1) An earthquake occurs when rocks underground break due to accumulated stress exceeding their strength, releasing seismic waves. 2) Seismic waves include body waves that travel through the earth's interior and surface waves that travel along its surface. 3) Earthquake location is determined by measuring the time delays between P and S wave arrivals at multiple seismograph stations and triangulating the epicenter.
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The largest recorded earthquakes include a 9.5 magnitude quake in Chile in 1960 and a 9.0 magnitude quake in Japan in 2011. Earthquakes can cause significant damage through ground shaking, fault ruptures, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and floods. Proper construction and seismic building codes can help reduce damage from earthquakes.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how earthquakes are located, determined their magnitude, and the hazards they can cause. It defines key terms like focus, epicenter, Richter scale, intensity scale and explains the processes of triangulation of seismic waves to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Diagrams are included to illustrate seismic wave propagation and tsunami movement. Web resources for further information on earthquakes are also listed.
The document summarizes a study that characterized the soil conditions at a residential development site in Istanbul, Turkey using engineering seismology techniques. Seismic refraction and reflection surveys were conducted to determine P-wave and S-wave velocity profiles down to 30 meters depth. Three sections with different soil properties were identified. Parameters for geotechnical earthquake engineering were estimated for each section, including maximum soil amplification, natural period of soil column, maximum surface to bedrock acceleration ratio, depth of significant acceleration, maximum soil-rock response, and design spectrum periods. These parameters will be used by engineers for soil classification and structural design.
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through the Earth. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves and surface waves. Body waves can travel through the Earth's interior and arrive before surface waves, while surface waves only move along the Earth's surface. Common types of body waves include P waves and S waves, and common types of surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves, each of which move materials in different ways when propagating.
1) Most earthquakes originate from a sudden release of energy at the focus or hypocenter located beneath the earth's surface.
2) Faults are fractures in the earth's crust where movement has occurred. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake involved slippage of 4.7 meters along the San Andreas Fault.
3) Earthquake waves spread out from the focus in all directions. P and S waves can be used to locate the earthquake's epicenter through triangulation of arrival times at multiple stations.
This document provides an overview of earthquakes, including key vocabulary terms. It describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along faults in the earth's lithosphere. When seismic waves from an earthquake are detected by seismometers, seismologists can use the timing of the waves to triangulate the earthquake's epicenter via its focus point below the surface. The magnitude scales help describe the intensity and energy released by earthquakes.
EARTH QUACK AND ITS TYPES BRIEFLY EXPLAINHafiz JUNAID
Tectonic earthquakes are the most common type and are caused by rocks breaking in response to geological forces. Other earthquake types include volcanic, collapse, and human-caused explosions. Early seismographs used pendulums to record ground motions, while modern ones use electronics. Seismic waves include P and S body waves and surface Love and Rayleigh waves. Locating earthquakes requires analyzing arrival times at multiple seismograph stations. The development of seismology helped establish that earthquakes are caused by fault ruptures rather than effects.
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The largest recorded earthquakes include a 9.5 magnitude quake in Chile in 1960 and a 9.0 magnitude quake in Japan in 2011. Earthquakes can cause significant damage through ground shaking, fault ruptures, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and floods. Proper construction and seismic building codes can help reduce damage from earthquakes.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how earthquakes are located, determined their magnitude, and the hazards they can cause. It defines key terms like focus, epicenter, Richter scale, intensity scale and explains the processes of triangulation of seismic waves to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Diagrams are included to illustrate seismic wave propagation and tsunami movement. Web resources for further information on earthquakes are also listed.
The document summarizes a study that characterized the soil conditions at a residential development site in Istanbul, Turkey using engineering seismology techniques. Seismic refraction and reflection surveys were conducted to determine P-wave and S-wave velocity profiles down to 30 meters depth. Three sections with different soil properties were identified. Parameters for geotechnical earthquake engineering were estimated for each section, including maximum soil amplification, natural period of soil column, maximum surface to bedrock acceleration ratio, depth of significant acceleration, maximum soil-rock response, and design spectrum periods. These parameters will be used by engineers for soil classification and structural design.
