Anth Ch12 Religion
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1. The document discusses definitions and types of religion including animism, polytheism, monotheism, and shamanism. It also covers major world religions and trends like growing monotheism and fundamentalism. 2. Religions are influenced by and reflect aspects of the cultures and societies in which they exist. They help maintain social order and norms. Religions may also change and blend with other beliefs during periods of cultural contact and change. 3. Secular rituals in modern societies can provide similar functions to religious rituals in giving people a sense of community and meaning. Religious demographics are shifting in countries like the US and Canada.
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Defining religion. Dozens of useful definitions exist for the term “religion”. For our purposes, however, I define religion as the belief in spirit beings or superhuman forces that directly influence human conduct, typically expressed through symbolic, ritual, and social behavior. This substantive (what something is, not what it does) definition works very well for the following reasons:
(1) It is all-inclusive; it defines the general concept of religion—including everything from animism to monotheism.
(2) It identifies religion as a cultural universal, something common to all human societies past and present. To the best of our knowledge, a belief in spiritual beings is and always has been a fundamental component of human culture.
(3) It simply describes what religion is (substantive definition), without complicating itself by trying to explain what religion does (functional definition).
(4) It does not confuse the concept of religion with any particular system of religion. Religious systems differ and continually change, whereas this definition of religion as a concept essentially is timeless.
(5) It is an elementary, simple—yet not oversimplified—definition that is easily applied and remembered.
Other definitions to consider:
Lydia Black 1997: “Religion is an ideological system of explicit and implicit notions and ideas related to reality accepted as true but unable to be verified empirically.” (Religion as a belief system.) I like this definition, but it overlooks the most fundamental component of religion, the belief in spirit beings.
Clifford Geertz 1965: “A religion is (1) a system of symbols which acts to (2) establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by (3) formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that (5) the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.” (Religion as a system of symbols.)
J. Milton Yinger 1971: “Religion…can be defined as a system of beliefs and practices by means of which a group of people struggles with (the) ultimate problems of human life.” (Religion as an institution.)
Religious systems:
Ancestor Veneration. The practice of venerating deceased ancestors. Note: Some authors label this practice as “ancestor worship,” which is incorrect. Worship is reserved for gods (deities).
Animism. A religious system based on the belief that every living thing possesses a spirit, or soul, that animates it. In this context, “living” things include not only animals and plants, but such entities as the wind, the waters, the earth, the sky, etc.
Animatism. A religious system from the South Pacific based on the belief in an impersonal force called mana, which all things possess, but in varying degrees. The most powerful people in society are those whom its population believe to have the most mana. Believers consider mana to be somet ...
My pp
This document provides an overview of religion from several perspectives:
1. It defines religion and key religious concepts like sacred, profane, faith, and ritual.
2. It outlines three sociological approaches to analyzing religion: structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and social conflict theory.
3. It discusses several world religions - Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism - and compares religious practices between Eastern and Western traditions.
World Religions: Introduction
The document discusses world religions, defining religion as dealing with peoples' relationship to the unseen world of spirits and gods. It outlines criteria for understanding religions, including myths, rituals, proposals for salvation, and beliefs about life after death. Several theories on the origins of religion are presented, including animism, nature worship, original monotheism, magic, and the projection of human needs. Finally, four types of religions are defined based on their geographic origins and core beliefs.
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This chapter provides an overview of worldview and the six major world religions: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and Confucianism. It defines worldview as a model that guides people in their reality and discusses how religion addresses questions of mortality. The religions are then compared based on their core assumptions, numbers of followers, and other key characteristics.
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The document discusses different sociological perspectives on defining and understanding religion. It covers substantive, functional, and social constructionist definitions of religion. It also examines various sociologists' perspectives such as Durkheim, Malinowski, Parsons, and Bellah. Additionally, it analyzes Marxist, feminist, and other critical perspectives that view religion as an ideological tool for legitimizing power structures in society.
Importance Of Religion Essay
Religion can be defined in various ways and means different things to different people. Some key aspects that are often present in religions include shared beliefs, traditions passed down through generations, and mysteries that cannot be fully explained. Religions from ancient times like primal religions, as well as philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism, demonstrate aspects of authority, tradition, and mystery in their beliefs and practices. While what constitutes a religion can be debated, most involve some combination of these common features.
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