252 CHAPTER 8 Geologic Time
(
232
chapter 7
Fires Within: Igneous Activity
figure
7.31
Seattle, Washington, with Mount Rainier in the background. (Photo by Ken Straiton/Corbis)
)
Until recently the dominant view of Western societies was that humans possess the wherewithal to subdue volcanoes and other types of catastrophic natural hazards. Today it is apparent that volcanoes are not only very destructive but unpredictable as well. With this awareness, a new attitude is developing—"How do we live with volcanoes?"
Volcanic Hazards
Volcanoes produce a wide variety of potential hazards that can kill people and wildlife, as well as destroy property (figure 7.32). Perhaps the greatest threats to life are pyroclastic flows. These hot mixtures of gas, ash, and pumice that sometimes exceed 800°C race down the flanks of volcanoes, giving people little chance to escape.
Lahars, which can occur even when a volcano is quiet, are perhaps the next most dangerous volcanic hazard (figure 7.33). These mixtures of volcanic debris and water can flow for tens of kilometers down steep volcanic slopes at speeds that may exceed 100 kilometers (60 miles) per hour. Lahars pose a potential threat to many communities downstream from glacier-clad volcanoes such as Mount Rainier. Other potentially destructive mass-wasting events include the rapid collapse of the volcano's summit or flank.
Other obvious hazards include explosive eruptions that can endanger people and property hundreds of miles from a
Eruption cloud
Prevailing wind
Ash fall
2009 steam and ash cloud
(
figure
7.33
Soufriere Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat has been active since 1995. A pyroclastic flow destroyed the airport and the capital city, Plymouth. About two thirds of the population have left the island. (NASA Photo)
) (
Lava dome collapse
Pyroclastic flow
) (
Fumaroles
Lava flow
Lahar (mud or debris flow)
figure
7.3
2
Simplified drawing showing a wide variety of natural hazards associated with volcanoes. (After U.S. Geological Survey)
)
Acid rain
Pyroclastic flow
Jf^- Eruption column
Bombs Collapse of flank Lava dome
(
The Chapter in Review
233
figure
7.34
Monitoring South Sister Volcano, Cascade Range, Oregon. This geologist is measuring the degree of infla
tion of the volcano's surface for potential eruptive activity.
)
volcano. During the past 15 years at least 80 commercial jets have been damaged by inadvertently flying into clouds of volcanic ash (Figure 7.33). One of these was a near crash that occurred in 1989 when a Boeing 747, with more than 300 passengers aboard, encountered an ash cloud from Alaska's Redoubt volcano. All four engines stalled after they became clogged with ash. Fortunately, the engines were restarted at the last minute and the aircraft managed to land safely in Anchorage.
Monitoring Volcanic Activity
Today a number of volcano-monitoring techniques are employed, with most of them aimed at detec.
HOW TO AVOID THE EXTINCTION OF HUMANITY FROM THREATS CAUSED BY PLANET EARTH A...Faga1939
This article aims to present how to prevent the extinction of humanity from threats caused by planet Earth and human beings in the present and in the future. The threats caused by planet Earth and human beings are the following: 1) Cooling of the Earth's core; 2) Eruption of volcanoes; 3) Global climate change caused by humans; 4) Pandemics caused by humans; and, 5) Wars caused by humans.
HOW TO AVOID THE EXTINCTION OF HUMANITY FROM THREATS CAUSED BY PLANET EARTH A...Faga1939
This article aims to present how to prevent the extinction of humanity from threats caused by planet Earth and human beings in the present and in the future. The threats caused by planet Earth and human beings are the following: 1) Cooling of the Earth's core; 2) Eruption of volcanoes; 3) Global climate change caused by humans; 4) Pandemics caused by humans; and, 5) Wars caused by humans.
THE THREATS OF EXTINCTION TO HUMANITY CAUSED BY PLANET EARTH, HOW TO DEAL WIT...Faga1939
This article aims to present the threats to the extinction of humanity caused by the forces of nature existing on planet Earth, which concern the cooling of the core of planet Earth, the catastrophic eruptions of volcanoes and the inversion of the Earth's magnetic poles, as well as presenting how deal with them and avoid them. To deal with the cooling of the core of planet Earth, it is necessary to monitor the temperature of the core of planet Earth to adopt, when necessary, strategies to escape human beings to places that can be inhabited in the solar system, such as Mars, or outside it with possibility of sheltering human beings, before the loss of the Earth's magnetic field and the imbalance in the planet's food chain. To deal with volcano eruptions, it is necessary to monitor the volcanoes to prevent disasters of catastrophic proportions by adopting plans to evacuate populations in the areas covered by the volcanoes. In addition, it is necessary to adopt necessary measures to evacuate human beings to safe locations and, even, if necessary, outside planet Earth in places likely to be inhabited in the solar system or outside it in the case in which the eruption of volcanoes could lead to the threat of extinction of human beings, as has already occurred in the past. To deal with the reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles, it is very important that there is constant monitoring of the pole reversal to assess its effects, building underground dwellings and underground cities across the planet capable of sheltering human life and protecting it from cosmic radiation. and solar and adopt, when necessary, strategies for escaping humans from Earth to Mars or other locations in the solar system or outside it capable of sheltering human life. Furthermore, it is necessary to set up a global structure, a World Organization for the Defense Against Natural Catastrophes of global scope that has the capacity to technically coordinate the actions of countries in confronting the cooling of the core of planet Earth, the catastrophic eruptions of volcanoes and the inversion of the Earth's magnetic poles,
Overview talk about NASA's LCROSS Mission that provided an impact experiment to search for water within a permanently shadowed region at the lunar pole. Secondary payload, low cost, active risk management, successful. Mission ended Oct 9, 2009. The "impact" of the impact is rewriting science and exploration of our nearest neighbour.
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following Select a real o.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following:
Select a real or hypothetical crisis, such as a natural disaster (hurricane, tornado, flooding, or earthquake), a catastrophic building failure, or an act of terrorism.
Discuss resource management based on ethical approaches used during crisis management.
Consider issues such as patient triage or current as well as incoming patients, supply, and personnel availability.
Discuss and develop an authoritative chain of command for crisis management.
Include such responsibilities as Incident Commander, Communications Officer, and other members of the chain of command for the incident.
Discuss the importance and implementation of community communication, involvement, and coordination.
Discuss the necessary policies for personnel management and safety.
Include provisions for lock-down status and family communication abilities.
Outline the steps for supply chain management, both for personnel and the supplies needed to provide care.
.
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly wri.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly written and includes the following:
The attendance of an AA meeting. Describe the meeting's atmosphere, the participants and their appearances, details on the group discussion, engagement, timeframe, the pros and cons of the meeting, and other helpful information.
.
