The document discusses smart sensors, providing details on their architecture, fabrication, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Some key points:
- Smart sensors integrate a sensor, analog/digital converter, processor and communication interface on a single chip, allowing them to process and communicate sensor data.
- The basic architecture includes a sensing element, amplifier, ADC, memory, processor and communication components. Fabrication uses techniques like micro-machining and bonding.
- Advantages are reduced system load and faster operation. Applications include industrial monitoring, automotive controls, biomedical devices, and smart dust networks of tiny sensors. Disadvantages include higher initial costs and issues with mixing old and new devices.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
This article provides an introduction to the fundamental of Sensors and Transducers. It illustrates the different classifications of sensors and transducers. Explains capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers in brief. Also shows the examples under these types of transducers.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
This article provides an introduction to the fundamental of Sensors and Transducers. It illustrates the different classifications of sensors and transducers. Explains capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers in brief. Also shows the examples under these types of transducers.
Introduction to DAS
Objectives of a DAS
Block diagram and explanation
Methodology
Hardware and software for DAS
Merits and Demerits of DAS/DQS
Conclusion
Data Acquisition System
Topics:Need of Data Acquisition System, DAQ Module, Sensors, Signal conditioning, DAQ hardware, DAQ software, DAQ processors, Advantages & Disadvantages.
One of my friend has given a best information regarding DAS (data acquisition system) through this slides/ presentation.
This contains the information about various components of DAS.
Enjoy it,like it.
Health monitoring is the major problem in today’s world. Due to lack of proper health monitoring, patient suffer from serious health issues. There are lots of IoT devices now days to monitor the health of patient over internet. Health experts are also taking advantage of these smart devices to keep an eye on their patients. With tons of new healthcare technology start-ups, IoT is rapidly revolutionizing the healthcare industry.
Here in this project, we will make an IoT based Health Monitoring System which records the patient heart beat rate and body temperature and also send an email/SMS alert whenever those readings goes beyond critical values. Pulse rate and body temperature readings are recorded over ThingSpeak and Google sheets so that patient health can be monitored from anywhere in the world over internet. A panic will also be attached so that patient can press it on emergency to send email/sms to their relative
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
Introduction to DAS
Objectives of a DAS
Block diagram and explanation
Methodology
Hardware and software for DAS
Merits and Demerits of DAS/DQS
Conclusion
Data Acquisition System
Topics:Need of Data Acquisition System, DAQ Module, Sensors, Signal conditioning, DAQ hardware, DAQ software, DAQ processors, Advantages & Disadvantages.
One of my friend has given a best information regarding DAS (data acquisition system) through this slides/ presentation.
This contains the information about various components of DAS.
Enjoy it,like it.
Health monitoring is the major problem in today’s world. Due to lack of proper health monitoring, patient suffer from serious health issues. There are lots of IoT devices now days to monitor the health of patient over internet. Health experts are also taking advantage of these smart devices to keep an eye on their patients. With tons of new healthcare technology start-ups, IoT is rapidly revolutionizing the healthcare industry.
Here in this project, we will make an IoT based Health Monitoring System which records the patient heart beat rate and body temperature and also send an email/SMS alert whenever those readings goes beyond critical values. Pulse rate and body temperature readings are recorded over ThingSpeak and Google sheets so that patient health can be monitored from anywhere in the world over internet. A panic will also be attached so that patient can press it on emergency to send email/sms to their relative
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
Abstract A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensors which are densely distributed to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. The sensor data is transmitted to network coordinator which is heart of the wireless personal area network. In the modern scenario wireless networks contains sensors as well as actuators. ZigBee is newly developed technology that works on IEEE standard 802.15.4, which can be used in the wireless sensor network (WSN). The low data rates, low power consumption, low cost are main features of ZigBee. WSN is composed of ZigBee coordinator (network coordinator), ZigBee router and ZigBee end device. The sensor nodes information in the network will be sent to the coordinator, the coordinator collects sensor data, stores the data in memory, process the data, and route the data to appropriate node. Index Terms: WSN, ZigBee.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An overview of how Wireless Sensor Networks are being extended to a system which has tremendous capabilities. The future is all about Smart Dust. Trillions of sensors may be planted across the world to improve the ecosystem as well as the lives of human beings. Although the aim of reducing the volume to orders of micrometer has not yet been fulfilled, considerable developments have been made to build motes that combine sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters and that too at low cost.
it has a small description about how wireless sensor system network can be applied in various field. A application of leaksge detection is discussed in detail.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Smart sensors and their Application
1. A
Seminar on
“SMART SENSORS AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS”
Guided By Submitted By
Dr. Piyush N. Patel Yash Kant Verma
Assistant Professor U11EC011
ECED, SVNIT, SURAT ECED, SVNIT, SURAT
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
• Sensors are devices that responds to a physical
stimulus heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism,
motion, etc , and convert that into an electrical signal.