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through the Earth. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves and surface waves. Body waves can travel through the Earth's interior and arrive before surface waves, while surface waves only move along the Earth's surface. Common types of body waves include P waves and S waves, and common types of surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves, each of which move materials in different ways when propagating.
1) Most earthquakes originate from a sudden release of energy at the focus or hypocenter located beneath the earth's surface.
2) Faults are fractures in the earth's crust where movement has occurred. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake involved slippage of 4.7 meters along the San Andreas Fault.
3) Earthquake waves spread out from the focus in all directions. P and S waves can be used to locate the earthquake's epicenter through triangulation of arrival times at multiple stations.
This document provides an overview of earthquakes, including key vocabulary terms. It describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along faults in the earth's lithosphere. When seismic waves from an earthquake are detected by seismometers, seismologists can use the timing of the waves to triangulate the earthquake's epicenter via its focus point below the surface. The magnitude scales help describe the intensity and energy released by earthquakes.
EARTH QUACK AND ITS TYPES BRIEFLY EXPLAINHafiz JUNAID
Tectonic earthquakes are the most common type and are caused by rocks breaking in response to geological forces. Other earthquake types include volcanic, collapse, and human-caused explosions. Early seismographs used pendulums to record ground motions, while modern ones use electronics. Seismic waves include P and S body waves and surface Love and Rayleigh waves. Locating earthquakes requires analyzing arrival times at multiple seismograph stations. The development of seismology helped establish that earthquakes are caused by fault ruptures rather than effects.
The document discusses methods for predicting earthquakes, which scientists have tried with varying degrees of success. It outlines several contemporary prediction methods, such as observing unusual animal behavior, changes in water levels and radon emissions, and analyzing seismic electric signals. However, the document concludes that scientists have not achieved 100% accurate predictions yet, though prediction capabilities have improved over time as more data is collected and patterns analyzed.
This document discusses earthquake intensity and magnitude. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake intensity is a measure of the effects on the Earth's surface based on the Mercalli scale, while magnitude measures the energy released using seismograph recordings. The document provides details on what causes earthquakes, the relationship between intensity and magnitude, and examples of intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli scale. Tables show the correlation between typical intensities and magnitudes.
Seismic waves are classified into body waves and surface waves. Body waves travel in all directions through the earth, while surface waves are limited near the surface. There are two types of body waves: P-waves and S-waves. P-waves cause volume changes and S-waves cause shape changes. Surface waves include Rayleigh waves, which cause retrograde elliptical motion, and Love waves, which are trapped in horizontal layers and cause transverse motion. The intensity and magnitude of an earthquake are different measures of its effects. Intensity depends on observations of damage and is rated by scales, while magnitude represents the energy released and can be estimated from seismic wave recordings. Larger magnitudes correspond to much greater energy releases in a non-
While scientists have made progress in understanding earthquakes and calculating probability of future quakes, earthquake prediction remains challenging. Deterministic prediction aims to specify timing, location and magnitude of the next quake, but no method has proven successful yet. Statistical prediction calculates probability based on scientific data, like a 67% chance of a major quake in the San Francisco Bay area within 30 years. Earthquake signals are difficult to detect as processes occur deep underground, but scientists continue working to develop reliable prediction methods that could help save thousands of lives.
Describing earthquakes more in detail about what, how, why, when and from whom are these caused, affected and what makes it so important to study this in current spatial and geographical scenario taking in mind the historical events.
Scientists measure the magnitude of an earthquake using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amount of energy released by the earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. The larger the amplitude, the higher the magnitude.
Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth's layers and cause different types of ground shaking at surfaces. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves. S-waves and Love waves cause the most damage to structures through their racking horizontal and vertical motions. Ground shaking is measured by seismographs, which contain sensors to detect motion, recorders to document it, and timers to note duration. Strong ground shaking depends on factors like the earthquake's energy release, geology between the fault and measurement point, and local soil conditions. Characteristics of strong shaking include peak ground acceleration values and the frequency and duration of motion.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. Faults in the crust result from tectonic plate movements and cause earthquakes when the rocks on either side slip past each other due to accumulated elastic strain. The focus is the point where slippage originates underground, while the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs installed worldwide record earthquake ground motions to study seismic activity.
- The document provides an overview of an introduction to seismology course, including topics covered, textbook, assignments, and grading.
- Seismology studies earthquake generation and propagation to understand Earth's deep interior structure through analysis of seismic wave velocities, densities, and boundaries within Earth.
- Analysis of seismic wave travel times has revealed details of Earth's internal structure, such as the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND DAMAGE MITIGATION FOR RCC BUILDINGS DUE TO NON S...Johana Sharmin
This presentation was prepared to portray vulnerability assessment and damage mitigation for RCC buildings due to Non-Seismic Hazards in Bangladesh for the internal meeting of DDC office in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This is entirely based on the PWD-JICA manual for CNCRP project. In this presentation, we emphasized wind load and flood water calculation, their impact on our regular RCC building, and mitigation measures. The excel files are not included for the confidentiality purpose. This presentation helped our colleagues who were not interested in reading the manuals. I felt joyful and curious while I worked in this presentation with my colleague.
The document summarizes key concepts about earthquakes and Earth's interior structure from a textbook chapter. It describes what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, the different types of seismic waves, and the destructive effects of earthquakes. It also outlines Earth's layered structure, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core defined by their composition and physical properties. Seismic data has helped scientists discover details about Earth's layered interior and composition.
The document discusses earthquakes and related topics in three main sections. Section one describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along tectonic plate boundaries and outlines the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Section two explains how earthquakes are measured, located and recorded using seismographs. Section three discusses the damage earthquakes can cause to buildings and properties from ground shaking and liquefaction. It also describes tsunamis and provides safety tips for earthquake preparedness.
1) The document discusses key concepts related to earthquakes including their location, cause, measurement, and impact.
2) Major concepts explained include the focus (where pressure is released underground), epicenter (location directly above the focus where damage is greatest), and Richter scale (method for measuring earthquake magnitude).
3) The document provides a table listing details of significant earthquakes from 1923 to 2008 including location, year, magnitude on the Richter scale, and deaths.
Temporal Variations in Earth's Magnetic FieldShivam Shekhar
A presentation discussing various kinds of temporal variations in Earth's magnetic field such as geomagnetic secular variations, geomagnetic excursions, geomagnetic reversals, geomagnetic storms and apparent polar wander along with the genesis of the Sun and the Earth.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how the location and magnitude of earthquakes are determined, hazards associated with earthquakes such as shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis and fires, and challenges around predicting earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes occur due to the accumulation and sudden release of strain energy in rocks under stress. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves that travel through the interior of the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. The location of earthquakes is determined through measuring the time delay between arrival of P and S waves at multiple seismograph stations and triangulating the epicenter. Magnitude is a measure of the
This document provides information about earthquakes. It defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, and aftershock. It describes the two types of seismic waves that radiate from an earthquake's focus - body waves and surface waves. It discusses how seismometers and seismographs are used to locate the epicenter and measure an earthquake's magnitude on the Richter scale. The document also outlines some of the common effects of earthquakes like ground displacement, landslides, liquefaction, tsunamis, and building collapses. Finally, it discusses ways to cope with earthquakes through earthquake zone planning, reinforced structures, and contingency plans.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy at a focus within the Earth. There are two main types of seismic waves generated: P-waves and S-waves. P-waves travel faster and arrive first, while S-waves oscillate perpendicular to their direction of travel. Surface waves travel along the Earth's surface and can cause significant damage to structures and utilities. Earthquake location can be estimated through triangulation using travel time differences of seismic waves recorded by multiple stations. Earthquake strength is measured by both the Richter scale based on amplitude of seismic waves, and the Modified Mercalli scale based on extent of damage observed.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of accumulated strain energy along faults in the Earth. Energy radiates out in all directions from the focus of the earthquake. Seismographs record earthquake shaking as seismic waves that help locate the epicenter. The size of an earthquake is described by both its intensity, which measures shaking damage, and its magnitude, which estimates the amount of energy released.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks that have been deformed by tectonic stresses over long periods of time. When the stresses overcome the friction holding rocks together along faults, the rocks rupture and slip rapidly, causing the shaking and waves that characterize an earthquake. Earthquakes can be measured by both intensity, which gauges damage levels, and magnitude, which relies on seismic data to estimate the energy released at the source. The largest recorded quakes have reached magnitudes of 9.5.