I need a 3 page research paper on Title Addictive being youn.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page research paper on
Title:
Addictive being young and older on Social Media, why activities outdoors can prevent addiction
In the attached zip file, I have provided 10 journals that you need to use for this research paper.
In the word doc, I have shared the topic and sub-topics that you have to use. And it also has guidelines from the teacher for this paper.
Due on Saturday, 13th March 4PM PST
.
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the i.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the information must be obtained from at least three original research articles, not from blogs news, etc.. must have work cited page. should include Introductory, Body(divided into smaller sections), Summary or Conclusion, followed by the references. I need this done by April 30, 2021 10:30pm Eastern Daylight Time
.
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. .docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. The paper needs to start with training the unit before deploying to Vietnam. How they perfected thier new traininf with helicopters. It needs to talk about both LTC Hal Moore and CSM Basil Plumbly. It needs to talk about how the unit remained resilient and how they over came racism and the battle in Vietnam.
.
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THE THREATS OF EXTINCTION TO HUMANITY CAUSED BY PLANET EARTH, HOW TO DEAL WIT...Faga1939
This article aims to present the threats to the extinction of humanity caused by the forces of nature existing on planet Earth, which concern the cooling of the core of planet Earth, the catastrophic eruptions of volcanoes and the inversion of the Earth's magnetic poles, as well as presenting how deal with them and avoid them. To deal with the cooling of the core of planet Earth, it is necessary to monitor the temperature of the core of planet Earth to adopt, when necessary, strategies to escape human beings to places that can be inhabited in the solar system, such as Mars, or outside it with possibility of sheltering human beings, before the loss of the Earth's magnetic field and the imbalance in the planet's food chain. To deal with volcano eruptions, it is necessary to monitor the volcanoes to prevent disasters of catastrophic proportions by adopting plans to evacuate populations in the areas covered by the volcanoes. In addition, it is necessary to adopt necessary measures to evacuate human beings to safe locations and, even, if necessary, outside planet Earth in places likely to be inhabited in the solar system or outside it in the case in which the eruption of volcanoes could lead to the threat of extinction of human beings, as has already occurred in the past. To deal with the reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles, it is very important that there is constant monitoring of the pole reversal to assess its effects, building underground dwellings and underground cities across the planet capable of sheltering human life and protecting it from cosmic radiation. and solar and adopt, when necessary, strategies for escaping humans from Earth to Mars or other locations in the solar system or outside it capable of sheltering human life. Furthermore, it is necessary to set up a global structure, a World Organization for the Defense Against Natural Catastrophes of global scope that has the capacity to technically coordinate the actions of countries in confronting the cooling of the core of planet Earth, the catastrophic eruptions of volcanoes and the inversion of the Earth's magnetic poles,
Overview talk about NASA's LCROSS Mission that provided an impact experiment to search for water within a permanently shadowed region at the lunar pole. Secondary payload, low cost, active risk management, successful. Mission ended Oct 9, 2009. The "impact" of the impact is rewriting science and exploration of our nearest neighbour.
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following Select a real o.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following:
Select a real or hypothetical crisis, such as a natural disaster (hurricane, tornado, flooding, or earthquake), a catastrophic building failure, or an act of terrorism.
Discuss resource management based on ethical approaches used during crisis management.
Consider issues such as patient triage or current as well as incoming patients, supply, and personnel availability.
Discuss and develop an authoritative chain of command for crisis management.
Include such responsibilities as Incident Commander, Communications Officer, and other members of the chain of command for the incident.
Discuss the importance and implementation of community communication, involvement, and coordination.
Discuss the necessary policies for personnel management and safety.
Include provisions for lock-down status and family communication abilities.
Outline the steps for supply chain management, both for personnel and the supplies needed to provide care.
.
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly wri.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly written and includes the following:
The attendance of an AA meeting. Describe the meeting's atmosphere, the participants and their appearances, details on the group discussion, engagement, timeframe, the pros and cons of the meeting, and other helpful information.
.
I need a 3 page research paper on Title Addictive being youn.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page research paper on
Title:
Addictive being young and older on Social Media, why activities outdoors can prevent addiction
In the attached zip file, I have provided 10 journals that you need to use for this research paper.
In the word doc, I have shared the topic and sub-topics that you have to use. And it also has guidelines from the teacher for this paper.
Due on Saturday, 13th March 4PM PST
.
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the i.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the information must be obtained from at least three original research articles, not from blogs news, etc.. must have work cited page. should include Introductory, Body(divided into smaller sections), Summary or Conclusion, followed by the references. I need this done by April 30, 2021 10:30pm Eastern Daylight Time
.
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. .docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. The paper needs to start with training the unit before deploying to Vietnam. How they perfected thier new traininf with helicopters. It needs to talk about both LTC Hal Moore and CSM Basil Plumbly. It needs to talk about how the unit remained resilient and how they over came racism and the battle in Vietnam.
.
I need a 200-word paper that answers the following questions:D.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 200-word paper that answers the following questions:
Describe the term Enterprise Architecture (EA), what it means, how it can be used, and the core elements on EA. What are the core elements within EA.?
Now compare EA to Information Systems – are there any similarities, any differences?
.
i need a 2 page essay on LA crimes as it pertains to Rape you will h.docxeugeniadean34240
i need a 2 page essay on LA crimes as it pertains to Rape you will have to response to the data regarding observed disparities in offenders vs. incarcertaion of Rape offense in Louisiana. also you will have to included a critical and well reasoned to the incarceration rate in Louisiana as a whole vs. the US.
.
I need a 1 page professional bio. My cover letter and resume i.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 1 page professional bio.
My cover letter and resume is attached.
As an experienced and motivated professional with exceptional leadership and interpersonal abilities, I am prepared to significantly contribute to your organization’s goals in this role.
My background lies in workforce and economic development, managing operations, teams, conflict resolution, and processes to propel revenue increases while realizing enhanced corporate success and productivity. From establishing and implementing visionary business strategies to driving employees to achieve peak performance levels, I excel at directing strategic enhancements to outperform open objectives while communicating openly and effectively with staff and management teams.
Highlights of my experience include the following:
Ø Excelling as the Manager of the workforce development team with the Shelby County Alternative Schools for the past 10 years, federal grant management, identifying employment opportunities for youth and adult offenders, educating and supporting clients through vocational training initiatives, evaluating client work interests and aptitudes, and connecting clients with eligible and appropriate employment programs.
Ø Assisting program participants in identifying anger, recognizing aggressive behavior triggers, and learning tension and anger management techniques.
