The document provides an overview of how human subsistence strategies have evolved from hunting and gathering to agriculture and eventually industrialization. It describes key transitions such as the development of horticulture around 10,000 years ago in areas like the Fertile Crescent, which involved the cultivation of plants. This allowed for more sedentary lifestyles and population growth. Further agricultural intensification led to the rise of civilizations, social stratification, and urban centers supported by surrounding agricultural populations. The document contrasts preindustrial and industrial societies in their use of energy and relationship to the environment.
27.wild life and wildlife management A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
27.wild life and wildlife management A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Origin :
Agriculture word is derived from Latin word “Agricultūra”
basically Agricultūra is divided into two Latin word “Ager and Cultūra”
Ager mean field or Land and Cultūra mean growing or cultivation.
Defination:
The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products cleared the land to use it for agriculture.
John Salazar (former US Commissioner of agriculture department) said :
There is only one thing that can bring our nation down our dependence on foreign countries for food and energy. Agriculture is the backbone of our economy”
So, Agriculture is Primary sector of economy
introduction:
Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.
Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization.
The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.
clasification:
food crop
cash crop
Pulses
fruits
Contribution of crops to Pakistan economy:
about rs.505,000 million by major crop in 2005 with 55%growth since 2000
RS.185,000million by Minor crops in 2005 with 41 growth since 2000
total agriculture sector is Rs 288 billion include food grains
,vegetables, fruits, food grains, vegetables, fruit .tobaco,fisheries,products spices ,livestock
Major problem of agriculture sector in Pakistan.
Techno-economic problems
Natural problems
Socio-Economic problem
Financial problem
Food sovereignty, social justice, and ecological sustainabilityAshish Kothari
The current model of development has meant ecological and social devastation across the globe, undermining security of basic needs like food for hundreds of millions of people. But there are alternatives, based on food sovereignty approaches, combining radical political and economic democracy, biodiversity, and worldviews that respect nature and people. Examples from India and elsewhere illustrate a framework for justice and sustainability, a Radical Ecological Democracy that is an alternative to development.
By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores -- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both keystone and umbrella species.
This helps people learn about peer pressure and what it is all about. It also helps people to learn how to control it and also helps people to know that it is possible to get influenced positively.
Origin :
Agriculture word is derived from Latin word “Agricultūra”
basically Agricultūra is divided into two Latin word “Ager and Cultūra”
Ager mean field or Land and Cultūra mean growing or cultivation.
Defination:
The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products cleared the land to use it for agriculture.
John Salazar (former US Commissioner of agriculture department) said :
There is only one thing that can bring our nation down our dependence on foreign countries for food and energy. Agriculture is the backbone of our economy”
So, Agriculture is Primary sector of economy
introduction:
Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.
Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization.
The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.
clasification:
food crop
cash crop
Pulses
fruits
Contribution of crops to Pakistan economy:
about rs.505,000 million by major crop in 2005 with 55%growth since 2000
RS.185,000million by Minor crops in 2005 with 41 growth since 2000
total agriculture sector is Rs 288 billion include food grains
,vegetables, fruits, food grains, vegetables, fruit .tobaco,fisheries,products spices ,livestock
Major problem of agriculture sector in Pakistan.
Techno-economic problems
Natural problems
Socio-Economic problem
Financial problem
Food sovereignty, social justice, and ecological sustainabilityAshish Kothari
The current model of development has meant ecological and social devastation across the globe, undermining security of basic needs like food for hundreds of millions of people. But there are alternatives, based on food sovereignty approaches, combining radical political and economic democracy, biodiversity, and worldviews that respect nature and people. Examples from India and elsewhere illustrate a framework for justice and sustainability, a Radical Ecological Democracy that is an alternative to development.
By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores -- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both keystone and umbrella species.
This helps people learn about peer pressure and what it is all about. It also helps people to learn how to control it and also helps people to know that it is possible to get influenced positively.
Count Your Blessings (Diplo Calendar 2016)Stefano Baldi
With few exceptions, we know little about early human history (2,000,000 BC to about 11,000 BC). What we do know is that a small group of African hominids found a way to migrate and populate the earth. Around 40,000 years ago, cave paintings appeared in Asia and Europe (the animal paintings in Chauvet, France are believed to be 30,000 years old). Are these indications of their powers of observation and communication? – Probably.
We know that around 11,000 BC ago human settlements started to appear supported by the domestication of some animals, agriculture and a growing understanding of the natural world, e.g. the seasons. This model developed to the point where the information available became greater than what could be memorized and led to the invention of writing and numbers about 4,000 BC.
