Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docxfaithxdunce63732
Cultural Anthropology
Getting Food
Cultural Anthropology
Food-getting activities take precedence over all other survival needs, including reproduction, social control, defense, and transmission of knowledge to the next generation
Cultural Anthropology
In our society food-getting strategies are simplified – we merely need to go to the supermarket
Video:
"'Freegans' Take Green to Extreme"
Cultural Anthropology
But for some of the world, the level of food-getting takes up more time and is much more labor-intensive. It is called subsistence economics.
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is a situation where basically all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their family as their main activity
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is how humans obtained their food for millions of years by foraging for their subsistence – e.g. gathering plants, nuts, berries, scavenging, hunting and fishing
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging is much less common today
As a subsistence style, it is used today by hunter-gatherers, who make up only about 5 million people on the planet
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging for plant life – gathering plants, berries, seeds, nuts and tubers is more common in areas close to the equator as compared to northern latitudes such as the Arctic, where plant life is scarce
Video:
"Hunter-Gatherers"
Cultural Anthropology
In northern climates, since plants are scarce, hunting is more predominant
See an Inuit (Eskimo) hunter in Northern Canada in the classic anthropological film “ “Nanook of the North” (1922)
Foragers
Foragers actually spend less time obtaining food than most other types of food-getters
!Kung adults of Southern Africa spend just 17 hours a week on average getting food
Characteristics of Foragers
Foragers generally have small communities with no class differences
Getting Food: General Features of Food Collectors
A survey of 180 food-collecting societies indicates that there is a lot of variation with regard to which food-getting activity is most important to the society. Gathering is the most important activity for 30 percent of the surveyed societies, hunting for 25 percent, and fishing for 38 percent.
*
Food Production
Most of the world does not forage for food but produces it in one fashion or another
3 types of food production; horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
No food production strategy is perfect, as the videos illustrate
Video:
'Women’s Horticulture Group in Burkina Faso"
Food Production
Horticulturalists have relatively small plots of land
Often use hand tools instead of machines
May also raise small animals; pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
Getting Food: Food Production
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Main Horticultural Method - Shifting cultivation
.
Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docxfaithxdunce63732
Cultural Anthropology
Getting Food
Cultural Anthropology
Food-getting activities take precedence over all other survival needs, including reproduction, social control, defense, and transmission of knowledge to the next generation
Cultural Anthropology
In our society food-getting strategies are simplified – we merely need to go to the supermarket
Video:
"'Freegans' Take Green to Extreme"
Cultural Anthropology
But for some of the world, the level of food-getting takes up more time and is much more labor-intensive. It is called subsistence economics.
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is a situation where basically all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their family as their main activity
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is how humans obtained their food for millions of years by foraging for their subsistence – e.g. gathering plants, nuts, berries, scavenging, hunting and fishing
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging is much less common today
As a subsistence style, it is used today by hunter-gatherers, who make up only about 5 million people on the planet
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging for plant life – gathering plants, berries, seeds, nuts and tubers is more common in areas close to the equator as compared to northern latitudes such as the Arctic, where plant life is scarce
Video:
"Hunter-Gatherers"
Cultural Anthropology
In northern climates, since plants are scarce, hunting is more predominant
See an Inuit (Eskimo) hunter in Northern Canada in the classic anthropological film “ “Nanook of the North” (1922)
Foragers
Foragers actually spend less time obtaining food than most other types of food-getters
!Kung adults of Southern Africa spend just 17 hours a week on average getting food
Characteristics of Foragers
Foragers generally have small communities with no class differences
Getting Food: General Features of Food Collectors
A survey of 180 food-collecting societies indicates that there is a lot of variation with regard to which food-getting activity is most important to the society. Gathering is the most important activity for 30 percent of the surveyed societies, hunting for 25 percent, and fishing for 38 percent.
*
Food Production
Most of the world does not forage for food but produces it in one fashion or another
3 types of food production; horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
No food production strategy is perfect, as the videos illustrate
Video:
'Women’s Horticulture Group in Burkina Faso"
Food Production
Horticulturalists have relatively small plots of land
Often use hand tools instead of machines
May also raise small animals; pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
Getting Food: Food Production
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Main Horticultural Method - Shifting cultivation
.
In contrast to the highly mechanistic food production, distribution, and consumption model applied in the industrialized food system, Indigenous food systems are described in ecological rather than neoclassical economic terms.