Ø Coaching and mentoring staff to ensure outstanding job performances and maximum program effectiveness. (virtual and face-to-face)
Ø Scheduling and coordinating opportunities for training, recreation, and leisure activities tailored to participants ‘preferences and age-appropriateness
Ø Encouraging an atmosphere supportive of constructive feedback and performance evaluation/improvement
Ø Adept at establishing goals and driving achievement through education, training, communication, and resource utilization
Ø Maintaining detailed records and reports to document participant progress and status
Ø Demonstrating solid time management, interpersonal, and organizational skills, as well as Microsoft Office proficiency.
Ø Compiling and analyzing client data obtained through records, tests, interviews, and other professional sources, determining clients’ suitability for various job opportunities and vocational training programs
Ø Facilitating and leading both individual and group orientation sessions and educating participants on requirements for participation in agency- sponsored programs
Ø Establishing solid and trusting relationships through exceptional relationship-building skills; utilizing solid communication and interpersonal abilities to secure employer and client trust
My proven dedication to optimizing workforce development and employment success through my expert knowledge of learning, development, and conflict resolution strategies will contribute immensely to the success of your-team.
.
I need 100 words response for this two discussion forum1 discu.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 100 words response for this two discussion forum
1 discussion
Colin Kaepernick comes to mind as I speak of racial differences, principles and morals. Colin Kaepernick, when he chose to go beyond the usual practice, effectively gave up his dream. Colin Kaepernick, the American football player who started the National Anthem "take knee" campaign against racial violence against African American and other races. Business ethics is the study of what constitutes right or wrong, good or bad human conduct in a business environment. The introduction of universal ethical principles to particular practical problems in the modern environment, such as dishonesty in ads, bullying, etc., is intended to assess what is "valid" behavior; i.e. what is considered appropriate or "right" conduct in line with universal ethical values (Christie et al, 2003).
I served with a social-service organization in 2013. Within this unique setting, I have been forced to interact alongside a variety of communities and faiths. Each of the SNAP entitlements (Food stamps) is dependent on family revenue and wealth. There was, however, a misconception and theory circulated inside the department that African American culture is lazy and that many of them do not want to function and want to rely on the government for assistance. I know that the theory and the story arose from the deep-rooted fear of the Slavery. Under which racial violence persists and so other groups are still competing and killing each other.
At another agency I worked for I worked with youth directly in a foster care setting. I am African American, and the rest of the children I represent are Hispanic / Latino. I note that when I'm out in the city with my Hispanic / Latino clientele, I typically get a number of stares from various cultures. One of my four-year-old children sometimes holds a temper tantrum to get what she needs from her mother. She decided to have one of these tantrums with me when we were in the grocery shop. I dismissed her actions, and there was a Hispanic lady who came up to me with a really unpleasant attitude, telling me to know what I was doing to the girl. I dismissed her and proceeded to focus on the actions of my client. I assume that she just got embroiled in this scenario because I mistreated this Hispanic child in her opinion, even though I gave her my badge for work. Anything I did with the child was in compliance with the Agency's rules and practices, even when I was being confronted by a consumer in the shop. It's really difficult to deal with babies, youth and even the elderly, so you also have to make sure that you perform it according to policies and procedures. Mandatory ethics was enforced to safeguard the employees who work for the specific organization and even the clients. Professionals are required to recognize and live by their Code of Ethics. Practitioners will need to demonstrate awareness regarding the adaptation of their codes to different cultures (Weber 20004).
I need 200 words response for each discussion post.Guided Respon.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 200 words response for each discussion post.
Guided Response: Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Support your initial and subsequent posts by citing at least two scholarly and peer-reviewed sources in addition to the course text. The Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types.
Forum 1)One psychosocial issue that could cause a serious issue in the school setting to me would be Bullying. Bullying can scare a person’s ability to feel be ant to bully and be mean to someone because they may act different or look different to them, beautiful, safe, and secure about who they are, and be lasting ongoing issue that will last forever by making them feel insecure, and not wanted along while feeling like no one cares about them. Bullying is a form of abuse, aggressiveness, coercion, force. There are other things that bullies do to feel like they are important or better than everyone else, like be dominated, intimidating, or threatening. “Bullying in schools, particularly bias-based bullying, is an important issue for many reasons, but chief among them include evidence that victims being bullied experience both short and long term consequences, including poor school performance, depression, and increased health problems” (Martin, M. E. (2018).
I believe that the services of all three would be required because the bully would be evaluated three different times on his behavior and other things that no one may know about. Each of them has their own specialty that would fit working with the bully and being able to determine what is the issue or problem that makes the bully act out of character the way he or she does.
“An analysis of this phenomenon in schools, according to different authors [1,7.8, reveals that children involved in bullying behavior can play different roles; (a) aggressors/intimidators; (b) victim; (c) aggressors who are also victims and (d) passive observers. These observers are neither directly involved as aggressors nor as victims. As such, they can play a number of different roles: they can defend the victims, thus reducing this type of behavior; they can support the aggressors, actively reinforcing intimidation; children who merely observe are neutral or indifferent”. (www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov) (Links to an external site.) . There should something put into place that will stop individuals with aggressive behavior to stop bullying other individuals who just want to be themselves and live their lives. It leads to most children feeling depressed and wanting to end their lives because of it, and it happens in our society today children ending their lives because they are being targeted by bullies. Rules should also be put into place for the bullies to let them know what will happen if they continue to bully others.
REFERENCES:
Martin, M. E. (2018). Introduction to human services: Through the eyes of practice settings .
I need 3 pages discussion for an intersection (Attached image).docxeugeniadean34240
I need 3 pages discussion for an intersection (Attached image)
North Harbor Drive and Harbor Island Drive intersection, San Diego CA 92111 US
Please address the following:
a. Right of Way Issues
b. Utility Relocation
c. Air Quality Conformity
d. Title VI Considerations
e. Visual / Landscape Considerations
f. Required Permits
g. Stormwater Management
h. Cultural Resources
i. Risk Management Plan
j. Transportation Management Plan (TMP)
k. Transit Services
If you think any other better ideas, please address them as well.
University Level
Please no plagiarism
I also attached an example, you can follow it to get ideas to write about
.
I need 1page write up on Hypothesis & Methods Proposal,Due on .docxeugeniadean34240
I need 1page write up on Hypothesis & Methods Proposal,
Due on 3rd Feb 7PM PST
Please see attached doc for details on title, notes and questions to be answered.
Please cite everything, You might need the previous APA paper (attached image), but not sure. so please review
.
I need 2-3 pages written about the sieve of Eratosthenes. Starti.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 2-3 pages written about the sieve of Eratosthenes. Starting from the Eratosthenes-legendre sieve going to Eratosthenes general sieve, while giving some detailed formulas and explanations for each, using some lemma and examples. And finishing with some applications.
The work has to be authentic and original (not copied), with the references stated where its used on the paper and at the end
.
I need 120 words for each question. Please ensure to post individual.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 120 words for each question. Please ensure to post individual reference with each question
Unit 1
Q 1;
Identify two organizational structures used in health care. What are the central characteristics of each? To what extent is bureaucracy necessary in health care organizations? Explain.