This enabled exchanging information, financial accounts, laws and recording history. We can assume that at that time people were thinking about more than just survival and procreation as various religions and cults emerged.
It was not until about 700 BC that thinking about reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language began to be formalised in what we now call “philosophy”, a word attributed to Pythagoras.
While such thinking could be found in many locations of the ancient world (China, India, etc.), this calendar presents some of the thinking of Greek and Roman philosophers that has passed through the generations and remains as insightful as ever.
We hope that our selection of quotes from the Classical World will help you in your personal and professional life.
Eduardo Gelbstein and Stefano Baldi
-----------------
"Count Your Blessings" is an expression that Eduardo Gelbstein used very often. Ed left us on July 19, 2015. This calendar is dedicated to him and to all his wisdom and common sense which made him a very special man. Thank you Ed!
This presentation is about the imporatance of female education in our country especially. This is to make the people realize that educating the girl child is not a burden but a smart investment for the future.
Part TwoThe Agricultural Revolution11. A wall painti.docxdanhaley45372
Part Two
The Agricultural Revolution
11. A wall painting from an Egyptian grave, dated to about 3,500 years ago, depicting typical agricultural
scenes.
5
History’s Biggest Fraud
FOR 2.5 MILLION YEARS HUMANS FED themselves by gathering plants and
hunting animals that lived and bred without their intervention. Homo erectus,
Homo ergaster and the Neanderthals plucked wild gs and hunted wild sheep
without deciding where g trees would take root, in which meadow a herd of
sheep should graze, or which billy goat would inseminate which nanny goat.
Homo sapiens spread from East Africa to the Middle East, to Europe and Asia, and
nally to Australia and America – but everywhere they went, Sapiens too
continued to live by gathering wild plants and hunting wild animals. Why do
anything else when your lifestyle feeds you amply and supports a rich world of
social structures, religious beliefs and political dynamics?
All this changed about 10,000 years ago, when Sapiens began to devote almost
all their time and e ort to manipulating the lives of a few animal and plant
species. From sunrise to sunset humans sowed seeds, watered plants, plucked
weeds from the ground and led sheep to prime pastures. This work, they thought,
would provide them with more fruit, grain and meat. It was a revolution in the
way humans lived – the Agricultural Revolution.
The transition to agriculture began around 9500–8500 BC in the hill country of
south-eastern Turkey, western Iran, and the Levant. It began slowly and in a
restricted geographical area. Wheat and goats were domesticated by
approximately 9000 BC; peas and lentils around 8000 BC; olive trees by 5000 BC;
horses by 4000 BC; and grapevines in 3500 BC. Some animals and plants, such as
camels and cashew nuts, were domesticated even later, but by 3500 BC the main
wave of domestication was over. Even today, with all our advanced technologies,
more than 90 per cent of the calories that feed humanity come from the handful of
plants that our ancestors domesticated between 9500 and 3500 BC – wheat, rice,
maize (called ‘corn’ in the US), potatoes, millet and barley. No noteworthy plant
or animal has been domesticated in the last 2,000 years. If our minds are those of
hunter-gatherers, our cuisine is that of ancient farmers.
Scholars once believed that agriculture spread from a single Middle Eastern
point of origin to the four corners of the world. Today, scholars agree that
agriculture sprang up in other parts of the world not by the action of Middle
Eastern farmers exporting their revolution but entirely independently. People in
Central America domesticated maize and beans without knowing anything about
wheat and pea cultivation in the Middle East. South Americans learned how to
raise potatoes and llamas, unaware of what was going on in either Mexico or the
Levant. Chinas rst revolutionaries domesticated rice, millet and pigs. North
America’s first gardeners were those who got tired of combing the undergrowth for
edib.
An economic System during early civilization and at present times.
*The sources/references of pictures and authors of the collected ideas of this PowerPoint Presentation is highly recognized.
For most of our time on Earth, we humans have survived by hunting and gathering food from our natural environment.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
During the same narrow sliver of cosmic time, cities, states, and civilizations emerged independentlyin several places around the world.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docxfaithxdunce63732
Cultural Anthropology
Getting Food
Cultural Anthropology
Food-getting activities take precedence over all other survival needs, including reproduction, social control, defense, and transmission of knowledge to the next generation
Cultural Anthropology
In our society food-getting strategies are simplified – we merely need to go to the supermarket
Video:
"'Freegans' Take Green to Extreme"
Cultural Anthropology
But for some of the world, the level of food-getting takes up more time and is much more labor-intensive. It is called subsistence economics.
