The document discusses sensors and temperature sensors. It defines a sensor as a device that detects and responds to physical input from the environment and converts it into a readable signal. It then discusses different types of temperature sensors like thermocouples, thermistors, and RTDs that detect temperature changes by measuring properties like voltage, resistance, or current. Finally, it provides examples of infrared temperature sensors and optical pyrometers that can measure the temperature of moving or hot objects non-contactly and discusses common temperature sensor uses.

1. Presented By
Dr. Bikash Das
Department of Electrical Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering and Textile
Technology, Berhampore

2.  Definition of Sensor
 Function of Sensor
 Need of Sensor
 Type of Sensor
 Classification of Sensor
 Application of Sensor
 Conclusion
 Future trends

3. A sensor is a input device that detects and responds to some
type of input from the physical environment (such as light,
heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great
number of other environmental phenomena) and generates
a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the
sensor location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.

4.  Detect Physical response
 Response to the change of the input response
 Convert the input response into human-readable or
electrical/electronically transmittable signal

5. To Sense / Detect the input physical response
To convert the change in input response into human
readable or electrical/electronically transmitted data
Help the controller to take necessary action based on
input from sensors
Help the controller to make perfect decision
Help the system to be automated

7. Sensor are made of different materials ,
 Metalic sensor
 Chemical sensor
 Semiconductor
 Bio sensor
 Optical sensor
 Electo-magnetic
 etc

8.  1. Temperature Sensor
 2. Proximity Sensor
 3. Infrared Sensor
 4. Light Sensor
 5. Accelerometer sensor
 6. Pressure Sensor
 7. Ultrasonic Sensor
 8. Touch Sensor
 9. Smoke, Gas, Alcohol
 10. Humidity Sensor
 11. Flow and level sensor
 12. Tilt Sensor

9. 1. Distance
2.
Temperature
3. Sound
Intensity
4. Pressure 5. Proximity
6. Speed 7. Velocity 8. Torque 9. Tilt 10.Oxygen
11.
Acceleration
12. RF
Radiation
13.Altitude 14. Motion 15. Crushing
16.
Conductivity
17. Flow 18. Level 19. Force
20. Hydro
Carbon
21. Microwave Radiation and many more

10. 1. Acoustic 2. Capacitive 3. Doppler
4. Electro
Magnetic
5. Electro-
Mechanical
6. Thermistor 7. Hall effect 8. Inductance
9. Infrared 10. Laser 11. Microwave 12. Optic
13. Radiofrequency 14. Ultrasonic 15. Giant Magento resistance (GMR)

11.  Based on different aspect sensors may be classified as
followed
 In the first classification of the sensors, they are divided in
to Active and Passive.
 Based on detection used:
 Electric,
 Biological,
 Chemical,
 Radioactive
 etc.

12.  Based on conversion phenomenon
Photoelectric
Thermoelectric
 Electrochemical
 Electromagnetic
Thermooptic
etc.
 Based on nature of signal
Analog
Digital

13.  The following is a list of different types of sensors that are
commonly used in various applications.
 All these sensors are used for measuring one of the physical
properties like Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance,
Conduction, Heat Transfer etc.
 Temperature Sensor
 Proximity Sensor
 Accelerometer
 IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
 Pressure Sensor
 Light Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor

14.  Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
 Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 Position Sensor
 Magnetic Sensor (Hall Effect Sensor)
 Microphone (Sound Sensor)
 Tilt Sensor
 Flow and Level Sensor
 PIR Sensor
 Touch Sensor
 Strain and Weight Sensor

19.  Here are some of the automotive applications of sensors
given below:
 Braking and Traction control
 Air Bags – Anti Cushion Restraint System (ACRS)
 Avoiding Collisions
 Comfort and Convenience
 Engine Data
 Etc.

21. Some of the applications are:
 Blood pressure monitoring (self).
 Continuous glucose monitoring by Individuals.
 Automatic measurement of vitals of the patient and
sending it to the patient’s doctor.
 More home care facilities and ambulatory treatments.
 Automatic detection of visitors spreading the disease to
patients in hospitals.
 Decentralized laboratories.
 Robotics in Operation Theater.

22. Here are some of the manufacturing applications of sensors
given below:
 Predictive maintenance of the machinery, Assembly
equipment using the data collected from sensors in
the machines.
 Optimal utilization of Machines by continuously
monitoring the performances and effectively operations
with the data collected from sensors.
 Fine-tuning the Quality systems and enhance the quality
standards using the data collected from sensors. Design
notifications and alerts in case of a deterioration of quality
and process standards.
 Agility in reacting to market demands.

24.  Sensors in ship measures fuel tank levels, liquid cargo
levels, tank pressure/temperature. Pitch, roll, speed and
other vessel moments are also measured and monitored
with sensors’ help. There are a lot of sensors in Engines
measuring typical attributes of internal combustion
parameters.

26.  Mobile
 Train
 Traffic Signal
 Electrical protection devices
 Computer/Laptop
 Automatic pumping system
 Etc.

28.  Relay
 CT
 PT
 MCB
 Fuse

29.  Sensors are the integral part of automatic system
 Sensor helps to make right decisions.
 Sensor provide feedback to the system.
 Sensor makes the system more perfect.
 Sensor makes process easier.
 Sensor makes our life more comfortable.

30.  IoT adoption by Industries is taking the usage of
sensors’ applications to the next level.
 The data generated by sensors and collected in the
database through the IoT application presents a
valuable asset to the organization, and people.
 Sensor is going to be an important part in the
modern automatic system.

36.  A temperature sensor is a device that detects whether a
substance is hot or cold.
 The device could be a thermocouple or a resistance temperature
detector, which gives temperature measurement in the readable
form via an electrical signal.

37.  Due to the wide temperature operating range,
reliability, accuracy, simplicity, and sensitivity
thermocouples are considered as one of the most
common temperature sensors.
 A thermocouple is made up of two dissimilar
metals, such as copper and constantan. One of
these junctions, known as the Cold junction, and
another junction is called Hot junction.
 A cold junction is always kept at a specific
(constant) temperature, while the other end, the
hot junction, is the measuring junction.
 A voltage drop is developed across the junction on
being subjected to temperature

38.  Thermistors are extremely small devices.
 It consists of a sensing element that can be glass or
epoxy coated, as well as two wires that link to an
electric circuit.
 Temperature is determined by measuring the
change in resistance of an electric current.

39.  RTD sensor is made up of either platinum, copper,
or nickel.
 RTDs have a reliable resistance vs. temperature
relationship and operate between –200°C and
+850°C.
 RTDs have a resistor that changes the value of the
resistor according to the value of temperature
changes.

40.  Infrared (IR) Temperature Sensors
 IR temperature sensor is used to detect the temperature
of a moving object.
 We cannot use a contact-based temperature sensor on a
moving object.
 IR sensors are used to detect the temperature of moving
objects such as tires, brakes, etc.
 Optical Pyrometer
 It is a temperature measurement sensor used to detect
the temperature of molten metals, furnaces, and in some
cases liquids too.
 It is a prime example of a non-contact temperature
sensor.

41.  LM35 is a classic Analog Temperature Sensor.
 DS18B20 is a simple Digital Temperature Sensor.
 Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like
computers, mobile phones, automobiles, air
conditioning systems, industries etc.