1. Analog computers use continuously variable physical quantities like electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic variables to represent and solve problems.
2. Digital computers represent all data, including text, with digits and perform calculations in discrete steps using binary digits.
3. Hybrid computers have features of both analog and digital computers, using analog components to solve differential equations controlled by a digital computer.
The document classifies computers based on their mode of use and architecture. It discusses palms, laptops, desktop PCs, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Key points include: palms are small, portable computers operated via touchscreen; laptops are portable but larger than palms; desktop PCs are the most popular type of computer; workstations are more powerful desktops used for intensive tasks; servers are optimized for specific functions like storage or printing; mainframes are large, powerful computers used by large organizations; and supercomputers are the fastest computers capable of intensive calculations.
The document discusses methods for predicting earthquakes, which scientists have tried with varying degrees of success. It outlines several contemporary prediction methods, such as observing unusual animal behavior, changes in water levels and radon emissions, and analyzing seismic electric signals. However, the document concludes that scientists have not achieved 100% accurate predictions yet, though prediction capabilities have improved over time as more data is collected and patterns analyzed.
This document discusses earthquake intensity and magnitude. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake intensity is a measure of the effects on the Earth's surface based on the Mercalli scale, while magnitude measures the energy released using seismograph recordings. The document provides details on what causes earthquakes, the relationship between intensity and magnitude, and examples of intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli scale. Tables show the correlation between typical intensities and magnitudes.
Seismic waves are classified into body waves and surface waves. Body waves travel in all directions through the earth, while surface waves are limited near the surface. There are two types of body waves: P-waves and S-waves. P-waves cause volume changes and S-waves cause shape changes. Surface waves include Rayleigh waves, which cause retrograde elliptical motion, and Love waves, which are trapped in horizontal layers and cause transverse motion. The intensity and magnitude of an earthquake are different measures of its effects. Intensity depends on observations of damage and is rated by scales, while magnitude represents the energy released and can be estimated from seismic wave recordings. Larger magnitudes correspond to much greater energy releases in a non-
While scientists have made progress in understanding earthquakes and calculating probability of future quakes, earthquake prediction remains challenging. Deterministic prediction aims to specify timing, location and magnitude of the next quake, but no method has proven successful yet. Statistical prediction calculates probability based on scientific data, like a 67% chance of a major quake in the San Francisco Bay area within 30 years. Earthquake signals are difficult to detect as processes occur deep underground, but scientists continue working to develop reliable prediction methods that could help save thousands of lives.
Describing earthquakes more in detail about what, how, why, when and from whom are these caused, affected and what makes it so important to study this in current spatial and geographical scenario taking in mind the historical events.
Scientists measure the magnitude of an earthquake using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amount of energy released by the earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. The larger the amplitude, the higher the magnitude.
Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth's layers and cause different types of ground shaking at surfaces. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves. S-waves and Love waves cause the most damage to structures through their racking horizontal and vertical motions. Ground shaking is measured by seismographs, which contain sensors to detect motion, recorders to document it, and timers to note duration. Strong ground shaking depends on factors like the earthquake's energy release, geology between the fault and measurement point, and local soil conditions. Characteristics of strong shaking include peak ground acceleration values and the frequency and duration of motion.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. Faults in the crust result from tectonic plate movements and cause earthquakes when the rocks on either side slip past each other due to accumulated elastic strain. The focus is the point where slippage originates underground, while the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs installed worldwide record earthquake ground motions to study seismic activity.
