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Cultural anthropology includes several subfields such as economic anthropology, psychological anthropology, religious anthropology, and ecological anthropology. Anthropologists use various research methods like archaeological studies, linguistic analysis, and ethnographic fieldwork to study human cultures and behavior. They draw on both scientific and humanistic approaches to develop explanations and understand societies in cultural and historical context.
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What is anthropology
Anthropology is the branch of science that studies humanity holistically and comparatively. It examines cultures from the internal, or emic, perspective over long periods of time to understand gradual changes. The five key attributes of anthropology are that it takes a holistic view of human societies and cultures, studies them from an internal or emic point of view, makes comparisons between different groups, conducts in-depth study with great attention to detail, and considers changes over periods of time from a diachronic perspective.
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Anthropologists and archaeologists study the past through various scientific methods like surveys, excavations, and dating techniques to uncover fossils, artifacts, and remnants that provide insights into how humans lived and developed culture over time. However, they face ethical issues regarding informed consent and treatment of human remains, as seen in a problematic case between Peru and Yale University. Proper protocols require researchers to inform local institutions of their work and get approval.
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REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
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REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
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1. Anthropology is divided into two main branches - physical anthropology, which studies humans as biological organisms, and cultural anthropology, which examines human behavior and cultural products.
2. Some of the pioneering figures in anthropology from the 19th century included Herbert Spencer, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Edward Tylor, who studied cultural diffusion and evolution. Franz Boas introduced modern fieldwork methods.
3. Approaches like functionalism, structuralism, and ethnoscience developed in the 20th century to analyze cultures as interconnected systems and examine aspects like social organization and mythology.
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This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It defines anthropology as the study of humankind everywhere and throughout time. The key fields of anthropology are discussed as archaeology, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics. Research methods used by anthropologists are described, including cultural immersion, human ecology studies, archaeological analysis, and linguistic analysis. Physical anthropological research methods focusing on human bones and remains are also summarized. The document contrasts anthropology with other social sciences and discusses concepts like culture, society, evolution, and postmodernism.
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1. Applied anthropology involves using anthropological data and techniques to identify and solve contemporary social problems.
2. Anthropologists can help address issues in various fields like medicine, education, business, and development by understanding cultural practices and designing culturally-appropriate solutions.
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I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
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This document provides an introduction to the field of anthropology. It defines anthropology as the science of studying humans, including their past, present, future, biology, society, language and culture. It describes the four main subfields of anthropology: sociocultural/cultural anthropology which studies customs and social life; archaeological anthropology which studies human remains and artifacts; biological anthropology which studies human evolution and variation; and linguistic anthropology which studies language in social and cultural contexts. Finally, it notes that anthropology seeks to reliably explain human behavior and cultures through scientific study and fieldwork.
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- There is a renewed interest in studying Western media and how media circulates globally.
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The document discusses art and culture, beginning with a discussion of what constitutes art and how it varies across cultures. It notes that art includes music, theater, visual arts, storytelling, literature and takes many forms like folk art, religious art, fine art. The document then examines different types of art including verbal art, religious art, and how art can be used to bolster religious attitudes. It discusses how to compare art cross-culturally using stylistic elements. Examples of art from different societies and time periods are provided with analyses of their design elements, use of space, balance and boundaries. The document concludes with a discussion of the earliest known aesthetic creations and the evolution of art in early humans.
Anth1 Modern World
The document discusses the emergence of the modern world system from an economic and historical perspective. It describes how the system evolved from the Industrial Revolution, with core nations exploiting resources from the peripheries for profit. This created a stratified global structure of unequal economic and political relationships between nations. Decolonization in the postwar era disrupted this system but neoliberal policies have since aimed to reduce government intervention and promote free market forces on a global scale.
Anth1 Ch15 Sht Vs
The document discusses several topics related to cultural diversity and biocultural diversity in the modern world, including acculturation, cultural imperialism, indigenous identity, and the impact of globalization. It provides examples of how contact between Western and non-Western groups has influenced cultures through processes like Westernization, Sinicization, and Hinduization. The document also addresses postmodernity, indigenous rights, conservation of biodiversity, and the need for international cooperation to protect biological and cultural diversity.
