There are four main types of animal tissues: muscular, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissue. Muscular tissue includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue contains neurons and glial cells that help conduct electrical signals. Connective tissue includes several types that provide binding, support, protection and storage functions. Epithelial tissue has cell shapes and layers that act as barriers and aid movement of materials. The document then lists and briefly describes the 11 major organ systems in animals and their functions, including the muscular, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, skeletal and skin systems.

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AP Biology - Core Concept Cheat Sheet
19: Animal Form
Animal Tissues
Four major types
■ Each type is made up of same type of cells
• Muscular Tissue
■ Skeletal muscle: consists of filaments of myosin and
actin with alternating banding
■ Smooth: Lack the banding, also consists of actin and
myosin
■ Cardiac muscle: striated
muscle found only in the
heart. For heart beating.
• Nervous Tissue
■ Neurons
■ A cell body: contains the
nucleus, mitochondria and
other organelles
■ An axon: Long fibers that
carry signals away from the
cell body
■ Many dendrites: receive
information from another cell
and transmit the message to
the cell body
■ Glial Cells:
■ Nonconducting cells that serve as support cells in the
nervous system and help to protect neurons
• Connective Tissue
■ Loose Connective Tissue, e.g., adipose tissue
■ Fibrous Connective Tissue, e.g.,tendons
Special types
■ Cartilage
■ Bone
■ Blood
Functions
■ Binding
■ Supporting
■ Protecting
■ Forming blood
■ Storing fats
■ Filling space
• Epithelial Tissue
• Cell Shape: three types
■ Squamous epithelium is flattened cells.
■ Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells.
■ Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells.
• Cell layer: three types
■ Simple epithelium has only a single cell layer.
■ Stratified epithelium has more than one layer of
cells
■ Pseudostratified epithelium is a single layer of cells
so shaped that they appear at first glance to form
two layers.
• Functions
■ Movement of materials in, out, or around the body.
■ Protection of the internal environment against the
external environment.
■ Secretion of a product.
11 Organ Systems
• Muscular system:
■ All skeleton-attached muscles
■ For movement and body temperature regulation
• Digestive System
■ Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Liver,
Pancreas, Gallbladder, Colon (large intestine), Rectum,
and Anus
■ Food ingest and digestion.
• Respiratory System
■ Nose, Pharynx, Larynx,Trachea, Bronchi, and Lung
■ Exchange gas between body and environment
• Cardiovascular System
■ Blood vessels, Blood and Heart.
-- Arteries: from heart
-- Veins: to heart
-- Capillaries: from arteries to veins
■ Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, chemical signals etc
• Lymphatic System
■ Central lymphoid tissue
-- Bone Marrow: produce all cells in immune system
-- Thymus: T cell maturation
■ Peripheral lymphoid tissue
-- Lymph nodes
-- Lymphatic sinuses, blood vessels, parenchyma
Spleen
-- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
■ Function is defense
• Excretory System
■ Liver, Skin and Urinary System
■ Removes organic wastes; maintaining fluid levels
• Endocrine System
■ Composed of all glands in body
■ Hormone secretion
• Reproductive System
■ Male: testicles, Duct system (epididimys, vas deferens),
Accessory gland (seminal vesecle, prostate), and Penis.
■ Female: Fallopian tubes Ovaries , Uterus Vagina,
Accessory glands, and External genital organs.
■ Function: reproduction
• Nervous System
■ Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and
peripheral nervous system
■ Sense the environment and process the signal,
coordinate muscle movement
• Skeletal System
■ Bones
■ Support for the body, producing blood and immune cells,
support muscle movement and store minerals.
• Skin System
■ Skin, hair, nail, and skin-associated glands
■ Protection, exchange and secretion
Animal Cell
Cell Body
Axon
Dentrites
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Centrosome
Nucleu
Lysosom
Mitochondria
Golgi
Apparatus
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Peroxisome