- The document provides an overview of an introduction to seismology course, including topics covered, textbook, assignments, and grading.
- Seismology studies earthquake generation and propagation to understand Earth's deep interior structure through analysis of seismic wave velocities, densities, and boundaries within Earth.
- Analysis of seismic wave travel times has revealed details of Earth's internal structure, such as the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND DAMAGE MITIGATION FOR RCC BUILDINGS DUE TO NON S...Johana Sharmin
This presentation was prepared to portray vulnerability assessment and damage mitigation for RCC buildings due to Non-Seismic Hazards in Bangladesh for the internal meeting of DDC office in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This is entirely based on the PWD-JICA manual for CNCRP project. In this presentation, we emphasized wind load and flood water calculation, their impact on our regular RCC building, and mitigation measures. The excel files are not included for the confidentiality purpose. This presentation helped our colleagues who were not interested in reading the manuals. I felt joyful and curious while I worked in this presentation with my colleague.
The document summarizes key concepts about earthquakes and Earth's interior structure from a textbook chapter. It describes what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, the different types of seismic waves, and the destructive effects of earthquakes. It also outlines Earth's layered structure, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core defined by their composition and physical properties. Seismic data has helped scientists discover details about Earth's layered interior and composition.
The document discusses earthquakes and related topics in three main sections. Section one describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along tectonic plate boundaries and outlines the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Section two explains how earthquakes are measured, located and recorded using seismographs. Section three discusses the damage earthquakes can cause to buildings and properties from ground shaking and liquefaction. It also describes tsunamis and provides safety tips for earthquake preparedness.
1) The document discusses key concepts related to earthquakes including their location, cause, measurement, and impact.
2) Major concepts explained include the focus (where pressure is released underground), epicenter (location directly above the focus where damage is greatest), and Richter scale (method for measuring earthquake magnitude).
3) The document provides a table listing details of significant earthquakes from 1923 to 2008 including location, year, magnitude on the Richter scale, and deaths.
Temporal Variations in Earth's Magnetic FieldShivam Shekhar
A presentation discussing various kinds of temporal variations in Earth's magnetic field such as geomagnetic secular variations, geomagnetic excursions, geomagnetic reversals, geomagnetic storms and apparent polar wander along with the genesis of the Sun and the Earth.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how the location and magnitude of earthquakes are determined, hazards associated with earthquakes such as shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis and fires, and challenges around predicting earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes occur due to the accumulation and sudden release of strain energy in rocks under stress. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves that travel through the interior of the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. The location of earthquakes is determined through measuring the time delay between arrival of P and S waves at multiple seismograph stations and triangulating the epicenter. Magnitude is a measure of the
This document provides information about earthquakes. It defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, and aftershock. It describes the two types of seismic waves that radiate from an earthquake's focus - body waves and surface waves. It discusses how seismometers and seismographs are used to locate the epicenter and measure an earthquake's magnitude on the Richter scale. The document also outlines some of the common effects of earthquakes like ground displacement, landslides, liquefaction, tsunamis, and building collapses. Finally, it discusses ways to cope with earthquakes through earthquake zone planning, reinforced structures, and contingency plans.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy at a focus within the Earth. There are two main types of seismic waves generated: P-waves and S-waves. P-waves travel faster and arrive first, while S-waves oscillate perpendicular to their direction of travel. Surface waves travel along the Earth's surface and can cause significant damage to structures and utilities. Earthquake location can be estimated through triangulation using travel time differences of seismic waves recorded by multiple stations. Earthquake strength is measured by both the Richter scale based on amplitude of seismic waves, and the Modified Mercalli scale based on extent of damage observed.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of accumulated strain energy along faults in the Earth. Energy radiates out in all directions from the focus of the earthquake. Seismographs record earthquake shaking as seismic waves that help locate the epicenter. The size of an earthquake is described by both its intensity, which measures shaking damage, and its magnitude, which estimates the amount of energy released.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks that have been deformed by tectonic stresses over long periods of time. When the stresses overcome the friction holding rocks together along faults, the rocks rupture and slip rapidly, causing the shaking and waves that characterize an earthquake. Earthquakes can be measured by both intensity, which gauges damage levels, and magnitude, which relies on seismic data to estimate the energy released at the source. The largest recorded quakes have reached magnitudes of 9.5.