Q 2;
How does a doctorally prepared nurse work across and between levels of an organization? What are the challenges and/or rewards to be gained? Does one outweigh the other?
Resources
Delmatoff, J., & Lazarus, I. R. (2014). The most effective leadership style for the new landscape of healthcare.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(4), 245-249. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=97206195&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Arbab Kash, B., Spaulding, A., Johnson, C. E., & Gamm, L. (2014). Success factors for strategic change initiatives: A qualitative study of healthcare administrators' perspectives.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(1), 65-81. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94059299&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kritsonis, A. (2004/2005). Comparison of change theories.
International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 8
(1) 1-7. URL:
http://qiroadmap.org/?wpfb_dl=12
Suter, E., Goldman, J., Martimianakis, T., Chatalalsingh, C., Dematteo, D. J., & Reeves, S. (2013). The use of systems and organizational theories in the interprofessional field: Findings from a scoping review.
Journal of Interprofessional Care, 27
(1), 57-64. doi:10.3109/13561820.2012.739670 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=84423842&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Narayana, E. A. (1992). Bureaucratization of non-governmental organizations: An analysis of employees' perceptions and attitudes.
Public Administration and Development, 12
(2), 123-137. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/194674953?accountid=7374
Klemsdal, L. (2013). From bureaucracy to learning organization: Critical minimum specification design as space for sensemaking.
Systemic Practice & Action Research
,
26
(1), 39-52. doi:10.1007/s11213-012-9267-3 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=84739308&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit 2
Q 1:
What are three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum? How are they similar? How are they different? Is there a single problem that transverses all three of the identified payment structures? Explain.
Q 2:
Identify a significant problem with one of the three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum (from DQ 1) and propose a solution from one of the other two payment structures.
Resources
.
I need 10-12 slides Presentation with detailed speaker notes. Instru.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 10-12 slides Presentation with detailed speaker notes. Instruction is given below. It is a Religion Class. No Plagiarism Please. Due in 24 hours.
Wk 3 - Christianity Presentation
Create
a 10- to 12-slide presentation comparing
2
of the following branches of Christianity:
Catholic
Orthodox
Protestant
Include
a brief history of the 2 religious traditions and a comparison of their approaches to the Bible. Some concepts to include are:
Examples of art
Central symbols of the faith
Rituals and core beliefs
Ethics role in the faith
You might consider visiting one or more of these churches in person or exploring church websites to add to your own experiences.
.
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C . www.innone.docxeugeniadean34240
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
P a g e
Introduction - How to Use this Workbook .....................................................................2
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................3
Developing a Logic Model .................................................................................................4
Purposes of a Logic Model ............................................................................................... 5
The Logic Model’s Role in Evaluation ............................................................................ 6
Logic Model Components – Step by Step ....................................................................... 6
Problem Statement: What problem does your program address? ......................... 6
Goal: What is the overall purpose of your program? .............................................. 7
Rationale and Assumptions: What are some implicit underlying dynamics? ....8
Resources: What do you have to work with? ......................................................... 9
Activities: What will you do with your resources? ................................................ 11
Outputs: What are the tangible products of your activities? ................................. 13
Outcomes: What changes do you expect to occur as a result of your work?.......... 14
Outcomes Chain ....................................................................................... 16
Outcomes vs. Outputs ............................................................................. 17
Logic Model Review ...........................................................................................................18
Appendix A: Logic Model Template
Appendix B: Worksheet: Developing an Outcomes Chain
Logic Model Workbook
Page 2
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
I n t r o d u c t i o n - H o w t o U s e t h i s W o r k b o o k
Welcome to Innovation Network’s Logic Model Workbook. A logic model is a commonly-used
tool to clarify and depict a program within an organization. You may have heard it described as
a logical framework, theory of change, or program matrix—but the purpose is usually the same:
to graphically depict your program, initiative, project or even the sum total of all of your
organization’s work. It also serves as a
foundation for program planning and
evaluation.
This workbook is a do-it-yourself guide to
the concepts and use of the logic model. It
describes the steps necessary for you to
create logic models fo.
I like to tie my learning to Biblical Principles. On Virtuous Le.docxeugeniadean34240
I like to tie my learning to Biblical Principles. On Virtuous Leadership, I think about what leader in the Bible do I know that stands out as a virtuous leader. Although there are many, one that stands out to me is Nehemiah. Nehemiah's brother and others said that they had been to Jerusalem and the Wall has been broken down, and the gates were burned. Nehemiah listened and took this news personally as if he was the wounded party. In other words, it broke his heart to hear this news.
He then took personal responsibility, prayed, and asked God to forgive him and his people for not obeying his commands. Then he took personal action, and at great danger to himself, he appeared before the King sad - remember that no King wants a sad cupbearer. When the King saw how sad Nehemiah was, he asked him why, and Nehemiah explained the state of his city walls and asked permission to go and fix them. He went and fixed the walls. He got involved in the work as a servant leader and getting the people what they needed. They had a city again with walls and a gate, and most importantly, they had protection!
We can see in this story that a servant leader is someone who takes personal responsibility for what has gone wrong and sets out to fix it, but not only does he/she fix the problem, the servant leader gets involved in the work and works alongside his workers to get the job done right. By doing so, the servant leader demonstrates his care for his workers and organization.
Share a story of a servant leader either in the Bible or someone you know.
.
I just want one paragraph.!!C.W.Mills described ‘sociological im.docxeugeniadean34240
I just want one paragraph.!!
C.W.Mills described ‘sociological imagination’ as an ability to understand “the intersection of one's own biography and other biographies with history and the present social structure you find yourself and others in.” In short, it is the ability to understand the private in public terms. Essentially, Mills is describing an ability to discern patterns in social events and view personal experiences in light of those patterns. To highlight that, he uses two terms – “the personal troubles of milieu” and “the public issues of social structure.” ‘Troubles’ happen to us as individuals, and are a private matter of individual choices and biography. ‘Issues’ are public matters that transcend the individual, and have to do with societal structures and processes.
Here is the Question!!!
1- For this discussion, I want you to select one of the following health/medical issues, and offer a thoughtful reflection on it as both a hypothetical ‘personal trouble’ and a ‘public issue.’
- ADHD; obesity; eating disorder; infertility; Alzheimer’s disease; COVID.
.
i just need serious help answering the question. I have answered mos.docxeugeniadean34240
i just need serious help answering the question. I have answered most of them but the following posted questions are giving me problem.
