripheral Vision & their DiseasesHuzaifa Zahoor
The act or power of seeing
The special sense by which the qualities of an object (such as color, luminosity, shape, and size) constituting its appearance are perceived through a process in which light rays entering the eye are transformed by the retina into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
Types of Vision
Central Vision
Peripheral Vision
Disease of Vision
Central Vision Loss
Peripheral Vision Loss
Quality sexual health education (SHE) provides students with the knowledge and skills to help them be healthy and avoid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and unintended pregnancy.
A SHE curriculum includes medically accurate, developmentally appropriate, and culturally relevant content and skills that target key behavioral outcomes and promote healthy sexual development.
The curriculum is age-appropriate and planned across grade levels to provide information about health risk behaviors and experiences.
Sexual health education should be consistent with scientific research and best practices; reflect the diversity of student experiences and identities; and align with school, family, and community priorities.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscular barrier between the chest and abdominal cavities. It separates your heart and lungs from your abdominal organs (stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver).
A diaphragmatic hernia occurs when one or more of your abdominal organs move upward into your chest through a defect (opening) in the diaphragm. This kind of defect can be present at birth or acquired later in life. It’s always a medical emergency and requires prompt surgery to correct.
Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold to freeze and remove abnormal tissue.
Doctors use it to treat many skin conditions (including warts and skin tags) and some cancers, including prostate, cervical, and liver cancer.
This treatment is also called cryoablation.
Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure an ailment.
Ambroise Paré, a 16th-century French surgeon, stated that to perform surgery is, "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature.“
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening (ductus arteriosus) is a normal part of a baby's circulatory system in the womb that usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus.
A small patent ductus arteriosus often doesn't cause problems and might never need treatment. However, a large patent ductus arteriosus left untreated can allow poorly oxygenated blood to flow in the wrong direction, weakening the heart muscle and causing heart failure and other complications.
Treatment options for a patent ductus arteriosus include monitoring, medications, and closure by cardiac catheterization or surgery.
Diet therapy is a broad term for the alteration or adoption of a diet to prevent or treat a disease or to simply promote optimum health.
In some cases, an alternative dietary lifestyle plan may be developed to eliminate certain foods to reclaim health.
An incorrect diet can cause not only weight gain and skin conditions but may promote exhaustion and fatigue.
Depending on the disease, if you do not follow the diet advised to you by a specialist it may have serious consequences on your health.
A good diet can prevent various diseases.
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies before the era of modern medicine.
Rheumatic fever (acute rheumatic fever) is a disease that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin.
Rheumatic fever can develop if strep throat and scarlet fever infections are not treated properly.
Early diagnosis of these infections and treatment with antibiotics is key to preventing rheumatic fever.
Cushing syndrome occurs when your body has too much of the hormone cortisol over time. This can result from taking oral corticosteroid medication. Or your body might produce too much cortisol.
Too much cortisol can cause some of the hallmark signs of Cushing syndrome — a fatty hump between your shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on your skin. Cushing syndrome can also result in high blood pressure, bone loss and, on occasion, type 2 diabetes.
Treatments for Cushing syndrome can return your body's cortisol levels to normal and improve your symptoms. The earlier treatment begins, the better your chances for recovery.
Avicenna, an Iranian philosopher and physician of the tenth and eleventh centuries (4th and 5th century A.H.) is without doubt one of the eminent scientists and talented scholars of his own age.
His scientific fame and influence was not only spread in Iran and the Islamic world, but also extended to the whole world.
He is still known as a universal scientist in particular in medicine in the views of the researchers and historians of science history.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
The history & development of traditional chinese medicineHuzaifa Zahoor
Traditional Chinese medicine is system of medicine at least 23 centuries old that aims to prevent or heal disease by maintaining or restoring yinyang balance.
China has one of the world’s oldest medical systems.
Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies date back at least 2,200 years, although the earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) from the 3rd century BCE.
MODY is the name given to a collection of different types of inherited forms of diabetes that usually develop in adolescence or early adulthood.
MODY stands for “Maturity-onset diabetes of the young” and was given that name in the past because it acted more like the adult type of diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes) but was found in young people.
MODY limits the body’s ability to produce insulin, but is different than the juvenile type of diabetes (Type 1 Diabetes).
When our bodies don’t produce enough insulin, it can increase blood glucose levels. High blood glucose levels lead to diabetes.
Steatohepatitis is a type of fatty liver disease, characterized by inflammation of the liver with concurrent fat accumulation in the liver.
Mere deposition of fat in the liver is termed steatosis, and together these constitute fatty liver changes.
The word is from steato-, meaning "fat“ and hepatitis, meaning "inflammation of the liver".
Ultrasonography of Heart or Cardiac ultrasonography or Echocardiogram or ultrasound of the heart is the production of two-dimensional cross-sectional images of intracardiac anatomy by stop-action compound scan pulse-echo ultrasound.
The images show the size and shape of the cardiac chambers in systole and diastole, the appearance of heart valves, and the orientation of the great vessels.
The stop-action display is created by repetitively activating the recording oscilloscope for a selected short segment of each cardiac cycle.
The activating signal is timed by the patient's electrocardiogram.
The asynchronous motion of the scanner accumulates additional echoes with each cycle.
As a non-invasive technique, it is without risk or morbidity.
The right equipment is essential for a clinic that provides physical therapy, and choosing the right medical gear for your business is rarely simple.
High-quality systems often command high prices, and ensuring you have the tools you need to help patients with both occupational health development and recovery is essential.
