This document discusses the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) to improve the linearity of a pressure sensing system using a bellows sensor element. It first provides background on ANNs and how they can be used to model nonlinear relationships through learning. It then describes an existing inductive signal conditioning circuit (OISCC) used to condition the output of the bellows sensor but notes its limitations in providing a linear response due to environmental factors. The document proposes using an ANN to compensate for the nonlinearities introduced by the OISCC and provide a highly sensitive and linear output. It concludes by outlining how the combined ANN-OISCC approach will be presented in more detail later, highlighting the advantages over other pressure sensing
FSK , FM DEMODULATOR & VOLTAGE REGULATOR ICS
Application of PLL in FSK & FM demodulation three terminal regulator ics.
Adjustable output voltage regulator LM 317, LM 337 & LM 340 series power supply ics.
Basic design considerations for designed regulated power supply
FSK , FM DEMODULATOR & VOLTAGE REGULATOR ICS
Application of PLL in FSK & FM demodulation three terminal regulator ics.
Adjustable output voltage regulator LM 317, LM 337 & LM 340 series power supply ics.
Basic design considerations for designed regulated power supply
The slides explain how a voltage inverter can be made using 555 timer in astable mode.
It contains a clear description of the working of the 555 timer and hence the voltage inverter.
The OPerational AMPlifier or OPAMP is a versatile analog Integrated Circuit (IC) that is capable of producing a very high gain.
An amplifier is a circuit that receives a signal at its input and delivers an undistorted larger
version of the signal at its output. The operational amplifier is a high gain amplifier to which feedback is added to control its overall response characteristic.
In closed loop connection, an external resistance is connected between the output and the negative (inverting) input terminal as a negative feedback. Here, the gain can be controlled by changing the values of the resistors.
Accompanying slides to my video blog.
What is opamp offset voltage? How to measure it?
See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVYpzmfQ_r4
See my video blog: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtUcgFWvhZbknS5LxvfbMrw
The slides explain how a voltage inverter can be made using 555 timer in astable mode.
It contains a clear description of the working of the 555 timer and hence the voltage inverter.
The OPerational AMPlifier or OPAMP is a versatile analog Integrated Circuit (IC) that is capable of producing a very high gain.
An amplifier is a circuit that receives a signal at its input and delivers an undistorted larger
version of the signal at its output. The operational amplifier is a high gain amplifier to which feedback is added to control its overall response characteristic.
In closed loop connection, an external resistance is connected between the output and the negative (inverting) input terminal as a negative feedback. Here, the gain can be controlled by changing the values of the resistors.
Accompanying slides to my video blog.
What is opamp offset voltage? How to measure it?
See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVYpzmfQ_r4
See my video blog: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtUcgFWvhZbknS5LxvfbMrw
Strain Measurement Techniques for Composites TestingInstron
This presentation looks at traditional methods of strain measurement and the latest developments in automatic contacting and non-contacting extensometers.
SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES USED FOR GEAR FAULT DIAGNOSISJungho Park
The slides are about signal processing techniques widely used for gear fault diagnosis (also the techniques could be used for other various rotating machine diagnosis such as bearing, rotor, motor, etc.). The techniques include wavelet transform, EMD (empirical mode decomposition), HHT (Hilbert-Huang transform), AR-MED filter, Spectral kurtosis, and cyclo-stationary analysis.
November 21, 20131How a Diode WorksA diode is an electrica.docxhenrymartin15260
November 21, 2013
1
How a Diode Works
A diode is an electrical device allowing current to flow through in only one direction. The term “diode” is used if I ≤ 1 A. If I>1A, we use the term “rectifier,” although both terms are commonly considered interchangeable.
November 21, 2013
2
Theoretical Analysis of the Rectifier Circuit
Given the circuit below, R1=1.0 kΩ. Sketch theoretical waveforms for the input (CH-1) signal and the output (CH-2) signal when a 10 VPP 1.0 kHz sine wave is applied to the circuit. Predict the result.
November 21, 2013
3
Theoretical Analysis of the Rectifier Circuit- What should we observe (frequency? Amplitude?)
CH-1 (input signal):
(>>t=0:0.00001:6/2000; y=5*sin(2*pi*1000*t); plot(t,y), grid on)
What should be the output signal???
November 21, 2013
4
Simulation of the Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
5
Construct the Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Compare the theoretical, simulation, and hardware circuit results and make your comments
November 21, 2013
6
Construct the Rectifier Circuit – the O-Scope Display
Hardware circuit oscilloscope display
November 21, 2013
7
Theoretical Analysis of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit
Given the circuit below, R1=1.0 kΩ, C1=10 uF. Sketch theoretical waveforms for the input (CH-1) signal and the output (CH-2) signal when a 10 VPP 1.0 kHz sine wave is applied to the circuit. Predict the result.