# 1.1
(1 pts.) In the textbook case, what information led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Shaun Boyden's sexual attraction to children was not a passing fancy? '
A) the fact that he reported having the urges since adolescence
B) the fact that his wife was unaware of his problem
C) the fact that he was never caught in the past
D) the fact that he had a relatively normal sexual development
# 1.2
(1 pts.) Charlie has opted to have psychosurgery performed in order to change his pedophilic patterns. Which of the following procedures will Charlie have done?
A) prefrontal lobotomy
B) hypothalamotomy
C) castration
D) vasectomy
# 1.3
(1 pts.) Dr. Walters is instructing Harry to imagine that he has just "flashed" his genitals at an unsuspecting woman on the street. After the woman responds in horror, Harry is to imagine that all of his closest friends jump out of a nearby alley and start laughing at him. Dr. Walters is using the technique known as
A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive restructuring.
C) covert conditioning.
D) behavior modification.
# 1.4
(1 pts.) Who is most likely to be the target of a frotteurist's desires?
A) a person from work
B) a life-long friend
C) a shopper at the mall
D) a close relative
# 1.9
(1 pts.) Based on the information presented in the textbook case, Shaun Boyden might be considered a ______ since he had a normal history of sexual development and interests.
A) child rapist
B) preference molester
C) situational molester
D) generalized molester
# 1.12
(1 pts.) Joe becomes sexually aroused when he views sexually explicit photographs. He also gets really turned on when his lover undresses in front of him. Joe's behavior might be described as
A) fetishistic.
B) frotteuristic.
C) voyeuristic.
D) normal.
# 1.21
(1 pts.) John gets nauseous when he thinks about having sexual intercourse and he actively avoids the sexual advances of others. John might be diagnosed as having
A) male erectile disorder.
B) sexual aversion disorder.
C) dyspareunia.
D) inhibited male orgasm disorder.
# 1.27
(1 pts.) Five-year-old Timmy has older sisters who dress him up occasionally and call him "Timbelina" since they really wanted a little sister instead of a little brother. If this pattern continues it is possible that Tim might develop
A) sexual masochism.
B) sexual sadism.
C) pedophilia.
D) transvestic fetishism.
# 1.29
(1 pts.) Carol is extremely interested in sex but does not experience the vaginal changes that ordinarily precede sexual intercourse. Carol may have
A) sexual aversion disorder.
B) hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
C) inhibited female orgasm disorder.
D) female sexual arousal disorder.
# 1.32
(1 pts.) John is in a p.
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplica.docxeugeniadean34240
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplicated by photocopying, printing.
I or other means without the express permission of the publishers. 1 -800-351-0917
43 Fla. L. Weekly S512 SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA
Committee later submitted a revised proposal in response to comments. While we
generally approve the Committee's revisions, the revised proposal would have allowed
twenty days[ ratherthan ten, to serve a reply brief. In order to maintain consistency with
otherprovisions in rule 9.146(g)(3)(B), we haverevised the Committee's proposal such
that parties are allowed twenty days to respond after the last initial brief, and ten days
to respond after the last answer brief.
3Wehave revised the Committee's proposal to refer specifically to requirements for
electronic service in Rule ofJudicial Administration 2.516(b).
"See CoastalDev. ofN. Fla.,Inc. v. City ofJacksonville Beach, 788 So. 2d 204,205
footnotes.
(a) Florida Supreme Court.
(111887-present: Fenelonv. State. 594 So. 2d 292 (Fla. 1992).
{211846-1886: Livingston v. L 'Engle, 22 Fla. 427 (1886).
J ±' C-fl&LL/fl 1
n.3(Fla.20CII); Fla. Power &Light Co. v.CityofDania,76l So.2d 1089,1094 (Fla.
2000) ("No statewide criterion exists at this time."); see also Broward Cty. v. G.B. V.
Intern., Ltd.
Anstead,J.)
, 787 So. 2d 838, 849-53 (Fla. 2001) (Pariente, J., dissenting, joined by
(LEWIS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.) I dissent
because there is no need to amend the rule with regard to joinder on
appeal. This amendment is likely to generate more confusion than
clarity. I concur with the remainder ofthe amendments.
! * * *
I ■
! ..■■■■
Rules of Appellate Procedure—Amendment—Uniform Citation
System
IN RE: AMENDMENTS TO FLORIDA RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE
9.800. Supreme Court of Florida. Case No. SC17-999. October 25,2018. Original
Proceeding—Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure. Counsel: Courtney Rebecca
Brewer, Ch lir, Appellate CourtRules Committee, Tallahassee, Kristin A. Norse, Past
Chair, App sllate Court Rules Committee, Tampa; and Joshua E. Doyle, Executive
Director, and Heather Savage Telfer, Staff Liaison, The Florida Bar, Tallahassee, for
Petitioner.
(PER CUjRIAM.) This matter is before the Court for consideration of
proposed, amendments to Florida Rule ofAppellate Procedure 9.800
(Uniforn
Fla. Cons t.
TheFlorida Bar's Appellate CourtRules Committee (Committee)
proposes
uniform
proposal
Citation System). We havejurisdiction. See art. V, § 2(a),
amendments to rule 9.800 to substantially update the
citation formats provided in that rule. The Committee's
to amend the rule was first presented to the Court in the
Commirt 5e' s regular-cycle report ofproposed rule amendments in In
re Amendments to the Florida Rules ofAppellate Procedure—2017
Regular-Cycle Report, No. SC17-152 (Fla. report filed Jan. 31,
2017).' The Court, on its own motion, entered an order directing that
the proposed amendments to rule 9.800 be .
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
252 CHAPTER 8Geologic Time (232 chapter 7Fire.docx
1. 252 CHAPTER 8 Geologic Time
(
232
chapter 7
Fires Within: Igneous Activity
figure
7.31
Seattle, Washington, with Mount Rainier in the background.
(Photo by Ken Straiton/Corbis)
)
Until recently the dominant view of Western societies was that
humans possess the wherewithal to subdue volcanoes and other
types of catastrophic natural hazards. Today it is apparent that
volcanoes are not only very destructive but unpredictable as
well. With this awareness, a new attitude is developing—"How
do we live with volcanoes?"
Volcanic Hazards
Volcanoes produce a wide variety of potential hazards that can
kill people and wildlife, as well as destroy property (figure
7.32). Perhaps the greatest threats to life are pyroclastic flows.
These hot mixtures of gas, ash, and pumice that sometimes
exceed 800°C race down the flanks of volcanoes, giving people
little chance to escape.
Lahars, which can occur even when a volcano is quiet, are
perhaps the next most dangerous volcanic hazard (figure 7.33).
These mixtures of volcanic debris and water can flow for tens of
kilometers down steep volcanic slopes at speeds that may
exceed 100 kilometers (60 miles) per hour. Lahars pose a
potential threat to many communities downstream from glacier-
clad volcanoes such as Mount Rainier. Other potentially
destructive mass-wasting events include the rapid collapse of
the volcano's summit or flank.
