an-exploratory-modelling-study-on-late-pleistocene-mega-tsunamis-triggered-by-giant-submarine-landslides-in-the-mediterranean-open-journal-of-oceanography-peertechz-journals
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Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose geological fingerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110 ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 ...
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Sea floor spreading
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
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Lesson 6 discusses sea floor spreading and how it leads to continental drift. Magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust rocks provided evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and sea floor spreading. As tectonic plates move apart, new magma fills the gap and forms new sea floor, recording the magnetic signature of the time. The older the sea floor rock, the further it is located from the mid-ocean ridge where new sea floor is being created. This magnetic reversal pattern in sea floor sediments provided strong evidence that sea floor is indeed continually being created and pushed apart as the theory of plate tectonics suggests.
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1. Earth-sun geometry - variations in the Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and precession affect the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth, according to the Milankovitch Theory.
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The document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. It describes how Harry Hess first proposed in 1962 that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity and magma cooling. As more magma is added, it pushes older ocean crust further from the ridges, providing evidence that the plates are moving. Studies of magnetic reversals in ocean floor basalts also indicate the age of the crust increases further from ridges, confirming seafloor is continually being created and destroyed over time.
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1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
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Scientists used new techniques like sonar and submersibles in the 1950s-1960s to better observe the ocean floor. They discovered mid-ocean ridges and the theory of seafloor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and pushes plates apart over time. The movement of plates causes the splitting of continents and creation of oceans. Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that seafloor spreading occurs and plates have moved over millions of years.
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Lesson 6 discusses sea floor spreading and how it leads to continental drift. Magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust rocks provided evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and sea floor spreading. As tectonic plates move apart, new magma fills the gap and forms new sea floor, recording the magnetic signature of the time. The older the sea floor rock, the further it is located from the mid-ocean ridge where new sea floor is being created. This magnetic reversal pattern in sea floor sediments provided strong evidence that sea floor is indeed continually being created and pushed apart as the theory of plate tectonics suggests.
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Rock samples near mid-ocean ridges provided evidence for sea floor spreading. The youngest rocks were found near the ridges, with older rocks located farther away, showing that new crust was being created at the ridges over time. Additional evidence came from magnetic striping patterns in the rocks, which recorded changes in Earth's magnetic field during the formation of new ocean crust along the ridges. Hydrothermal vents at the ridges also indicated that magma chambers must be close to the surface in order to heat the water emerging from the vents.
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Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
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The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
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Earth and Life Science
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The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
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Convection currents
Convection currents in the Earth's interior are thought to cause folding and mountain building by dragging tectonic plates. Convection currents are driven by heat from the Earth's core, radioactive decay in the mantle and crust, and cooling of the mantle. Mapping of rock formations and magnetic reversals at ocean ridges provided evidence that supports plate tectonics and convection currents driving the movement of plates.
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Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the
Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose
geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110
ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP). This
paper presents an exploratory study on the tsunamigenic potential of these slides by using a numerical
model based on the 2D depth-averaged non-linear barotropic shallow water equations.
Annals of Limnology and Oceanography
This document summarizes an exploratory modeling study of mega-tsunamis that could have been triggered by giant submarine landslides in the Mediterranean Sea during the Late Pleistocene period. The study models three specific landslide events: the BIG'95 landslide which deposited 26 km3 off the Ebro continental slope 11.5 thousand years ago, the Herodotus Basin Megaturbidite which deposited 400 km3 in the eastern Mediterranean around 27.1 thousand years ago, and the Nile delta fan landslide SL2 which deposited around 500 km3 around 110 thousand years ago. The modeling uses numerical simulations based on shallow water equations to study the potential tsunamis generated by these landslide events, including propagation
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The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
Sea-Floor Spreading Notes - Jenny
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
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Magma rises from the Earth's interior along mid-ocean ridges, cooling and forming new seafloor. According to the theory of seafloor spreading, sediments should be thicker and older further from ridges, where the seafloor is younger near ridges and ages farther away. Drilling in the 1960s validated this by finding thicker, older sediments located farther from ridge centers, consistent with the fossil record.
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1st quarter grade 10 science - seafloor spreading theory and its evidences good for 2 hours.I hope the videos included will play
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This document summarizes a study analyzing a natural fault exposure along the Wasatch Fault Zone in Utah using digital remote logging techniques. The study identified at least two past seismic events between 500-3,000 years ago through 3D modeling of the fault plane, with estimated slip of 0.5-2.5 meters. While the amount of slip was relatively minor, the soil destabilization poses risks to nearby housing. Correlating these events to other sites may help determine if fault segment ruptures occurred simultaneously.
