This document discusses protozoan infections and their treatment with antiprotozoal drugs. It describes the life cycles and symptoms of various protozoan diseases including malaria, amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis. It provides details on commonly used antiprotozoal drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing considerations for patients taking these medications. Physical assessment and monitoring of patients is important due to potential central nervous system and gastrointestinal side effects of the drugs.

60. Drug Name Classification Mode of action pharmacokinetics Pharmacotherapeutics Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Mebendazole (vermox) Anthelmintic drugs Disintegrates microtubule of helminthes. thus, blocks glucose uptake and helminthes will not maintain energy level and subsequently will destroy them Oral Enters the blood and distributed through systemic circulation Blood carrying mebendazole will go to the liver to metabolize urine Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation It should be used only after the causative worm has been identified Albendazole (albenza) Anthelmintic drugs Disintegrates microtubule of helminthes. thus, blocks glucose uptake and helminthes will not maintain energy level and subsequently will destroy them poorly absorbed in the GI tract Peak level serum at 4-5 hours liver urine Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation It should be used only after the causative worm has been identified

61. Albendazole (albenza) Anthelmintic drugs Disintegrates microtubule of helminthes. thus, blocks glucose uptake and helminthes will not maintain energy level and subsequently will destroy them poorly absorbed in the GI tract Peak level serum at 4-5 hours liver urine Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation It should be used only after the causative worm has been identified Ivermectin (stromectol) Anthelmintic drugs Block chloride channels in muscle & nerves of helminthes.this actions are effects on gamma aminobutyric acid(GABA) receptors in helminthes interfere with function of nervous system in thread worms and other parasite. The paralyzed worm may die Single oral dose Peak plasma level of 1-3 hours Concentrates in the liver and fatty tissues Half life of 16 hours Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation

62. Piperazine (multifuge) Anthelmintic drugs Blocks the action of acetylcholine on the muscle of parasite, then the parasite will be paralyzed and eliminated from bowel of normal peristalsis Oral Peak plasma level of 1-3 hours Metabolized in the liver urine Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation Praziquantel (biltricide) Anthelmintic drugs Interferes muscle function of flukes and helminthes and cause local destruction of the integument of organism Oral Peak plasma level of 1-3 hours Metabolized in the liver and a half life of 0.8-1.5 hours urine Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation

63. Pyrantel (antiminth, pin-rid, pin-x, reese’s pinworm,combantriln) Anthelmintic drugs Pyrantel is adepolarizing neuromuscular blocker similar with succinycholine. Causes paralysis and contraction of the muscle in worms .the parasite is eliminated from the body by normal peristalsis Not absorbed in the GI tract Peak plasma level of 1-3 hours Metabolized in the liver Feces Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation Thiabendazole (mintezol Anthelmintic drugs Attacks the metabolic processes essential in helminthes GI tract Peak plasma level of 1-2 hours Metabolized in the liver Shouldn’t be used during pregnancy and lactation