2. Other obvious hazards include explosive eruptions that can
endanger people and property hundreds of miles from a
Eruption cloud
Prevailing wind
Ash fall
2009 steam and ash cloud
(
figure
7.33
Soufriere Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat
has been active since 1995. A pyroclastic flow destroyed the
airport and the capital city, Plymouth. About two thirds of the
population have left the island. (NASA Photo)
) (
Lava dome collapse
Pyroclastic flow
3. ) (
Fumaroles
Lava flow
Lahar (mud or debris flow)
figure
7.3
2
Simplified drawing showing a wide variety of natural hazards
associated with volcanoes. (After U.S. Geological Survey)
)
Acid rain
Pyroclastic flow
Jf^- Eruption column
Bombs Collapse of flank Lava dome
(
The Chapter in Review
233
figure
7.34
Monitoring South Sister Volcano, Cascade Range, Oregon. This
geologist is measuring the degree of infla
tion of the volcano's surface for potential eruptive activity.
)
4. volcano. During the past 15 years at least 80 commercial jets
have been damaged by inadvertently flying into clouds of
volcanic ash (Figure 7.33). One of these was a near crash that
occurred in 1989 when a Boeing 747, with more than 300
passengers aboard, encountered an ash cloud from Alaska's
Redoubt volcano. All four engines stalled after they became
clogged with ash. Fortunately, the engines were restarted at the
last minute and the aircraft managed to land safely in
Anchorage.
Monitoring Volcanic Activity
Today a number of volcano-monitoring techniques are
employed, with most of them aimed at detecting the movement
of magma from a subterranean reservoir (typically several
kilometers deep) toward the surface. The four most noticeable
changes in a volcanic landscape caused by the migration of
magma are (1) changes in the pattern of volcanic earthquakes;
(2) expansion of a near-surface magma chamber, which leads to
inflation of the volcano; (3) changes in the amount and /or
composition of the gases that are released from a volcano; and
(4) an increase in ground temperature caused by the
emplacement of new magma.
Almost a third of all volcanoes that have erupted in historic
times are now monitored using seismographs, instruments that
detect earthquake tremors. In general, a sharp increase in
seismic unrest followed by a period of relative quiet has been
shown to be a precursor for many volcanic eruptions. However,
some large volcanic structures have exhibited lengthy periods of
seismic unrest. For example, Rabaul Caldera in New Guinea
recorded a strong increase in seismicity in 1981. This activity
lasted 13 years and finally culminated with an eruption in 1994.
Occasionally, a large earthquake triggers a volcanic eruption, or
at least disturbs the volcano's plumbing. Kilauea, for example,
began to erupt after the Kalapana earthquake of 1977.
The roof of a volcano may rise as new magma accumulates in its
interior—a phenomena that precedes many volcanic eruptions.
5. Because the accessibility of many volcanoes is limited, remote
sensing devices, including lasers, Doppler radar, and Earth
orbiting satellites, are often used to determine whether or not a
volcano is swelling. The recent discovery of ground doming at
Three Sisters volcanoes in Oregon was first detected using radar
images obtained from satellites (figure 7.34).
Volcanologists also frequently monitor the gases that are
released from volcanoes in an effort to detect even minor
changes in their amount and /or composition. Some volcanoes
show an increase in sulfur dioxide (S02) emissions months or
years prior to an eruption. On the other hand, a few days prior
to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, emissions of carbon
dioxide (C02) dropped dramatically.
The development of remote sensing devices has greatly
increased our ability to monitor volcanoes. These instruments
and techniques are particularly useful for monitoring eruptions
in progress. Photographic images and infrared (heat) sensors
can detect lava flows and volcanic columns rising from a
volcano. Furthermore, satellites can detect ground deformation
as well as monitor S02 emissions.
The overriding goal of all monitoring is to discover precursors
that may warn of an imminent eruption. This is accomplished by
first diagnosing the current condition of a volcano and then
using this baseline data to predict its future behavior. Stated
another way, a volcano must be observed over an extended
period to recognize significant changes from its "resting state."
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW
• The primary factors that determine the nature of volcanic
6. eruptions include the magma's temperature, its composition, and
the amount of dissolved gases it contains. As lava cools, it
begins to congeal; and as viscosity increases, its mobility
decreases. The viscosity of magma is directly related to its
silica content. Rhyolitic lava, with its high silica content, is
very viscous and forms short, thick flows. Basaltic lava, with a
lower silica content, is more fluid and may travel a long
distance before congealing. Dissolved gases provide the force
that propels molten rock from the vent of a volcano.
; The materials associated with a volcanic eruption include lava
flows (pahoehoe and aa flows for basaltic lavas); gases
(primarily in the form of water vapor); and pyroclastic material
(pulverized rock and lava fragments blown from the volcano's
vent, which include ash, pumice, lapilli, cinders, blocks, and
bombs).
Dating with Radioactivity 249
250 CHAPTER 8 Geologic Time
(
Of
) (
Rock unit A
) (
ft*
) (
N9
e
Rock unit B
) (
DID YOU KNOW?
Numerical dates of the fossil record show that life began in the
ocean approximately
3.8
7. billion years ago.
was once covered by a shallow sea, because that is where clams
live today. Also, by using what we know of living or
ganisms, we can conclude that fossil animals with thick shells
capable of withstanding pounding and surging waves must have
inhabited shorel
ines. On the other hand, animals with thin, delicate shells
probably indicate deep, calm offshore wa
ters. Hence, by looking closely at the types of fossils, the ap
proximate position of an ancient shoreline may be identified.
Further, fossils can indicate
the former temperature of the water. Certain present-day corals
require warm and shal
low tropical seas like those around Florida and the Bahamas.
When similar corals are found in ancient limestones, they indi
cate that a Florida-like marine environment m
ust have existed when they were alive. These are just a few
examples of how fossils can help unravel the complex story of
Earth history.
LA
Dl
O ACTIVITY
■
* Deciphering Earth History slffllgE Radiometric
Dating
In addition to establishing re
lative dates by using the princi
ples
described in the preceding sections, it is also possible to obtain
reliable numerical dates for events in the geologic
)Age ranges of some fossil groups
a
past. We know that Earth is about 4.6 billion years old and that
the dinosaurs became extinct about 65.5 million years ago.
8. Dates that are expressed in millions and billions of years truly
stretch our imagination because our personal calendars involve
time measured in hours, weeks, and years. Nevertheless, the
vast expanse of geologic time is a reality, and it is radiometric
dating that allows us to measure it accurately. In this section,
you will learn about radioactivity and its application in
radiometric dating.
Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure
s o
figure 8.13 Overlapping ranges of fossils help date rocks more
exactly than using a single fossil
Recall from Chapter 1 that each atom has a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons and that the nucleus is orbited by
electrons. Electrons have a negative electrical charge, and
protons have a positive charge. A neutron is actually a proton
and an electron combined, so it has no charge (it is neutral).
The atomic number (the element's identifying number) is the
number of protons in the nucleus. Every element has a different
number of protons in the nucleus and thus a different atomic
number (hydrogen ■ 1, oxygen = 8, uranium = 92, etc.). Atoms
of the same element always have the same number of protons,
so the atomic number is constant.
Practically all (99.9 percent) of an atom's mass is found in the
nucleus, indicating that electrons have practically no mass at
all. By adding together the number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus, the mass number of the atom is determined. The
number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary. These variants,
called isotopes, have different mass numbers.
To summarize with an example, uranium's nucleus always has
92 protons, so its atomic number always is 92. But its neutron
population varies, so uranium has three isotopes: uranium-234
(number of protons + neutrons = 234), uranium-235, and
uranium-238. All three isotopes are mixed in nature. They look
the same and behave the same in chemical reactions.
9. Radioactivity
The forces that bind protons and neutrons together in the
nucleus are usually strong. However, in some isotopes, the
nuclei are unstable because the forces binding protons and
neutrons together are not strong enough. As a result, the nuclei
spontaneously break apart (decay), a process called
radioactivity. What happens when unstable nuclei break apart?
(
IP
8
) (
(
Pb
2
'
_Pb
2t
)Three common types of radioactive decay are illustrated in
figure s. 14 and are summarized as follows:
1. Alpha particles (a particles) may be emitted from the nucleus.
An alpha particle consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
Consequently, the emission of an alpha particle means (a) the
mass number of the isotope is reduced by 4, and (b) the atomic
number is decreased by 2.
2. When a beta particle (B particle), or electron, is given off
from a nucleus, the mass number remains unchanged, because
electrons have practically no mass. However, because the
electron has come from a neutron (remember, a neutron is a
combination of a proton and an electron), the nucleus contains
one more proton than before. Therefore, the atomic number
increases by 1.
3. Sometimes an electron is captured by the nucleus. The
electron combines with a proton and forms an additional
neutron. As in the last example, the mass number remains
unchanged. However, because the nucleus now contains one less
10. proton, the atomic number decreases by 1.
An unstable (radioactive) isotope is referred to as the parent.
The isotopes resulting from the decay of the parent
U" ■
238 236 234 232 230 228 226 224 222 220 218 216 214 212 210
208 206
Alpha emission Beta emission
Th2: ■
Pa234
Th230
.Ra22
BPo2'
Bp
Po2
BP«)
Per™. ^
V
92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82
252 CHAPTER 8 Geologic Time
(
Atomic number: 2 fewer
Atomic mass: 4 fewer
) (
Unstable parent nucleus
) (
11. Daughter nucleus
: -
Neutron
Alpha particle emission
) (
Daughter Atomic number: nucleus 1 more
).+
B. Beta Emission
Unstable parent nucleus
(
Unstable parent nucleus
Atomic mass: no change
Beta (electron) emission
)Proton *6*^'*s A. Alpha Emission
Neutron
Electron »
H &
Proton
Daughter Atomic number:
nucleus 1 fewer
, Atomic mass:
£ no change
C. Electron Capture
Common types of radioactive decay. Notice that in each case,
the number of protons (atomic number) in the nucleus changes,
thus producing a different element.
FIGURE 8.15 The most common isotope of uranium (U-238) is
an example of a radioactive decay series. Before the stable end
product (Pb-206) is reached, many different isotopes are
produced as intermediate steps.
12. are the daughter products, figure 8. is provides an example of
radioactive decay. When the radioactive parent, uranium-238
(atomic number 92, mass number 238), decays, it follows a
number of steps, emitting eight alpha particles and six beta
particles before finally becoming the stable daughter product
lead-206 (atomic number 82, mass number 206).
Certainly among the most important results of the discovery of
radioactivity is that it provides a reliable method of calculating
the ages of rocks and minerals that contain particular
radioactive isotopes. The procedure is called radiometric dating.
Why is radiometric dating reliable? The rates of decay for many
isotopes have been precisely measured and do not vary under
the physical conditions that exist in Earth's outer layers.
Therefore, each radioactive isotope used for dating has been
decaying at a fixed rate ever since the formation of the rocks in
which it occurs, and the products of decay have been
accumulating at a corresponding rate. For example, when
uranium is incorporated into a mineral that crystallizes from
magma, there is no lead (the stable daughter product) from
previous decay. The radiometric "clock" starts at this point. As
the uranium in this newly formed mineral disintegrates, atoms
of the daughter product are trapped and measurable amounts of
lead eventually accumulate.
Half-Life
The time required for one half of the nuclei in a sample to decay
is called the half-life of the isotope. Half-life is a common way
of expressing the rate of radioactive disintegration. figure 8.16
illustrates what occurs when a radioactive parent decays
directly into its stable daughter product. When the
Dating with Radioactivity 25 I
1
40
o
13. 30
c
2
i
a
20
(
Radioactive
Stable Daughter
Currently Accepted
Parent
Product
Half-Life Values
Uranium-238
Lead-206
4.5 billion years
Uranium-235
Lead-207
713 million years
Thorium-232
Lead-208
14.1 billion years
Rubidium-87
Strontium-87
47.0 billion years
Potassium-40
Argon-40
1.3 billion years
Table 8.1
Radioactive isotopes frequently used in radiometric dating
) (
50
100 atoms of parent isotope
) (
25 atoms of parent 75 atoms of daughter product
) (
14. 50 atoms of parent 50 atoms of daughter product
13 atoms of parent 87 atoms of daughter
product
•••••••••
**••••••»*
«•»»•••••*
) (
••••••••••
,
)6 atoms of parent 94 atoms of daughter product
10
••••••••••
T
2 3
Number of half-lives
FIGURE 8.16 The radioactive decay curve shows change that is
exponential. Half of the radioactive parent remains after one
half-life. After a second half-life, one-quarter of the parent
remains, and so forth.
quantities of parent and daughter are equal (ratio 1:1), we know
that one half-life has transpired. When one-quarter of the
original parent atoms remain and three-quarters have decayed to
the daughter product, the parent/daughter ratio is 1:3, and we
know that two half-lives have passed. After three half-lives, the
ratio of parent atoms to daughter atoms is 1:7 (one parent atom
for every seven daughter atoms).
If the half-life of a radioactive isotope is known and the parent-
daughter ratio can be determined, the age of the sample can be
calculated. For example, assume that the half-life of a
hypothetical unstable isotope is 1 million years and the parent-
slaughter ratio in a sample is 1:15. Such a ratio indicates that
15. four half-lives have passed and that the sample must be 4
million years old.