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The document summarizes the theory of continental drift, which was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. It explains that the continents move across the ocean bed due to shifting tectonic plates at a rate of 1 to 10 cm per year. This movement of plates causes volcanic and seismic activity at plate boundaries. The document also discusses Pangaea, a supercontinent that existed 300 million years ago before breaking apart over 100 million years.
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The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
Convection in the mantle
Convection in the mantle refers to the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface. The mantle is located between the crust and outer core, and is around 2,900 km thick. Mantle convection involves the circulation of heated parts of the mantle rock, with typical speeds of 20 mm/yr near the crust, though shallow convection can be faster than deeper convection. A full convection cycle in the upper mantle takes around 50 million years.
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The document discusses key concepts related to plate tectonics. It states that plate tectonics is a theory that the Earth's surface consists of large moving plates (E). It also notes that sea floor spreading supports this theory (C) and that deep sea trenches form when plates are pulled toward the Earth's center (D). Finally, it mentions that plate tectonics can explain features like mid-oceanic ridges and deep sea trenches (A).
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Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain over 97% of the planet's water. They absorb heat from the sun, regulating the climate. Ocean basins formed over millions of years through plate tectics, creating features like mid-ocean ridges and trenches. Scientists study the oceans through various disciplines to better understand ocean processes, life, and influence on weather. The seafloor contains diverse topographic areas from continental shelves and slopes to abyssal plains and undersea volcanoes.
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Geologists study the solid and liquid materials that make up Earth and the processes that have shaped it over time. The Earth has four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost solid layer composed of silicate rock. Below is the mantle, which is separated into the liquid outer core made of iron and nickel that generates the planet's magnetic field, and the inner solid core with extremely high temperatures over 5,000 degrees Celsius.
Subduction zone
A subduction zone occurs at a convergent plate boundary where one tectonic plate slides under another, as seen at the Cascadia Subduction Zone where the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting under the North American plate. This convergence can cause earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes due to the interaction of the continental and oceanic plates. Subduction zones can involve both continental and oceanic crust.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
Plate tectonics (science)
Geologists discovered that the Earth has three layers - the crust, mantle, and core. They also discovered that the crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. This theory of plate tectonics explains how plates move apart at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges, move together at convergent boundaries, and slide past each other at transform boundaries, causing earthquakes and forming mountains.
Convection currents
Convection currents in the Earth's interior are thought to cause folding and mountain building by dragging tectonic plates. Convection currents are driven by heat from the Earth's core, radioactive decay in the mantle and crust, and cooling of the mantle. Mapping of rock formations and magnetic reversals at ocean ridges provided evidence that supports plate tectonics and convection currents driving the movement of plates.
Unifying theory
A unifying theory explains diverse observations across a science by relating seemingly unrelated phenomena. Plate tectonics unifies earth sciences by explaining earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain formation, and more. It affects climate, organisms, and resource distribution. Early scientists noted matching rock sequences and glaciation on continents like India, Australia, and South America, proposing they were once joined in a supercontinent called Gondwanaland. Later, others presented hypotheses of continental drift and a supercontinent called Pangaea formed by drifting continents. Studies of paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading at ocean ridges, and radiometric dating provided evidence that supported plate tectonics theory.
Earth's Internal Structure
Earth's Internal Structure - Earth and Life Science / Earth Science for SHS
I do not own any material in this presentation. Credits go to their respective owners.
Earth dynamic system
The document discusses key concepts in earth system dynamics including:
1. It describes the solid earth system, plate tectonics, and various earth cycles like the hydrologic and tectonic cycles.
2. It explains the interaction between different subsystems that make up the biosphere and earth system like the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere.
3. It provides examples of different depositional environmental subsystems and phenomena like El Nino and La Nina that impact atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
Planetarymotionhistoricalpeopleinastronomy 131204162554-phpapp02
The universe contains billions of galaxies, each with billions of stars. A galaxy is a group of stars held together by gravity, and there are three main types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Stars are formed from the collapse of large clouds of dust and gas under the force of gravity. Our solar system contains eight planets that orbit the Sun, including Earth. Copernicus first proposed that planets orbit the Sun, while Kepler developed the three laws of planetary motion describing their elliptical orbits and periods.
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The document discusses various landforms and geological features found on Mars, and compares them to similar features on Earth. It provides evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars, including images of Martian pack ice and measurements showing the Martian poles melted 20 million years ago. It also notes that erosion by wind is actively shaping the surface of Mars today, as seen in dune formations with multiple layers of smaller sand bedforms.