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is a situation where basically all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their family as their main activity
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is how humans obtained their food for millions of years by foraging for their subsistence – e.g. gathering plants, nuts, berries, scavenging, hunting and fishing
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging is much less common today
As a subsistence style, it is used today by hunter-gatherers, who make up only about 5 million people on the planet
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging for plant life – gathering plants, berries, seeds, nuts and tubers is more common in areas close to the equator as compared to northern latitudes such as the Arctic, where plant life is scarce
Video:
"Hunter-Gatherers"
Cultural Anthropology
In northern climates, since plants are scarce, hunting is more predominant
See an Inuit (Eskimo) hunter in Northern Canada in the classic anthropological film “ “Nanook of the North” (1922)
Foragers
Foragers actually spend less time obtaining food than most other types of food-getters
!Kung adults of Southern Africa spend just 17 hours a week on average getting food
Characteristics of Foragers
Foragers generally have small communities with no class differences
Getting Food: General Features of Food Collectors
A survey of 180 food-collecting societies indicates that there is a lot of variation with regard to which food-getting activity is most important to the society. Gathering is the most important activity for 30 percent of the surveyed societies, hunting for 25 percent, and fishing for 38 percent.
*
Food Production
Most of the world does not forage for food but produces it in one fashion or another
3 types of food production; horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
No food production strategy is perfect, as the videos illustrate
Video:
'Women’s Horticulture Group in Burkina Faso"
Food Production
Horticulturalists have relatively small plots of land
Often use hand tools instead of machines
May also raise small animals; pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
Getting Food: Food Production
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Main Horticultural Method - Shifting cultivation
.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
10. Carrying Capacity is the maximum number of people a given amount of land can support, given the available resources.
11. Optimal Foraging Theory: Foragers look for plants and animals that will maximize their caloric intake for the time spent hunting and gathering foods.
14. Hunter-gatherers generally have been relegated to marginal areas – the Alaskan tundra, the Australian Outback, the Ituru Forest (of central Africa) and the Kalahari Desert.
15. The lives of the remaining traditional Ju/’hoansi are much like that of their hunter-gatherer forefathers.
21. Seals are killed with harpoons with toggle-headed hooks -- unless it’s summer and then they use throwing harpoons
22. Today, most Inuit live in villages and hunt with guns rather than spears or harpoons and use snowmobiles rather than dogsleds.
23. The Inuit got their own land when the Canadian government created the Nunavut (our land) in 1999 - a 1.2 million square mile piece of land inhabited by only 27,000 people.
26. Vere Gordon Childe: believed that southwestern Asia from Turkey to the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia was the cradle of both farming and early civilization.
27. The Fertile Crescent includes Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley, the Jordan Valley and Zargros Mountains of Iran.
28. Holocene: (from the Greek word holos , which means “recent”)
29. About 15,000 years ago, the great ice sheets began to retreat -- at times very rapidly.
31. Beringia (which separated Siberia and Alaska) was under water by 11,000 BC. Britain became an island and the North Sea and Baltic assumed their modern configurations.
32. By 6000 BC, we see warmer conditions and immigration of new plants such as wild cereal grasses in highland areas like the Zagros Mountains in Iran.
33. By 15,000 years ago, the world’s hunter-gatherer population was probably approaching about 10 million people.
34. By 12,000 years ago, human populations began to match the ability of the world’s environment to support them - i.e., you couldn’t just move to find more food.
35. The Holocene evolved pestles, grinders and other tools specific to processing seeds and other wild plant foods.
36. Complex forager societies developed in places where: 1. Population movements were limited by geography or the presence of neighbors 2. Resources were abundant and predictable by seasonal appearance 3. Population growth reached a point where food shortages occurred and there was an imbalance between people and their food supply.
37. No one person “invented” agriculture - many groups were doing the same sorts of things all over the world.
38. Most anthropologists believe that a set of complex cultural and environmental factors, combined with population growth, caused foragers to switch to food production.
43. Domestication is the process by which people begin trying to control the reproductive rates of plants and animals by manipulating the environment to favor their survival.
48. The Bemba practice shifting cultivation that includes clearing land, burning branches and planting directly on the ash-fertilized soil.
49. Horticultural societies have defined leadership roles that include tasks like settling disputes, arranging marriages, leading feasts and religious rituals.
50. Modern horticulturalists are sedentary and live in households which participate in a larger unit -- the community (comprised of kinship groups) and participate in community-wide religious or political activities.
51. The social structure of the horticultural society is complex and made up of well-defined and largely self-sufficient households.
54. Nomadism: A lifestyle involving the periodic movement of human populations in search of food or pasture for livestock. Transhumance: A movement pattern of pastoralists in which some men move livestock seasonally while other members of their group (women and children) stay in permanent settlements.