An Indigenous food is one that has been primarily cultivated, taken care of, harvested, prepared, preserved, shared, or traded within the boundaries of the respective territories based on values of interdependency, respect, reciprocity, and ecological sensibility.
"Food sovereignty", is a term coined by members of La Via Campesina (International coalition of Peasant organizations representing 148 organizations from 69 countries) in 1996.
Asserts that the people who produce, distribute, and consume food should control the mechanisms and policies of food production and distribution, rather than the corporations and market institutions that have come to dominate the global food system.
http://www.fao.org/agroecology/en/ | Presentation by Parviz Koohafkan of the World Agricultural Heritage Foundation regarding the development of sustainable food systems. The presentation was delivered on January 31, 2017 at the CGRFA Side Event Biodiversity and Agroecology: The Agroecology Knowledge Hub.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
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In contrast to the highly mechanistic food production, distribution, and consumption model applied in the industrialized food system, Indigenous food systems are described in ecological rather than neoclassical economic terms.
An Indigenous food is one that has been primarily cultivated, taken care of, harvested, prepared, preserved, shared, or traded within the boundaries of the respective territories based on values of interdependency, respect, reciprocity, and ecological sensibility.
"Food sovereignty", is a term coined by members of La Via Campesina (International coalition of Peasant organizations representing 148 organizations from 69 countries) in 1996.
Asserts that the people who produce, distribute, and consume food should control the mechanisms and policies of food production and distribution, rather than the corporations and market institutions that have come to dominate the global food system.
http://www.fao.org/agroecology/en/ | Presentation by Parviz Koohafkan of the World Agricultural Heritage Foundation regarding the development of sustainable food systems. The presentation was delivered on January 31, 2017 at the CGRFA Side Event Biodiversity and Agroecology: The Agroecology Knowledge Hub.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
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Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
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2. What We Will Learn
• What are the different ways by which
societies get their food?
• How do technology and environment
influence food getting strategies?
• How have humans adapted to their
environments over the ages?
3. Five Major Food Gathering
Strategies
1. Food collection: collecting vegetation,
hunting animals, and fishing.
2. Horticulture: plant cultivation with simple tools
and small plots of land, relying solely on
human power.
3. Pastoralism: keeping domesticated animals
and using their products as a major food
source.
4. Five Major Food Gathering
Strategies
4. Agriculture: horticulture using animal or
mechanical power and some form of irrigation.
5. Industrialization: production of food through
complex machinery.
5. Human Adaptation
Humans adapt to climates in two ways:
1. Culturally - dietary patterns, levels of
activities
2. Biologically - changes in the body
6. Food Gathering and the
Environment
• Most anthropologists agree that the environment sets
limits on the form that food-getting patterns may take.
Cultures help people adapt to inhospitable
environments.
7. Characteristics of Food
Collecting Societies
• Low population densities.
• Usually nomadic or semi nomadic rather
than sedentary.
• Basic social unit is the family or band.
• Contemporary food-collecting peoples
occupy the remote and marginally useful
areas of the earth.
8. Carrying Capacity
• The maximum number of people a given
society can support, given the available
resources.
9. Optimal Foraging Theory
• A theory that foragers look for those
species of plants and animals that will
maximize their caloric intake for the time
spent hunting and gathering foods.
10. Food Collecting
• A form of subsistence that relies on the
procurement of animal and plant
resources found in the natural
environment (aka foraging and hunting
and gathering).
12. Question
• _______ is a basic form of plant
cultivation using simple tools, small plots
of land, and relies on human power.
a) Pastoralism
b) Horticulture
c) Food collection
d) Agriculture
13. Answer: b
• Horticulture is a basic form of plant
cultivation using simple tools, small plots
of land, and relies on human power.
14. Question
• The gathering of wild vegetation and the
hunting of small game is the strategy of:
a) horticulture.
b) pastoralism.
c) agriculture.
d) food collection.
15. Answer: d
• The gathering of wild vegetation and the
hunting of small game is the strategy of
food collection.
16. Neolithic Revolution
Food Producing Societies
• Transition from food collection to food
production began 10,000 years ago
• Humans began to cultivate crops and
keep herds of animals.
• Humans were able to produce food rather
than rely only on what nature produced.
18. Inuit
• To survive in their
harsh environment,
the Inuit from
Nunavut, Canada,
have had to develop
a number of creative
hunting strategies,
including the recent
adoption of
snowmobiles.
19. Changes Resulting From Food
Production
• Increased population.
• Populations became more sedentary.
• Stimulated a greater division of labor.