November 21, 2013
8
Theoretical Analysis of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Output Signal
Given input signal below, what should we observe at the output?
The diode is to change the AC to DC signal
The capacitor is to “smoothen” the DC signal
November 21, 2013
9
Simulation of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
10
Construct the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Compare the theoretical, simulation, and hardware circuit results and make your comments
November 21, 2013
11
Construct the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – O-Scope Display
Hardware circuit oscilloscope display (notice scale change for Channel 2 for better viewing of the output signal)
November 21, 2013
12
Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode – The Circuit
November 21, 2013
13
How a Zener Diode Works
Zener diodes are special diodes which work reverse-biased at breakdown - specific voltage (“Zener voltage”). They are designed to work continuously at that specific voltage - anywhere from 1.8 to 200 V.
November 21, 2013
14
How a Zener Diode Works – The Circuit Example
For the circuit below, the voltage across the Zener diode will be maintained at 10V.
November 21, 2013
15
Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode – MultiSim Simulation (Change Scale on Channel B to view signal more clearly)
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
16
Voltage Regulation using the Voltage.
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
Abstract-This paper presents design of operational transconductance amplifier is to amplify the ECG signal
having low frequency of 300Hz, with the supply voltage of 0.8v. To reduce the power dissipation of 779nW, by
using fifth order low pass filter. The OTA-C filter is to eliminate noise voltage and increases the reliability of
the system. A chip is fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS process is simulated and measured to validate the system
performance using HSPICE.
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)Mugisha Oma.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Mugisha Omary
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Laboratory Report for EENG 3306
College of Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas at Tyler
Houston, TX
December 8, 2014
Mugisha Omary
Group Members
Hamza Ahmad
Shamir Mohammed
I. Project description
The purpose of this lab is to take measurement of the common-emitter characteristics (collector current IC vs collector-to-emitter voltage VCE of small-signal NPN and PNP bipolar transistors and also simulate IC vs VCE characteristics of 2N4401 and 2N3906 transistors.
A BJT is a semiconductor device that uses a small current to control a larger current. This property makes it essentially a current amplifier. In this lab the student will build a simple test circuit to evaluate a transistor’s current and voltage relationships and then use this data to determine the transistors DC value and plot the collector characteristic curve.
II. Theoretical background
A BJT is a three terminal two – junction semiconductor device in which the
conduction is due to both the charge carrier. Hence it is a bipolar device and it
amplifier the sine waveform as they are transferred from input to output. BJT is
classified into two types – NPN or PNP. A NPN transistor consists of two N
types in between which a layer of P is sandwiched. The transistor consists of
three terminal emitter, collector and base. The emitter layer is the source of the
charge carriers and it is heartily doped with a moderate cross sectional area.
The collector collects the charge carries and hence moderate doping and large
cross sectional area. The base region acts a path for the movement of the
charge carriers. In order to reduce the recombination of holes and electrons the
base region is lightly doped and is of hollow cross sectional area. Normally the
transistor operates with the EB junction forward biased. In transistor, the current is same in both junctions, which indicates that there is a transfer of resistance between the two junctions. One to this fact the transistor is known as transfer resistance of transistor.
The symbol of an NPN BJT. The symbol is "not pointing in."
The symbol of a PNP BJT. The symbol "points inproudly."
When a transistor’s base current (IB) is set to a certain value and left unchanged while the collector current is swept through a range of values and IC and VCE are recorded and then graphed, a collector characteristic curve is produced for that particular IB. If IB is now changed, and again the collector current is swept through a range of values, and IC and VCE are plotted, another collector characteristic curve for this different IB value is produced. Repeating this process for several IB values results in a family of curves referred to as the transistors collector characteristic curves. Figure 2 shows the characteristics for a notional transistor.