You don’t have to break the bank to acquire the best physical therapy equipment, but you do need to be sure that your equipment is made of sturdy material that can withstand regular use by patients with a variety of different needs and body types.
The ability to understand the routes of infection, conduct epidemiology studies and to implement effective infection control procedures are crucial to hospital hygiene management.
Prolonged patient stays lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates in many cases.
Therefore, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) represent a significant cost to hospitals and hinder patient care.
Advanced microbial strain typing, hospital hygiene and infection control solutions are improving the way hospitals deal with HAI.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. Antiprotozoal
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used
in treatment of protozoan infection.
Protozoans have little in common with each other(for
example, Entamoeba histolytica, a unikont eukaryotic
organism, is more closely related to Homo sapiens,
which belongs to the unikont phylogenetic group, than
it is to Naegleria fowleri, a bikont eukaryotic
organism) and so agents effective against
one pathogen may not be effective against another.
They can be grouped by mechanism or by organism.
3. Introduction
The use of antiprotozoal drugs in dogs and cats is frequently
extrapolated from their use in human patients or food animal species.
Almost all antiprotozoal drugs are not specifically approved for
treatment of protozoal infections in dogs and cats.
Some antibacterial and antifungal drugs also have antiprotozoal
activity.
In vitro activity of antiprotozoal drugs, and monitoring of resistance, is
more difficult for antiprotozoal drugs because standardized
susceptibility testing is not routinely performed for these pathogens.
In addition, many antiprotozoal drugs are designed to be active in the
lumen of the intestine for treatment of intestinal protozoal infections
and the concentration of active drug in the intestinal lumen after oral
administration is difficult to measure.
Therefore, the concentration of drug to which these pathogens are
exposed is often not known.
The activity and dosage regimens of antiprotozoal drugs are often based
on the results of clinical trials, rather than concentration-exposure
relationships between antiprotozoal drugs and the organism of interest.
4. Medical Uses
Antiprotozoals are used to treat protozoal infections, which
include
Amebiasis
giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Microsporidiosis
Malaria
Babesiosis
Trypanosomiasis
Chagas disease
Leishmaniasis
toxoplasmosis
Currently, many of the treatments for these infections are
limited by their toxicity.
5. Metronidazole
Metronidazole is usually given orally for
the treatment of vaginal infections caused
by Trichomonas vaginalis, and it is effective in treating
bacterial infections caused by anaerobes (organisms
that can survive without oxygen).
It affects these organisms by causing nicks in, or
breakage of, strands of DNA or by preventing DNA
replication.
Metronidazole is also the drug of choice in the
treatment of giardiasis, an infection of the intestine
caused by a flagellated amoeba.
6. Iodoquinol
Iodoquinol inhibits several enzymes of protozoans. It
is given orally for treating asymptomatic amoebiasis
and is given either by itself or in combination with
metronidazole for intestinal and hepatic amoebiasis.
7. Pneumocystis
Pneumocystis carinii causes pulmonary disease in
immunocompromised patients.
These infections are treated with trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole, which inhibits folic acid synthesis
in protozoans.
An alternative agent for treatment of these diseases
is pentamidine isethionate, which probably affects the
parasite by binding to DNA.
8. Trypanosomes
Trypanosomes are flagellated protozoans that cause a
number of diseases.
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas’ disease,
is treated with nifurtimox, a nitrofuran derivative.
It is given orally and results in the production of activated
forms of oxygen, which are lethal to the parasite.
Other forms of trypanosomiasis (African trypanosomiasis,
or sleeping sickness) are caused by T. brucei gambiense or
T. brucei rhodesiense.
When these parasites invade the blood or lymph, the drug
of choice for either form is suramin, a nonmetallic dye that
affects glucose utilization and hence energy production.
Because suramin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract, it is given by intravenous injection.
9. Chloroquine
Chloroquine phosphate, given orally, is a drug used for the
prevention and treatment of uncomplicated cases of malaria,
which is caused by species of Plasmodium.
In regions where chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum is
encountered, mefloquine or doxycycline may be used for
prevention of the disease. Infection with chloroquine-resistant P.
falciparum may be treated with quinine sulfate, often in
combination with pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, or
with artemisinin, in combination with agents such as mefloquine
or amodiaquine.
A high level of quinine in the plasma frequently is associated
with cinchonism, a mild adverse reaction associated with such
symptoms as a ringing noise in the ears (tinnitus), headache,
nausea, abdominal pain, and visual
disturbance. Primaquine phosphate is given orally to prevent
malaria after a person has left an area where P. vivax and P.
ovale are endemic and to prevent relapses with the same
organisms.
10. Outdated terminology
Once upon a time protists were considered protozoans,
but of late the categorization of unicellar organisms
has undergone rapid development, however in
literature, including scientific, there tends to persist the
usage of the term antiprotozoal when they really
mean anti-protist.
Protists are a supercategory of eukaryota which
includes protozoa.
11. Mechanisms
The mechanisms of antiprotozoal drugs differ
significantly drug to drug.
For example, it appears that
eflornithine,
a drug used to treat trypanosomiasis,
inhibits ornithine decarboxylase,
while the aminoglycoside antibiotic/antiprotozoals
used to treat leishmaniasis are thought to inhibit protein synthesis.
12. References
Antiprotozoal drug | Britannica
Antiprotozoal Drugs- Medicinal Chemistry-Pharmacy
(slideshare.net)
Definition of Antiprotozoal (medicinenet.com)
Antiprotozoal - Wikipedia