• Decline in overall health reduced the life
expectancy from 26 to 19 years.
20. Why Food Production Led to
Declining Health
• Foragers had a more balanced diet
(plants and animal proteins).
• Farmers ran the risk of malnutrition or
starvation if the crops failed.
• Increased population brought people into
greater contact and made everyone more
susceptible to parasitic and infectious
diseases.
21. Question
• It is not until ________, some 10, 000
years ago, that human beings began
producing food by horticulture or animal
husbandry.
a) the industrial revolution
b) the French revolution
c) the neolithic revolution
d) the aquaculture revolution
22. Answer: c
• It is not until the neolithic revolution
some 10, 000 years ago, that human
beings began producing food by
horticulture or animal husbandry.
23. Horticulture
• The simplest type of farming, which involves the
use of basic hand tools rather than plows or
machinery driven by animals or engines.
• Horticulturalists produce low yields and
generally do not have sufficient surpluses to
develop extensive market systems.
• The land is neither irrigated nor enriched by the
use of fertilizers.
24. Shifting Cultivation (Swidden,
Slash and Burn)
• A form of plant cultivation in which seeds
are planted in the fertile soil prepared by
cutting and burning the natural growth;
relatively short periods of cultivation are
followed by longer periods of fallow.
25. Pastoralism
• Involves keeping domesticated herd
animals and is found in areas of the world
that cannot support agriculture because of
inadequate terrain, soils, or rainfall.
• Associated with geographic mobility,
because herds must be moved
periodically to exploit seasonal pastures.
26. Pastoralism: 2 Movement
Patterns
• Transhumance
• Some of the men move livestock seasonally
to different pastures while the women,
children, and other men remain in permanent
settlements.
• Nomadism
• There are no permanent villages, the whole
social unit of men, women, and children
moves the livestock to new pastures.
27. Tibetan Yak Herders
• Tibetan yak herders
must move
their animals
periodically to ensure
adequate pasturage.
28. Social Functions of Cattle
• The use of livestock by pastoralists not
only for food and its byproducts but also
for purposes such as marriage, religion,
and social relationships.
• Stock friendship
• A gift of livestock from one man to
another to strengthen their friendship.
29. Agriculture
• Uses technology such as irrigation,
fertilizers, and mechanized equipment.
• Produces high yields and supports large
populations.
• Associated with permanent settlements,
cities, and high levels of labor
specialization.
30. Draft Animals
• The use of draft
animals, as practiced
by this farmer from
Hoi An, Vietnam,
involves a more
complex form of crop
production than
swidden farming.
31. Agriculture: Costs of Greater
Productivity
• Can support many times more people per
unit of land than the horticulturalist.
• Agriculturalists must devote vast numbers
of hours of hard work prepare the land.
• Intensive agriculture requires a much
higher investment of capital.
32. Terraced Farming
• This terraced form of
farming, as found in
Indonesia, involves a
long-term
commitment to the
land and a
considerable
expenditure of labor.
33. Peasantry
• Rural peoples, usually on the lowest rung
of society’s ladder, who provide urban
inhabitants with farm products but have
little access to wealth or political power.
34. Question
• Because of its reliance on animal power
and technology, ________ differs from
horticulture, and is a more intensive and
efficient system.
a) horticulture
b) nomadism
c) agriculture
d) pastoralism
35. Answer: c
• Because of its reliance on animal power
and technology, agriculture differs from
horticulture, and is a more intensive and
efficient system.
36. Industrialization
• A process resulting in the economic
change from home production of goods to
large-scale mechanized factory
production.
37. Ecosystems
• This Kayapo woman
from Brazil knows not
to kill the foraging
ants in her garden
because they actually
weed and fertilize her
crops.
38. Industrialized Food Production
• Uses more powerful sources of energy.
• Requires:
• High levels of technology (such as
tractors and combines)
• Mobile labor force
• Complex system of markets
39. Features of Four Major Food
Procurement Categories
Foragers Horticulturalist
Population Size Small Small/moderate
Permanency of
settlement
Nomadic (or semi)
Generally
sedentary
Surpluses Minimal Minimal
Trade Minimal Minimal
Labor
specialization
None Minimal
Class differences None Minimal
40. Features of Four Major Food
Procurement Categories
Pastoralist
Intensive
agriculture
Population Size Small Large
Permanency of
settlement
Nomadic (or semi) Permanent
Surpluses Moderate Usual
Trade Moderate Very important
Labor
specialization
Minimal Highest degree
Class differences Moderate Highest degree