1. Analog computers use continuously variable physical quantities like electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic variables to represent and solve problems.
2. Digital computers represent all data, including text, with digits and perform calculations in discrete steps using binary digits.
3. Hybrid computers have features of both analog and digital computers, using analog components to solve differential equations controlled by a digital computer.
The document classifies computers based on their mode of use and architecture. It discusses palms, laptops, desktop PCs, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Key points include: palms are small, portable computers operated via touchscreen; laptops are portable but larger than palms; desktop PCs are the most popular type of computer; workstations are more powerful desktops used for intensive tasks; servers are optimized for specific functions like storage or printing; mainframes are large, powerful computers used by large organizations; and supercomputers are the fastest computers capable of intensive calculations.
The document discusses different types of computers categorized by their processing power and common uses. Supercomputers are the most powerful and used by large organizations for intensive tasks. Mainframe computers have high-speed processing and storage and are commonly used by banks and insurance companies. Mid-range computers are for medium-sized businesses and specific applications. Microcomputers or desktop computers are the most widely used type, including desktop and notebook/laptop computers used in homes and most businesses. Handheld computers are the smallest, palm-sized devices including early palm-top computers and current personal digital assistants (PDAs).
Gave a talk at StartCon about the future of Growth. I touch on viral marketing / referral marketing, fake news and social media, and marketplaces. Finally, the slides go through future technology platforms and how things might evolve there.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
1) The document discusses the opportunity for technology to improve organizational efficiency and transition economies into a "smart and clean world."
2) It argues that aggregate efficiency has stalled at around 22% for 30 years due to limitations of the Second Industrial Revolution, but that digitizing transport, energy, and communication through technologies like blockchain can help manage resources and increase efficiency.
3) Technologies like precision agriculture, cloud computing, robotics, and autonomous vehicles may allow for "dematerialization" and do more with fewer physical resources through effects like reduced waste and need for transportation/logistics infrastructure.
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
Earthquakes occur when rocks under stress accumulate strain energy and break, releasing seismic waves. There are two types of seismic waves: body waves that travel through the interior of the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Seismographs record these waves and the analysis of timing between P and S waves allows the distance to the earthquake to be determined. Triangulating data from multiple seismograph stations locates the earthquake epicenter. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the logarithmic Richter Scale based on seismic wave amplitude. Earthquakes can cause shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis, and fires. While prediction remains difficult, monitoring subsurface activity may provide future warning of earthquakes.
The document discusses earthquakes, including what they are, their causes, how they are measured, and their effects. It states that earthquakes are caused by the rapid release of energy from geological faults or other events like volcanic activity. They are measured using seismographs which record seismic waves, and their epicenters can be located by using the differences in arrival times of waves at multiple seismograph stations. The size and strength of earthquakes are measured objectively using magnitude scales or subjectively using intensity scales based on the observed damage.
This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
There are three main types of seismic waves that travel through the Earth during an earthquake:
1. P-waves are compressional body waves that move through solid rock and fluids.
2. S-waves are slower shear body waves that only move through solid rock.
3. Surface waves like Rayleigh and Love waves move along the Earth's surface and can cause significant damage.
Seismographs are used to measure and record these seismic waves to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes.
This document discusses several topics related to earthquakes and earthquake engineering:
- Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates along fault lines in the earth's crust.
- The interior structure of the earth is layered, with a solid crust, highly viscous mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Earthquake ground motions can be amplified by local surface geology and sediment thickness, influencing seismic damage. Proper understanding of ground conditions is important for hazard assessment and mitigation.
