Anth1 Economics Vs2
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The document discusses different economic systems and adaptive strategies used by non-industrial societies. It defines key concepts like foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture. For each system, it describes associated societal features like land use, technology, kinship structures, religion, and division of labor. Different exchange systems like reciprocity, redistribution, and markets are also summarized.
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The document outlines different food procurement strategies used by human societies, including food collection, horticulture, intensive agriculture, pastoralism, and commercialized/mechanized agriculture. It provides examples for each type, such as the Inuit people for foragers, the Yanomamö people for horticulturalists, farming in the Mekong Delta for intensive agriculture, and reindeer herding Saami people for pastoralism. Environmental factors and population pressures are discussed as influences on the adoption and intensification of different food production methods over time.
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3. The main food production systems discussed are horticulture, intensive agriculture like in Vietnam's Mekong Delta, and pastoralism like reindeer herding by the Saami people. Each system has distinct features around settlement, division of labor, and social organization.
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Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docx
Cultural Anthropology
Getting Food
Cultural Anthropology
Food-getting activities take precedence over all other survival needs, including reproduction, social control, defense, and transmission of knowledge to the next generation
Cultural Anthropology
In our society food-getting strategies are simplified – we merely need to go to the supermarket
Video:
"'Freegans' Take Green to Extreme"
Cultural Anthropology
But for some of the world, the level of food-getting takes up more time and is much more labor-intensive. It is called subsistence economics.
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is a situation where basically all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their family as their main activity
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is how humans obtained their food for millions of years by foraging for their subsistence – e.g. gathering plants, nuts, berries, scavenging, hunting and fishing
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging is much less common today
As a subsistence style, it is used today by hunter-gatherers, who make up only about 5 million people on the planet
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging for plant life – gathering plants, berries, seeds, nuts and tubers is more common in areas close to the equator as compared to northern latitudes such as the Arctic, where plant life is scarce
Video:
"Hunter-Gatherers"
Cultural Anthropology
In northern climates, since plants are scarce, hunting is more predominant
See an Inuit (Eskimo) hunter in Northern Canada in the classic anthropological film “ “Nanook of the North” (1922)
Foragers
Foragers actually spend less time obtaining food than most other types of food-getters
!Kung adults of Southern Africa spend just 17 hours a week on average getting food
Characteristics of Foragers
Foragers generally have small communities with no class differences
Getting Food: General Features of Food Collectors
A survey of 180 food-collecting societies indicates that there is a lot of variation with regard to which food-getting activity is most important to the society. Gathering is the most important activity for 30 percent of the surveyed societies, hunting for 25 percent, and fishing for 38 percent.
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Food Production
Most of the world does not forage for food but produces it in one fashion or another
3 types of food production; horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
No food production strategy is perfect, as the videos illustrate
Video:
'Women’s Horticulture Group in Burkina Faso"
Food Production
Horticulturalists have relatively small plots of land
Often use hand tools instead of machines
May also raise small animals; pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
Getting Food: Food Production
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Main Horticultural Method - Shifting cultivation
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Cult anth lecture subsistence pt 1
The document discusses Hadza forager women in Tanzania and their subsistence patterns of food collecting. It explains that foraging, also called hunting and gathering, was the dominant human subsistence strategy for most of our history. Foragers live in small, mobile groups at low population densities in order to sustainably collect wild foods from their environment based on its carrying capacity. While foraging is now a minority subsistence practice, examples are given of historically known foragers like the Ju/’hoansi in southern Africa and the Inuit in Arctic regions who have adapted their strategies based on environmental conditions.
Humanity
This document provides an overview of human adaptation strategies for obtaining food, including foraging, domestication, cultivation, horticulture, intensive agriculture, and pastoralism. It discusses how foragers obtain food directly from nature by adapting to different biomes. Domestication of plants and animals allowed for more control over food sources and higher population densities. Cultivation involves growing domesticated plants, with horticulture relying mainly on human labor, intensive agriculture using animal labor, and mechanized agriculture relying on fuel power. Pastoralism focuses on herding domesticated animals and using animal products for subsistence.
Society and culture
1. Societies have evolved over time from hunter-gatherer to agricultural, horticultural, pastoral, industrial, and now post-industrial.
2. Early societies like hunter-gatherers lived in small clan groups and relied on foraging for food. Agricultural societies settled permanently and grew their own food.
3. Pastoral societies specialized in herding livestock and moved locations seasonally. Industrial societies used technology and factories to mass produce goods and support large populations.
Patterns of subsistence
The document discusses different patterns of subsistence across human societies. It describes subsistence as how societies transform the environment into food, clothing and shelter. The main subsistence patterns discussed are foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, and industrialization. Foraging societies rely on hunting and gathering while agricultural societies cultivate crops. As agriculture intensified, some societies urbanized and developed more complex social hierarchies, while others remained in rural areas as peasants providing food. Finally, the industrial revolution transformed subsistence in many regions through new technologies and global exchange.
Food, Ecology, and Justice in Times of COVID-19
Initiatives for food sovereignty combined with social justice and ecological sustainability provide pathways out of the COVID-19 and other global crises, including climate, biodiversity, and inequality. Focused on India, but with global lessons.
Promoting Indigenous Food Sovereignty
In contrast to the highly mechanistic food production, distribution, and consumption model applied in the industrialized food system, Indigenous food systems are described in ecological rather than neoclassical economic terms.
An Indigenous food is one that has been primarily cultivated, taken care of, harvested, prepared, preserved, shared, or traded within the boundaries of the respective territories based on values of interdependency, respect, reciprocity, and ecological sensibility.