Figure 1. Transistor.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING SLOT ANTENNA AT 2.4 GHZjantjournal
Slot antenna is designed with microstrip feed line for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The first patch is designed as a rectangular shape and the other is designed as an inverted L shape. The antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8mm and relative permittivity of 4.6.The resulting antenna is found to have a compact size of 22.75x22mm2. It offers dual band characteristics with -10dB return loss and it radiates in omnidirectional pattern. The antenna receives RF signals which are converted into DC power by connecting it through the matching circuit, rectifier and voltage multiplier. Matching circuit is needed for matching the impedance of the antenna and the impedance of the rectifier. Rectifier uses schottky diode (HSMS 2850) which has high switching speed and low forward voltage convert the input RF signal received by the antenna into suitable DC supply voltage. The produced DC voltage can be doubled by using voltage doubler. The output power from the voltage doubler is given to low power devices for charging. These designs are simulated by using ADS 2011 (Advanced Designs System) software.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING SLOT ANTENNA AT 2.4 GHZjantjournal
Slot antenna is designed with microstrip feed line for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The first patch is designed as a rectangular shape and the other is designed as an inverted L shape. The antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8mm and relative permittivity of 4.6. The resulting antenna is found to have a compact size of 22.75x22mm2. It offers dual band characteristics with -10dB return loss and it radiates in omnidirectional pattern. The antenna receives RF signals which are converted into DC power by connecting it through the matching circuit, rectifier and voltage multiplier. Matching circuit is needed for matching the impedance of the antenna and the impedance of the rectifier. Rectifier uses schottky diode (HSMS 2850) which has high switching speed and low forward voltage convert the input RF signal received by the antenna into suitable DC supply voltage. The produced DC voltage can be doubled by using voltage doubler. The output power from the voltage doubler is given to low power devices for charging. These designs are simulated by using ADS 2011 (Advanced Designs System) software.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING SLOT ANTENNA AT 2.4 GHZjantjournal
Slot antenna is designed with microstrip feed line for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The first patch is designed as a rectangular shape and the other is designed as an inverted L shape. The antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8mm and relative permittivity of 4.6.The resulting antenna is found to have a compact size of 22.75x22mm2
. It offers dual band characteristics with -10dB return loss and it radiates in omnidirectional pattern. The antenna receives RF signals which are converted into DC power by connecting it through the matching circuit, rectifier and voltage multiplier. Matching circuit is needed for matching the impedance of the antenna and the impedance of the rectifier. Rectifier uses schottky diode (HSMS 2850) which has high switching speed and low forward voltage convert the input RF signal received by the antenna into suitable DC supply voltage. The produced DC voltage can be doubled by using voltage doubler. The output power from the voltage doubler is given to low power devices for charging. These designs are simulated by using ADS 2011 (Advanced Designs System) software.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING SLOT ANTENNA AT 2.4 GHZjantjournal
Slot antenna is designed with microstrip feed line for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The first patch is designed as a rectangular shape and the other is designed as an inverted L shape. The antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8mm and relative permittivity of 4.6.The resulting antenna is found to have a compact size of 22.75x22mm2. It offers dual band characteristics with -10dB return loss and it radiates in omnidirectional pattern. The antenna receives RF signals which are converted into DC power by connecting it through the matching circuit, rectifier and voltage multiplier. Matching circuit is needed for matching the impedance of the antenna and the impedance of the rectifier. Rectifier uses schottky diode (HSMS 2850) which has high switching speed and low forward voltage convert the input RF signal received by the antenna into suitable DC supply voltage. The produced DC voltage can be doubled by using voltage doubler. The output power from the voltage doubler is given to low power devices for charging. These designs are simulated by using ADS 2011 (Advanced Designs System) software.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING SLOT ANTENNA AT 2.4 GHZjantjournal
Slot antenna is designed with microstrip feed line for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The first patch is designed as a rectangular shape and the other is designed as an inverted L shape. The antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8mm and relative permittivity of 4.6.The
resulting antenna is found to have a compact size of 22.75x22mm2
. It offers dual band characteristics with - 10dB return loss and it radiates in omnidirectional pattern. The antenna receives RF signals which are converted into DC power by connecting it through the matching circuit, rectifier and voltage multiplier.
Matching circuit is needed for matching the impedance of the antenna and the impedance of the rectifier. Rectifier uses schottky diode (HSMS 2850) which has high switching speed and low forward voltage convert the input RF signal received by the antenna into suitable DC supply voltage. The produced DC
voltage can be doubled by using voltage doubler. The output power from the voltage doubler is given to low power devices for charging. These designs are simulated by using ADS 2011 (Advanced Designs System) software
3. Go is an ancient Chinese game.
Fan Hui was defeated by AlphaGo
recently
3
4. What is Artificial neural network?
It resembles the human brain in the
following two ways: -
It acquires knowledge through learning.
It’s knowledge is stored within the
interconnection strengths known as weight.
4
5. Inputs , xn
Connection weight , wn
Sum = w1 x1 + ……+ wnxn
Simply summed, fed to f( )
to generate a result and
then output.
f
w1
w2
xn
x2
x1
wn
f(w1 x1 + ……+ wnxn)
ARTIFICIAL NEURON MODEL
6. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL
output layer
connections
Input layer
Hidden layers
Neural network
Including
connections
(called weights)
between neuron
Compare
Actual
output
Desired
output
Input
output
Fig: Showing adjust of neural
network
Fig : Artificial neural network model
7. TYPES OF ANN
7
A two-layer feedforward artificial
neural network with 8 inputs, 2x8
hidden and 2 outputs
A single-layer feedforward artificial neural
network with 4 inputs, 6 hidden and 2
outputs. Given position state and direction
outputs wheel based control values.