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Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the
Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose
geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110
ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP). This
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that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying lithosphere (figure 5.1 iA). As a result, the lithosphere is stretched, causing the brittle crustal rocks to break into large slabs. As the tectonic forces continue to pull the crust apart, these crustal fragments sink, generating an elongated depression called a continental rift (figure 5.1 ib).
A modern example of an active continental rift is the East African Rift (figure s. i 2). Whether this rift will eventually result in the breakup of Africa is a topic of continued research. Nevertheless, the East African Rift is an excellent model of the initial stage in the breakup of a continent. Here, tensional forces have stretched and thinned the crust, allowing molten rock to ascend from the mantle. Evidence for recent volcanic activity includes several large volcanic mountains including Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the tallest peaks in Africa. Research suggests that if rifting continues, the rift valley will lengthen and deepen, eventually extending out to the margin of the landmass (r;<;ur.E 5.1 ic). At this point, the rift will become a narrow sea with an outlet to the ocean. The Red Sea, which formed when the Arabian Peninsula split from Africa, is a modern example of such a feature. Consequently, the Red Sea provides us with a view of how the Atlantic Ocean may have looked in its infancy (figure 5.1 id).
QEOD^
Forces Within sSWHBe Plate Tectonics
New lithosphere is constantly being produced at the oceanic ridges; however, our planet is not growing larger—its total surface area remains constant. A balance is maintained because older, denser portions of oceanic lithosphere descend into the mantle at a rate equal to seafloor production. This activity occurs along convergent (con = together, vergere = to move) boundaries, where two plates move toward each other and the leading edge of one is bent downward, as it slides beneath the other.
Convergent boundaries are also called subduction zones, because they are sites where lithosphere is descending (being subducted) into the mantle. Subduction occurs because the density of the descending tectonic plate is greater than the density of the underlying asthenosphere. In general, oceanic lithosphere is more dense than the asthenosphere, whereas continental lithosphere is
(
Upwarping
figure 5.11
Continental rifting and the formation of a new ocean basin.
A.
The initial stage of con tinental rifting tends to include upwelling in the mantle that is associated with broad doming of the lith-osphere.Tensional forces and buoyant uplifting of the heated lithosphere cause the crust to be broken into large slabs.
b.
A
s the crust is pulled apart, large slabs of rock sink, generating a rift valley.
C.
Further spreading generates a narrow sea, similar to the present-day Red Sea.
D.
Eventually, an expansive ocean basin and ridge system are created.
)less dense and resists subduction. As a consequence, only oceanic lithosphere will subd ...
Earthquakes 120813070301-phpapp02
1) An earthquake occurs when rocks underground break due to accumulated stress exceeding their strength, releasing seismic waves. 2) Seismic waves include body waves that travel through the earth's interior and surface waves that travel along its surface. 3) Earthquake location is determined by measuring the time delays between P and S wave arrivals at multiple seismograph stations and triangulating the epicenter.
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plate tectonic 2.pptx
The topic of plate tectonics is largely based on Alfred Wegner's theory of continental drift, which became accepted with the discovery of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean, and after fossil, flora, and geological studies in Africa and South America. In this lesson, students will learn about Earth’s structure, differences between various types of tectonic plate boundaries, their outcomes, and their connection to locations of volcanoes and earthquake activity.
252 CHAPTER 8Geologic Time (232 chapter 7Fire.docx
252 CHAPTER 8 Geologic Time
(
232
chapter 7
Fires Within: Igneous Activity
figure
7.31
Seattle, Washington, with Mount Rainier in the background. (Photo by Ken Straiton/Corbis)
)
Until recently the dominant view of Western societies was that humans possess the wherewithal to subdue volcanoes and other types of catastrophic natural hazards. Today it is apparent that volcanoes are not only very destructive but unpredictable as well. With this awareness, a new attitude is developing—"How do we live with volcanoes?"
Volcanic Hazards
Volcanoes produce a wide variety of potential hazards that can kill people and wildlife, as well as destroy property (figure 7.32). Perhaps the greatest threats to life are pyroclastic flows. These hot mixtures of gas, ash, and pumice that sometimes exceed 800°C race down the flanks of volcanoes, giving people little chance to escape.