"Food sovereignty", is a term coined by members of La Via Campesina (International coalition of Peasant organizations representing 148 organizations from 69 countries) in 1996.
Asserts that the people who produce, distribute, and consume food should control the mechanisms and policies of food production and distribution, rather than the corporations and market institutions that have come to dominate the global food system.
Presentación de Jacqueline Cariño (Filipinas) - Seminario Internacional Puebl...
Presentación de Jacqueline Cariño de Filipinas en el marco del Seminario Internacional de Expertos sobre 'Diversidad Cultural, Sistemas Alimentarios y Estrategias Tradicionales de Vida' realizado del 4 al 6 de noviembre de 2014 en Cusco Perú.
Cultural anthropology subsistence
An economic System during early civilization and at present times.
*The sources/references of pictures and authors of the collected ideas of this PowerPoint Presentation is highly recognized.
Chapter 10 key 1
This document provides an overview of agriculture. It discusses how agriculture began around 10,000 years ago through the deliberate cultivation of plants and domestication of animals. It contrasts hunting and gathering societies with agricultural societies. The document then covers the origins of vegetative and seed-based agriculture in different regions. It discusses the differences between subsistence and commercial agriculture. It also maps the global distribution of major agricultural regions and how they correlate with climate zones. Finally, it discusses tools for identifying and protecting productive farmland from urban expansion.
Similar to Anth1 Economics Vs2 (20)
Ecological Anthropology: Hunting& Gathering & Subsistence Food Production
Ecological Anthropology: Hunting& Gathering & Subsistence Food Production
FOOD GETTING.pptxjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
FOOD GETTING.pptxjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docx
Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docx
Presentación de Jacqueline Cariño (Filipinas) - Seminario Internacional Puebl...
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Anth1 Ch15 Sht Vs
The document discusses several topics related to cultural diversity and biocultural diversity in the modern world, including acculturation, cultural imperialism, indigenous identity, and the impact of globalization. It provides examples of how contact between Western and non-Western groups has influenced cultures through processes like Westernization, Sinicization, and Hinduization. The document also addresses postmodernity, indigenous rights, conservation of biodiversity, and the need for international cooperation to protect biological and cultural diversity.
Anth103 Gender
The document discusses several topics related to gender across cultures, including:
1) Recurrent patterns show females dominating domestic activities while males dominate extra-domestic activities, with women typically being primary caregivers.
2) Gender roles and the division of labor vary between societies, though foraging societies generally assign hunting to males due to size/strength while some females assist, and horticultural societies range from male-dominated to more equal.
3) Industrialization led to the idea of separate gender roles with women in the home, contributing to the feminization of poverty in some societies.
Anth Ch12 Religion
1. The document discusses definitions and types of religion including animism, polytheism, monotheism, and shamanism. It also covers major world religions and trends like growing monotheism and fundamentalism.
2. Religions are influenced by and reflect aspects of the cultures and societies in which they exist. They help maintain social order and norms. Religions may also change and blend with other beliefs during periods of cultural contact and change.
3. Secular rituals in modern societies can provide similar functions to religious rituals in giving people a sense of community and meaning. Religious demographics are shifting in countries like the US and Canada.
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Anth1 Ethnicity B
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The document discusses various topics related to language and communication, including:
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Anth1 Wk1 Pt2
Cultural anthropology includes several subfields such as economic anthropology, psychological anthropology, religious anthropology, and ecological anthropology. Anthropologists use various research methods like archaeological studies, linguistic analysis, and ethnographic fieldwork to study human cultures and behavior. They draw on both scientific and humanistic approaches to develop explanations and understand societies in cultural and historical context.
Anth1 Culture
The document discusses several key concepts related to culture:
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Anth1 Wk1 Pt1
This document provides an introduction to cultural anthropology by outlining its four main subfields and objectives. It discusses how anthropology takes a holistic and comparative approach to studying humanity. The four subfields are cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. Cultural anthropology examines human diversity and societies of the present and recent past through ethnographic fieldwork and ethnological comparison.
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Anth1 Economics Vs2
- 1. Making a Living Economic Systems in Cross-Cultural Perspective
- 6. Yehudi Cohen’s Adaptive Strategies (Economic Typology) Summarized
- 15. Environment & Diet Celsius=mean temp/year; Biomass=#kilos/km3 of vegetation; H=hunting; G=Gathering; F=fishing 20 45 35 2800 23 Vedda 5 70 25 2,358 20.6 Siriono 0 70 30 209 18.4 Walpiri 0 65 35 1508 17.7 Hadza 10 50 40 26 14.6 Kumiai 50 30 20 661 12 Ainu 50 10 40 45 8.5 Inuit F% G% H% Biomass Celsius Group
- 16. Indigenous Peoples of South America
- 17. Tierra del Fuego
- 20. Subsistence of Ona (Tierra del Fuegans) Guanaco (above) & Tuco tuco Or Cururos (right). Rodents Are a delicacy today.
- 22. Modern Foragers People who collect their food from grocery stores
- 25. Social Space of Economic Systems
- 29. Amazonian Columbia: Nukak 300-500 surviving; many deaths in recent years
- 30. Nukak subsistence pound the roots of Lonchocarpus , releasing the poisons into a stream.
- 39. Agrarian Intensive Land Use Millet fields, Nepal. Photo: J. Fortier
- 56. Location of Potlaching Groups Tsimshian Potlatch; Photo: www.civilization.ca/aborig/cxs/ images/cxsm10b.gif