They perform an input function.
• Devices which perform an output function are
generally called Actuators and are used to control
some external device, for example movement.
• Both sensors and actuators are collectively known as
Transducers. Transducers are devices used to
convert energy of one kind into energy of another
kind.
4.
5. SMART SENSOR
A smart sensor is an analog/digital transducer combined
with a processing unit and a communication interface. It
consists of transduction element, signal conditioning
electronic and controller/processor that support some
intelligence in a single package.
This integrated sensors which has electronics and the
transduction element together on one silicon chip, this
system can be called as system-on-chip (SoC).The main
aim of integrating the electronics and the sensor is to
make an intelligent sensor, which can be called as smart
sensor. Smart sensors then have the ability to make
some decision.
6. Smart sensors / Intelligent sensor
are sensors with integrated
electronics that can perform one
or more of the following
function:[1]
1. Data Conversion
2. Bidirectional communication
3. Take decisions
4. Perform logical operations
7. TYPES OF SMART SENSORS
SMART SENSOR HYBRID
Three different types of configurations
are shown in which all the components
are placed on a chip. This is called
standardization. In the first hybrid
system, a sensor is connected with ADC
and bus interface with the help of
universal sensor interface. The second
configuration shows the connection of
sensor analog system with the digital
circuit and bus interface. In the third
configuration, sensor is combined with
the interface circuit already to provide
duty cycle and bit stream as shown in
figure
8. INTEGRATED SMART SENSORS
If we integrate all functions from sensor to bus interface in one chip, we get an
integrated smart sensor as shown in figure below.[1]
9. SMART SENSOR NETWORK
A sensor network is a collection of sensors interconnected with each other by a
communication network. A sensor network is made up of individual
multifunctional sensor nodes. It has much significance like sensing accuracy, area
coverage, connectivity, minimal human interaction.
Figure below shows the elements of a single network node.
10. 2. SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURE
The basic architectural components of smart sensor are listed
as follows:
Sensing element/transduction
element,
Amplifier,
Sample and hold,
Analog multiplexer,
Analog to digital converter (ADC),
Offset and temperature
compensation,
Digital to analog converter (DAC),
Memory,
Serial communication
Processor
11.
12. Five main parts of sensor node are:
The central unit: It is in the
form of microprocessor which
manages the tasks.
Battery: Is the source of
energy
A Transceiver: Interacts with
the environment and collects
data.
Memory: Used as storage
media for storing data or
processing data.
Communication module: It
includes transceivers and
forwards queries and data to
and from central module. [2]
13. Signal Processing
The signals recorded by many sensors are typically low in
amplitude, Integration of interface electronics and signal
processing circuitry at the sensor site (monolithic or hybrid)
serves a number of functions, including signal amplification,
impedance transformation, signal filtering and buffering, and
multiplexing.
CMOS amplifiers are perhaps the most suitable since they
provide high gain and high input impedance through a
relatively simple and compact circuit and are readily
compatible with integration of high-density digital circuitry on
the same chip.
In addition to signal amplification, impedance transformation
and signal filtering are also required.
14. Digital Processing and Manipulation
The main circuit block required before digital control and
manipulation of sensor data can take place is the analog-digital
converter.
Once the sensor data is digitized, a variety of signal
processing schemes can be used to correct for a number
of errors and shortcomings. These include offset
cancellation, auto-calibration, self-testing, fault detection
and correction and linearity correction.
Auto-calibration is a very desirable function for smart
sensors. Most sensors should be adjusted for changes in
gain and offset.
Reliability and accuracy.
15. Communication and Bus Interaction
• A smart sensor should be capable of interacting with a
higher level controller that manages the overall system.
• Efforts are currently underway to develop such a standard
bus for sensor applications that is uniquely designed to
optimize functionality, speed and overall cost.
• A variety of information can be exchanged between the
sensor and the controller over the bus, including calibration
and compensation data, addresses and personality
information, measured data, and programming data initiated
by the controller, the communication interface should have
the ability to receive and transmit information over the bus
at a fairly high speed it should be noted that many sensor
signals have limited bandwidth and even in the case of a
multi-sensor system, the bus data rate may be sufficient to
accommodate all sensors [2]
16. 3. FABRICATION
Sensor is made with the same technology as
integrated circuit. A smart sensor utilizes the
transduction properties of one class of materials and
electronic properties of silicon (GaAs)
One problem with silicon is that its sensitivities to
strain, light and magnetic field show a large cross-sensitivity
to temperature. When it is not possible to
have silicon with proper effects, it is possible to
deposit layers of materials with desired sensitivity on
the top of a silicon substrate.