Radiometric Dating
Notice that the percentage of radioactive atoms that decay
during one half-life is always the same: 50 percent. However,
the actual number of atoms that decay with the passing of each
half-life continually decreases. As the percentage of radioactive
parent atoms declines, the proportion of stable daughter atoms
rises, with the increase in daughter atoms just matching the drop
in parent atoms. This fact is the key to radiometric dating.
Of the many radioactive isotopes that exist in nature, five have
proved particularly important in providing radiometric ages for
ancient rocks (Table 8.1). Rubidium-87, uranium-238, and
uranium-235 are used for dating rocks that are millions of years
old, but potassium-40 is more versatile. Although the half-life
of potassium-40 is 1.3 billion years, analytical techniques make
possible the detection of tiny amounts of its stable daughter
product, argon-40, in some rocks that are younger than 100,000
years. Another important reason for its frequent use is that
potassium is abundant in many common minerals, particularly
micas and feldspars.
It is important to realize that an accurate radiometric date can
be obtained only if the mineral remained a closed system during
the entire period since its formation. A correct date is not
possible unless there was neither the addition nor loss of parent
or daughter isotopes. This is not always the case. In fact, an
important limitation of the potassium-argon method arises from
the fact that argon is a gas, and it may leak from minerals,
throwing off measurements.
Remember that although the basic principle of radiometric
dating is simple, the actual procedure is quite complex. The
analysis that determines the quantities of parent and daughter
must be painstakingly precise. In addition, some radioactive
materials do not decay directly into the stable daughter product.
As you saw in Figure 8.15 uranium-238 produces 13
intermediate unstable daughter products before the fourteenth
16. and final daughter product, the stable isotope lead-206, is
produced.
Dating with Carbon-14
To date very recent events, carbon-14 is used. Carbon-14 is the
radioactive isotope of carbon. The process is often called
radiocarbon dating. Because the half-life of carbon-14 is only
5,730 years, it can be used for dating events from the historic
past as well as those from very recent geologic history. In some
cases, carbon-14 can be used to date events as
far back as 75,000 years.
DID YOU KNOW?
One common precaution against sources of error in radiometric
dating is the use of cross checks. This simply involves
subjecting a sample to two different methods. If the two dates
agree, the likelihood is high that the date is reliable. If an
appreciable difference is found, other cross checks must be
employed to determine which, if either, is correct.
Carbon-14 is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere as
a consequence of cosmic-ray bombardment. Cosmic rays, which
are high-energy particles, shatter the nuclei of gas atoms,
releasing neutrons. Some of the neutrons are absorbed by
nitrogen atoms (atomic number 7), causing their nuclei to emit a
proton. As a result, the atomic number decreases by 1 (to 6),
and a different element, carbon-14, is created (figure 8.i7a).
This isotope of carbon quickly becomes incorporated into
carbon dioxide, which circulates in the atmosphere and is
absorbed by living matter. As a result, all organisms contain a
small amount of carbon-14, including yourself.
While an organism is alive, the decaying radiocarbon is
continually replaced, and the proportions of carbon-14 and
carbon-12 remain constant. Carbon-12 is the stable and most
common isotope of carbon. However, when any plant or animal
dies, the amount of carbon-14 gradually decreases as it decays
to nitrogen-14 by beta emission (figure 8.17b). By comparing
17. the proportions of carbon-14 and carbon-12 in a sample,
radiocarbon dates can be determined.
Although carbon-14 is useful in dating only the last small
fraction of geologic time, it has become a valuable tool for
anthropologists, archaeologists, and historians, as well as for
geologists who study very recent Earth history. In fact, the
development of radiocarbon dating was considered so important
that the chemist who discovered this application, Willard F.
Libby, received a Nobel prize.
Importance of Radiometric Dating
Radiometric dating methods have produced literally thousands
of dates for events in Earth history. Rocks exceeding 3.5 billion
years in age are found on all of the continents. Earth's oldest
rocks (so far) are gneisses from northern Canada near Great
Slave Lake that have been dated at 4.03 billion years (b.y).
Rocks from western Greenland have been
DID YOU KNOW?
Dating with carbon-14 is useful to archeologists and historians
as well as geologists. For example, University of Arizona
researchers used carbon-14 to determine the age of the Dead Sea
Scrolls, considered among the great archeological discoveries of
the twentieth century. Parchment from the scrolls dates between
150 B.c. and 5 B.C. Portions of the scrolls contain dates that
match 'those determined by the carbon-14 measurements.
dated at 3.7 to 3.8 b.y., and rocks nearly as old are found in the
Minnesota River Valley and northern Michigan (3.5 to 3.7 b.y.),
in southern Africa (3.4 to 3.5 b.y.), and in western Australia
(3.4 to 3.6 b.y.). It is important to point out that these ancient
rocks are not from any sort of "primordial crust" but originated
as lava flows, igneous intrusions, and sediments deposited in
shallow water—an indication that Earth history began before
these rocks formed. Even older mineral grains have been dated.
18. Tiny crystals of the mineral zircon having radiometric ages as
old as 4.3 b.y. have been found in younger sedimentary rocks in
western Australia. The source rocks for these tiny durable
grains either no longer exist or have not yet been found.
Radiometric dating has vindicated the ideas of Hutton, Charles
Darwin, and others who inferred that geologic time must be
immense. Indeed, modern dating methods have proved that there
has been enough time for the processes we observe to have
accomplished tremendous tasks.
Deciphering Earth History Geologic Time Scale
(
Nitrogen-14 atomic number 7 atomic mass 14
Neutron capture
A.
Production of carbon-14
Carbon-14 atomic number 6 atomic mass 14
Proton emission
) (
Neutron
Proton
(-) Beta (electron) emission
Carbon-14
B. Decay of carbon-14
Nitrogen-14
figure 8.17
A.
Production and
B.
decay of carbon-14. These sketches repre
sent the nuclei of the respective atoms.
)Geologists have divided the whole of geologic history into
19. units of varying magnitude. Together, they comprise the
geologic time scale of Earth history (figure 8.18). The major
units of the time scale were delineated during the nineteenth
century, principally by scientists in Western Europe and Great
Britain. Because radiometric dating was unavailable at that
time, the entire time scale was created using methods of relative
dating. It was only in the twentieth century that radiometric
dating permitted numerical dates to be added.
Structure of the Time Scale
The geologic time scale divides the 4.6-billion-year history of
Earth into many different units and provides a meaningful time
frame within which the events of the geologic past are arranged.
As shown in Figure 8.18, eons represent the greatest expanses
of time. The eon that began about 542 million years ago is the
Phanerozoic, a term derived from Greek words meaning "visible
life." It is an appropriate description because the rocks and
deposits of the Phanerozoic eon contain abundant fossils that
document major evolutionary trends.