55. Mixed farming is a way to spread out the risk of drought, crop failures and disease
56. Pastoralists invest a lot of energy and effort into breeding and caring for their animals.
57. If you were to compare pastoralism to agriculture, the people can produce 10 times as much food -- measure in terms of calories per acre, by raising grain as opposed to livestock.
58. There are six main zones where nomadic pastoralists are found: 1. South of the Sahara in East Africa (cattle); 2. Deserts near the Saharan and Arabian Deserts (camels); 3. North of the deserts of Central Eurasian steppe along the Mediterranean (sheep and goats); 4. Eurasian Steppe – Mongolians (horses, sheep, goats); 5. The high-altitude pastures of the Tibetan Plateau and the neighboring mountain regions (yak) 6. Sub-Arctic areas of Eastern Europe and Siberia (reindeer)
59. Most anthropologists believe that true pastoralists (who get ALL their food from animals) are rare to non-existent.
60. Livestock is key, but not just for food and by-products, but also non-economic social functions.
61. Social Function of Cattle - the use of livestock by pastoralists not only for food and its by-products, but also for purposes such as marriage, religion and social relationships.
63. The Maasai are one of several East African cattle complex cultures who are savannah dwellers that herd cattle, goats and sheep and get most of their sustenance from milk and cows’ blood.
64.
65. The Maasai believe their god (Ngai) gave them all cattle on earth -so it’s okay to steal their neighbors’ cattle.
66. Stock Friendship - A gift of cattle from one man to another to solidify their relationship.
67. Intensive agriculture is farming that involves the use of draft animals, tractors, plows and often some form of irrigation to maximize the output of the land being worked.
68.
69. With intensive agriculture, production is vastly increased through things like irrigation, fertilizers, animal traction and efficient transportation and equipment.
70. Intensive agriculture is seen in many marginal places such as Egypt, the Middle East, China, India, Indonesia – places with large populations of people who need lots of food and where there is the ability to turn unproductive land into productive land through irrigation.
82. Also key to increasing yield is the use of non-human labor –beasts of burden.
83. A pair of oxen produces 10 times more horsepower (pardon the expression) than a human. They’re also less expensive and … not to put too delicate of a note on it, they produce fertilizer.
84. But you want to do more. That’s how the strategies of crop rotations, use of fertilizers and arboriculture came into being.
86. Where intensive agriculture is present, there will be population increases. With population increases comes innovation and more innovative methods of farming … which produces more and more and allows for the storage of food. When there’s surplus food, you get craft specialization. When you get craft specialization, you get trade and more complex social systems. With that you get the need for administrators/a bureaucracy … which leads to social stratification … which leads to class differentiation.
89. There began to emerge higher status people who have exclusive access to goods, etc. About this time, we also begin to see religious specialization – shamans, priests, prayers.
90. You have farmers. You have craft specialists. And then you have this new group of “non-producers” – the religious leaders, the politicians and the administrators.
91. As agrarian societies evolved into large-scale states, communities near the urban centers grew and became powerful. Those farther away from the urban centers languished.
92. The first city states were essentially administrative and trading centers established to control the surrounding countryside that provided the food.
94. In the U.S., we expend about 230,000 calories per capita per day and spend about 10 percent of our time (as a whole, meaning population X 24 X 365) working.
95. In Burundi, they expend 24,000 calories of energy per capita per day and spend 25 percent of their time working.
96. The people of Burundi have to work twice as hard to extract a fraction of the usable energy that the U.S. worker does.
97. In countries where human labor constitutes the main power supply, there is little spare energy to devote to anything other than maintaining the current infrastructure, reproduction and food procurement.
98. But not us (or U.S.) The balance of energy in the U.S. and other developed countries comes from fossil fuels, converted into useful work by machines.
99. Preindustrial societies schedule agricultural activities so that they are as constant as possible. They make use of a mixture of crops and livestock that require different energy expenditures.
100. Plow cultivation and fertilization allowed farmers to reduce the amount of times their fields must be fallow.
101. Fallow is the time that must be allowed between crops for the soil to regenerate its organic and chemical content.
102. Too much intensive can lead to soil loss if nutrients aren’t maintained, erosion, too much irrigation can result in waterlogged or salinized soils.
103. Peasantry - rural people, usually on the lowest rung of society’s ladder, who provide urban inhabitants with farm products, but have little access to wealth or political power.
104. Industrial society is a society that relies on large inputs of fossil fuel and industrial technology for survival.
105. Industrial agriculture is agriculture that relies on large inputs of fossil fuel and industrial technology for survival.
106. Industrial society, because it’s fuel and technology based, creates things like pollution of our air and water, acid rain and things such as global warming and a depletion of the ozone.