Lahars, which can occur even when a volcano is quiet, are perhaps the next most dangerous volcanic hazard (figure 7.33). These mixtures of volcanic debris and water can flow for tens of kilometers down steep volcanic slopes at speeds that may exceed 100 kilometers (60 miles) per hour. Lahars pose a potential threat to many communities downstream from glacier-clad volcanoes such as Mount Rainier. Other potentially destructive mass-wasting events include the rapid collapse of the volcano's summit or flank.
Other obvious hazards include explosive eruptions that can endanger people and property hundreds of miles from a
Eruption cloud
Prevailing wind
Ash fall
2009 steam and ash cloud
(
figure
7.33
Soufriere Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat has been active since 1995. A pyroclastic flow destroyed the airport and the capital city, Plymouth. About two thirds of the population have left the island. (NASA Photo)
) (
Lava dome collapse
Pyroclastic flow
) (
Fumaroles
Lava flow
Lahar (mud or debris flow)
figure
7.3
2
Simplified drawing showing a wide variety of natural hazards associated with volcanoes. (After U.S. Geological Survey)
)
Acid rain
Pyroclastic flow
Jf^- Eruption column
Bombs Collapse of flank Lava dome
(
The Chapter in Review
233
figure
7.34
Monitoring South Sister Volcano, Cascade Range, Oregon. This geologist is measuring the degree of infla
tion of the volcano's surface for potential eruptive activity.
)
volcano. During the past 15 years at least 80 commercial jets have been damaged by inadvertently flying into clouds of volcanic ash (Figure 7.33). One of these was a near crash that occurred in 1989 when a Boeing 747, with more than 300 passengers aboard, encountered an ash cloud from Alaska's Redoubt volcano. All four engines stalled after they became clogged with ash. Fortunately, the engines were restarted at the last minute and the aircraft managed to land safely in Anchorage.
Monitoring Volcanic Activity
Today a number of volcano-monitoring techniques are employed, with most of them aimed at detec.
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 1
This document discusses several topics related to earthquakes and earthquake engineering:
- Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates along fault lines in the earth's crust.
- The interior structure of the earth is layered, with a solid crust, highly viscous mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Earthquake ground motions can be amplified by local surface geology and sediment thickness, influencing seismic damage. Proper understanding of ground conditions is important for hazard assessment and mitigation.
Tsunami warning system
This document summarizes a presentation about tsunami warning systems. It defines what a tsunami is, noting that it is a large wave created by undersea disturbances that can cause massive destruction. It then explains that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed 80,000 could have been less devastating if an effective warning system had been in place. Such a system uses detectors on the seafloor to detect disturbances, sends data to buoys at the surface which transmit to satellites and then ground stations, allowing for warnings. It also briefly describes how tsunamis propagate and grow in size as they reach shallow coastal waters.
EARTHQUAKE
This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
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- 1. Open Journal of Oceanography Peertechz Journals
- 2. RESEARCH ARTICLE An Exploratory Modelling Study on Late Pleistocene Mega-Tsunamis Triggered By Giant Submarine Landslides in the Mediterranean JM Abri and Raul Perianez* *Corresponding author: Raúl Periáñez, Applied Physics, ETSIA, University of Seville, Ctra Utrera km 1, 41013- Sevilla, Spain, Tel: +34 954486474; Fax: +34 954486436; Dates: Received: 23 January, 2017; Accepted: 28 February, 2017; Published: 01 March, 2017 Citation: Abri JM, Perianez R (2017) An Exploratory Modelling Study on Late Pleistocene Mega-Tsunamis Triggered By Giant Submarine Landslides in the Mediterranean. Open J Oceanography 2(1): 007-0024
- 3. Abstract Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110 ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP). This paper presents an exploratory study on the tsunamigenic potential of these slides by using a numerical model based on the 2D depth- averaged non-linear barotropic shallow water equations. The sliding mass is modelled both as a rigid block with a prescribed motion and as a viscous fl ow layer. The 26 km3 debris fl ow BIG’95 scenario (at the Ebro continental slope, 11.5 ka BP) served for model com-parison against independent modelling works. Based upon the available geologicalstudies, several source scenarios have been modelled. Our results show that the generated tsunamis would have had up to hundred fold the peak energy of some extreme historical ones, such as the 1755 Lisbon tsunami. Thus, the HBM tsunami could have reached peak energies over one hundred Megatons, producing runups over 50 m height along some 1300 km2 of shoreline in the eastern Mediterranean.
- 4. Thank you For more information Read Online Article… https://www.peertechz.com/articles/an-exploratory-modelling-study-on-late-pleistocene-mega- tsunamis-triggered-by-giant-submarine-landslides-in-the-mediterranean.pdf For Full Article PDF