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The document discusses several topics related to gender across cultures, including:
1) Recurrent patterns show females dominating domestic activities while males dominate extra-domestic activities, with women typically being primary caregivers.
2) Gender roles and the division of labor vary between societies, though foraging societies generally assign hunting to males due to size/strength while some females assist, and horticultural societies range from male-dominated to more equal.
3) Industrialization led to the idea of separate gender roles with women in the home, contributing to the feminization of poverty in some societies.
Anth Ch12 Religion
1. The document discusses definitions and types of religion including animism, polytheism, monotheism, and shamanism. It also covers major world religions and trends like growing monotheism and fundamentalism.
2. Religions are influenced by and reflect aspects of the cultures and societies in which they exist. They help maintain social order and norms. Religions may also change and blend with other beliefs during periods of cultural contact and change.
3. Secular rituals in modern societies can provide similar functions to religious rituals in giving people a sense of community and meaning. Religious demographics are shifting in countries like the US and Canada.
Anth103 Kinship
This document discusses different types of families and kinship structures across societies. It covers nuclear families consisting of parents and children, extended families with multiple generations living together, matrifocal families centered around women, and patrifocal families centered around men. Descent can be traced through the father's line (patrilineal), the mother's line (matrilineal), or both parents' lines (bilateral). Kinship structures involve rules around marriage, residence after marriage, economic cooperation, and political and religious affiliation, with variations found between classes within stratified societies.
Anth1 Marriage
The document discusses different types of marriage systems around the world. It covers topics like the definition of marriage, who qualifies as a father, exceptions to traditional marriage, reasons why marriage is universal, incest taboos, restrictions on marriage, explanations for incest taboos, who one marries, how marriage occurs, how many spouses one can have, plural marriages, divorce, and family forms.
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The document discusses different economic systems and adaptive strategies used by non-industrial societies. It defines key concepts like foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture. For each system, it describes associated societal features like land use, technology, kinship structures, religion, and division of labor. Different exchange systems like reciprocity, redistribution, and markets are also summarized.
Anth1 Ethnicity B
The document discusses diversity and perceptions of race in several cultures. It notes that in Japan, the dominant racial group sees themselves as pure-blooded Japanese and discriminates against minority groups like the Burakumin. In Brazil, race is seen as more fluid, with over 500 racial labels and the ability for one's classification to change. The document also examines ethnic groups and national identities in Nepal, the concept of diasporas and nations as imagined communities, and roots of ethnic conflict including prejudice, discrimination, and colonialism.
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This document discusses concepts related to ethnicity, race, and their social construction. It defines key terms like ethnicity, ethnic group, race, and explores how these identities are socially constructed rather than based solely on biology. It also examines how ethnicity and race intersect with social stratification and status, including discussions of minority and majority groups, and the social implications of concepts like hypodescent and hyperdescent.
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The document discusses various topics related to language and communication, including:
1) It defines what language is, how it allows humans to discuss abstract concepts, and how anthropologists study language in its social and cultural contexts.
2) It examines nonhuman communication in animals like chimpanzees and gorillas and their limited capacity for language compared to humans.
3) It explores the structure of human language, including the levels of phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax that linguistic studies analyze.
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The document discusses several key concepts related to culture:
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This document discusses various methods and techniques used in cultural anthropology fieldwork and ethnography, including participant observation, interviews, kinship charting, life histories, and problem-oriented research. It notes that ethnography employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, and can involve both long-term longitudinal studies as well as team and collaborative research projects. Contemporary ethnography also examines the scales of culture and place and how local practices are affected by global influences.
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
Anth1 Wk1 Pt2
- 1. Sub-fields of cultural anthro Economic anthropology: Prof. Fortier doing research on clay pipe making in South Asia
- 10. Historical Linguistics: Indo-European Langs 1,500 yrs ago
- 16. Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing Research methods are the techniques that investigators use to formulate meaningful questions and to collect, analyze, and interpret facts in replicable and reliable ways. Carefully define variables Associations – observed relationships between two or more measured variables
- 23. Anthropologist K. Narayan (right) with U. D. Sood doing Oral Folklore project in India