The document discusses three main causes of climate change: 1. Earth-sun geometry - variations in the Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and precession affect the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth, according to the Milankovitch Theory. 2. Volcanic eruptions - Large eruptions can inject huge amounts of volcanic material like ash and gases into the atmosphere, reflecting sunlight back into space and lowering global temperatures for years. Major eruptions have been linked to extinction events. 3. Solar output - Small variations in the amount of energy emitted by the Sun may also influence Earth's climate on long timescales.

5. The Causes
1. Earth-Sun Geometry
• The Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch is best
known for developing one of the most significant theories
relating Earth motions and long-term climate change.
• Milankovitch dedicated his career to developing a
mathematical theory of climate based on the seasonal and
latitudinal variations of solar radiation received by the
Earth.
• Now known as the Milankovitch Theory, it states that as
the Earth travels through space around the sun, cyclical
variations in three elements of Earth-sun geometry
combine to produce variations in the amount of solar
energy that reaches Earth:
– Variations in the Earth's orbital eccentricity—the shape of the
orbit around the sun.
– Changes in obliquity—changes in the angle that Earth's axis makes
with the plane of Earth's orbit.
– Precession—the change in the direction of the Earth's axis of
rotation, i.e., the axis of rotation behaves like the spin axis of a
top that is winding down; hence it traces a circle on the celestial
sphere over a period of time.
• Together, the periods of these orbital motions have
become known as Milankovitch cycles.

6. The Causes
1. Earth-Sun Geometry

7. The Causes
1. Earth-Sun Geometry

9. 2. Volcanic eruptions
Scientists are quite certain that over a period
of several million years, increased volcanism
can create enough dust and soot to block out
sunlight and produce climatic change.
For instance at the end of the Cretaceous
period and beginning of the Tertiary (known as
the KT boundary) there was increased volcanic
activity, with huge volcanic eruptions spewing
forth floods of lava. The Deccan traps in India
are an example of K-T boundary ruptures in
the Earth's surface, which may have lead to the
extinction of dinosaurs.
512,000 cubic km = the 1980 eruption of
Mount St. Helens produced 1 cubic km of
volcanic material. 60-65 Myr BP

10. •In the stratosphere circled the globe for three weeks.
Effect:
•Reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface = lowering
2. Volcanic eruptions
temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.
• Large-scale volcanic activity may last only a few days, but the massive outpouring of
gases and ash can influence climate patterns for years. Sulfuric gases convert to sulfate
aerosols, sub-micron droplets containing about 75 percent sulfuric acid. Following
eruptions, these aerosol particles can linger as long as three to four years in the
stratosphere.
Major eruptions alter the Earth's radiative balance because volcanic aerosol clouds
absorb terrestrial radiation, and scatter a significant amount of the incoming solar
radiation, an effect known as quot;radiative forcingquot; that can last from two to three years
following a volcanic eruption.
quot;Volcanic eruptions cause short-term climate changes and contribute to natural climate
variability,quot; says Georgiy Stenchikov, a research professor with the Department of
Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University. quot;Exploring effects of volcanic eruption
allows us to better understand important physical mechanisms in the climate system
that are initiated by volcanic forcing.quot;
•

13. 3. Solar output