12. HOSPITALS AND MEDICINE
Used as clinical decision support
systems
Have also been used to diagnose
several cancers.
Computer-aided interpretation of
medical images.
12
13. ADVANTAGES
It involves human like thinking.
They handle noisy or missing data.
They can work with large number of variables or
parameters.
They provide general solutions with good predictive
accuracy.
System has got property of continuous learning.
They deal with the non-linearity in the world in which
we live.
14. RELEVANCE OF ANN IN OUR PROJECT
Signal Conditioning Circuit voltage Vs pressure exhibits
nonlinearity.
Reason being component drifts.
The ANN estimates and compensates the nonlinearity of SCC.
Significant stability , High sensitivity & High linearity.
14
15. PRESSURE SENSING ELEMENTS
(A) a C-shaped Bourdon tube
(B) a helical Bourdon tube
(C) flat diaphragm
(D) a convoluted diaphragm
(E) a capsule
(F) a set of bellows
15
16. BELLOW AS A SENSING ELEMENT
16
It is simple
Rugged in construction
Capable of providing large force
Wide pressure range.
17. WORKING OF BELLOW
17
Displacement of Bellow
by applied pressure.
Fixed end of
ferromagnetic wired to
bellow end.
Change in Inductance
due to small
displacements.
18. PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
•It provides an electrical output proportional
to applied pressure.
•It combines the sensor element of a gauge
with a mechanical-to-electrical converter.
18
19. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS AT PRESSURE TRANSDUCING
Pressure transducer with elastic capacitor as a transducing
element.
Intelligent differential pressure transmitter to maximize sensor
output.
Switched capacitive interference for capacitive pressure sensor
by Yamada.
Piezo-electric pressure transducer with silicon diaphragm as
sensor. 19
Continued
…
20. A dual diaphragm based wire transducer for
pneumatic pressure measurement.
Automatic bridge balancing method for
capacitive sensor.
Modified Maxwell-Wien bridge for
measurement of displacement based
inductance.
20
22. HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
22
Utilized to monitor and
provide pressure
feedback to systems.
Allow the operator to fully
control the mechanical
devices.
Monitor the hydraulic
fluid level for preventive
maintenance.
23. FLUID & GAS SYSTEMS
To monitor the
requisite pressure
conditions
23
24. SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Manipulating of Analog Signal for
further processing.
It is among the basic processes in
control engineering.
Other basic processes include sensing
and processing of signal.
It includes processes like filtering,
amplifying, converting etc. 24
26. APPLICATIONS OF SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Data Acquisition.
Pre processing of Signals.
Devices that use SCC are signal filters,
instrument amplifiers, isolation
amplifiers, digital-to-analog
convertors, invertors, current to
voltage convertors, multiplexers etc.
26
27. O I S C C
•Op amp based inductive signal
conditioning circuit.
•It uses position sensor using differential
inductance measurement.
•It has achieved a linearity of 2.5%.(
proposed circuit). 27
29. LIMITATIONS OF OISCC
•The direct connection of inductance in
feed back path which provides derivative
action may damage it.
•Suffers from stray effects, ambient factors
which causes non linearity in result.
29
30. OUR PROPOSED TECHNIQUE AT A GLANCE
Change in inductance due to
bellow displacement
Signal conditioning using
OISCC
Compensation of errors by
ANN
Highly linear and Sensitive
output. 30
32. OVERVIEW OF OUR NEXT PRESENTATION
Detailed working of OISCC
Algorithm used in ANN
Output characteristics of our model.
Advantage of our model compared to other
techniques.
32
33. REFERENCES:
P. E. Thoma, R. Stewart, and J. Colla, “A low pressure capacitance type
pressure to electric transducing element,” IEEE Trans. Compon.,Hybrids
Manuf. Technol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 261–265, Jun. 1980.
S. Shimada and Y. Shimizu, “Intelligent differential pressure transmitter
with multiple sensor formed on a (110)-oriented circular silicon
diaphragm,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 379–384, Oct.
1991.
J.-M. Wu, “Multilayer Potts perceptrons with Levenberg–Marquardt
learning,” IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2032–2043, Dec.
2008.
V. N. Kumar and S. Sankar, “Development of an ANN-based linearization
technique for the VCO thermistor circuit,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 15, no. 2,
pp. 886–894,Feb. 2015.
S. C. Bera, R. Sarkar, and M. Bhowmick, “Study of a modified differential
33