17. • Solid- State integrated
sensors are basically
composed of four elements
namely, custom films for
transduction,
microstructures, integrated
interface circuitry and
microcomputer based signal
processing algorithms.
Mainly, three techniques
bulk micro-machining,
surface micromachining and
wafer bonding process are
used for fabrication of smart
sensors
• Fig showing the fabrication
of a pressure sensor[3]
18. 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES[4]
The smart sensor takes over the conditioning and control of the
sensor signal, reducing the load on the central control system,
allowing faster system operation.
Direct digital control provides high accuracy, not achievable
with analog control systems and central processing.
The cost of smart sensor systems is presently higher than that
of conventional systems, but when the cost of maintenance,
ease of programming, ease of adding new sensors is taken into
account, the long- term cost of smart sensor systems is less.
Individual controllers can monitor and control more than one
process variable.
19. DISADVANTAGES
If upgrading to smart sensors, care has to be taken when
mixing old devices with new sensors, since they may not be
compatible.
If a bus wire fails, the total system is down, which is not the
case with discrete wiring. However, with discrete wiring, if
one sensor connection fails, it may be necessary to shut the
system down. The problem of bus wire failure can be
alleviated by the use of a redundant backup bus.
20. 5. APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRIAL
In industries machines and equipments are monitored and
controlled for pressure, temperature , humidity level and also
for vibrations
AUTOMOTIVES
Communications between engine, transmission, suspension, braking
and other controls has long been anticipated.
FINGER PRINT RECOGNISITION
A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital
image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live
scan. This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template
(a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for
matching.
21. PATTERN RECOGNISITION
The sensor uses incident light or backlight to detect
the contours of an object and compares them with the
contours of one or several models in a reference
image.
TELECOMMUNICATION
A smart card known as a Wireless Identity Module, is
similar to the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) used
on existing GSM cellular phones. The card
guarantees 100-percent security for e-commerce
transactions by providing authentication of the parties
involved, by means of encryption and digital
signatures.[5]
22. SMART TOYS
These days the trend in toys is to make them as life-like as
possible which move or change directions after sensing objects
around them.
SMART DUST:
Smart dust is a hypothetical wireless network of tiny micro-electro-
mechanical (MEMS) sensors, robots, or devices, which
can detect (for example) light, temperature, or vibration. The
devices will eventually be the size of a grain of sand, or even a
dust particle, with each mote having self-contained sensing,
computation, communication and power.[6]
23. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
A number of smart sensors for biomedical applications have
also been developed by using chip technology .e.g. biochips
Cyto-sensor micro-physio-meter: biological applications of
silicon technology.
MEMS AND PROCESS CONTROL
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) is a class of
systems that are physically small. These systems have both
electrical and mechanical components. MEMS originally used
modified integrated circuit (computer chip) fabrication
techniques and materials to create these very small mechanical
devices
24. DEFENCE APPLICATIONS
Smart cameras that can operate sophisticated software
analytics onboard the camera itself, and then report alarms
remotely using IP networking facilities. It has ability to
perform object detection, crowd pattern analysis, secure zone
intrusion detection, and so on boost the efficiency and
accuracy of a human operator who is likely monitoring
multiple banks of displays.
Smart sensor equipments helps in monitoring a wide variety of
parameters like EMI, fatigue loading, thermal cycling,
vibration and shock levels, acoustic emissions and corrosive
environments
25. 6. SUMMARY
Automization can’t be imagined without the smart sensors.
These sensors are potentially cheaper, offer higher
performance and reliability, and are much smaller in size than
their discrete counterparts. They have also been employed in
applications including transportation and health care and in
large part have fulfilled their promise.
Sensor signals can be amplified and properly processed, are
multiplexed and are buffered ready to be received by micro-processor
on these signals and offer a standard data stream to
the user thus making the entire sensing module behave like a
system periphery rather than a passive component.
26. REFERENCES
1. Frank. R; “Understanding the Smart Sensors”; Artech House;
Second edition; Page 1-5; 2000
2. Nitaigour P. Mahalik: Sensor Networks and Configuration.
Fundamentals, Standards, Platforms and Applications. Springer
Verlag Berlin, english, 1st ed. November 2006, ISBN 3-540-
37364-0, ISBN 978-3-540-37364-3
3. Borky J M and Wise K D 1979 Integrated signal conditioning for
silicon pressure sensors IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices ED-26
1906-10
4. M. Bowen, G. Smith, “Considerations for the design of smart
sensors,” Sensors and Actuators, A 46- 47(1995) 516-520.
5. S. Middelhoer and A.C. Hoogerwerf, “Smart sensors when and
where,” Sensors and Actuators, 8(1985) 39-48.
6. http://www.smartsensortechnologies.com/fs-system.html
[Retrieved on 11-11-2014]