Transform plate boundaries are locations where two tectonic plates slide past one another along a transform fault like the San Andreas Fault. The plates move a few inches per year, but not steadily - they can lock up with no movement and then slip a few feet during an earthquake as the built-up strain breaks the rock. Earthquakes along transform faults are usually shallow since they occur within plates rather than at subduction zones. Research on the San Andreas Fault includes studying heat flow, stress, and fault mechanics using borehole sensors, as well as recording strong ground motions during quakes. The probability of a large quake on the San Andreas Fault in the next 30 years is about 21%.
The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes from tectonic plate movement and faults. It describes different types of plate boundaries and faults, as well as seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Historical earthquakes like the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake caused tremendous damage. While accurately predicting earthquakes remains challenging, preparation measures can help reduce risks, and earthquake engineering aims to build resilient infrastructure. Ongoing research continues enhancing hazard assessment and early warning to mitigate earthquake impacts.
1) The document discusses causes, effects, and measurement of earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity.
2) Key terms are defined, such as focus, epicenter, and different types of faults. Different types of seismic waves - P, S, Rayleigh, and Love waves - are also explained.
3) Examples are given of major earthquakes, including the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan.
Earthquake and earthquake resistant designPARVEEN JANGRA
This document discusses earthquake-resistant design of structures. It begins with an overview of earthquakes, including their characterization, causes, waves, and effects. It then covers earthquake-resistant design principles, retrofitting existing structures, and analysis of structural response. Key points include:
- Earthquakes are caused by tectonic plate movements or other surface events like volcanic eruptions. They generate P, S, and L waves that damage structures.
- Structures should be designed to resist earthquake forces through seismic bands, interlocking walls, and other techniques. Retrofitting improves existing structures.
- Analysis considers single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom structural models subjected
The document summarizes information about earthquakes, including:
1. It discusses major historical earthquakes like the 1877 Nebraska quake and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
2. It provides details on measuring earthquake magnitude, such as the largest quakes on record being the 1960 Chile quake at M9.5 and the 1964 Alaska quake at M9.2.
3. It describes the different types of plate boundaries like divergent, convergent and transform, and gives examples of each.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Waves of energy radiate out from the hypocenter, and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. Seismographs record seismic waves to locate the epicenter and measure an earthquake's magnitude. The magnitude measures the total energy released on the Richter scale, while intensity scales like Modified Mercalli describe damage to structures and land.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. The point directly above on the surface is the epicenter. Seismic waves radiate out from the hypocenter, and by measuring their arrival times at different locations, seismographs can locate the epicenter. The size of an earthquake is measured by both its intensity, which describes damage, and its magnitude, which measures the total energy released. Major earthquakes can have devastating economic and societal impacts through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Waves of energy radiate out from the hypocenter, and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and cause damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides. While earthquake prediction remains challenging, monitoring seismic activity and studying faults can help assess earthquake risks.
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
The document provides an overview of earthquakes and seismology. It discusses key topics such as:
- Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates.
- The movement of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in the earth's mantle. As plates move against each other, strain builds up at plate boundaries and is released through earthquakes.
- India experiences earthquakes due to its location in a seismically active zone where the Indian plate is moving northward into the Eurasian plate. The country is divided into several seismic zones based on expected earthquake intensities.
REVIEW OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN THE LIGHT OF PLATE TECTONICS AND SEISMIC RISK...Johana Sharmin
This slide represents the knowledge of tectonic plates related problems and massive earthquakes affecting our lives. Here also I accumulated the relationship between geomorphological and plate tectonic aspects in Bangladesh.
This document appears to be a student project report on the study of earthquakes. It includes sections on the history of earthquake research, what causes earthquakes, how their locations and magnitudes are measured, the different types of seismic waves, the impacts of earthquakes, and approaches to predicting and controlling them. The project received certification from the University of Mumbai professors after satisfactory completion by the six listed students.
2.1 2.2 epicenter and focus and magnitude and intensity.pptxEleonor Canlas
The focus is the point where rock breaks during an earthquake and seismic waves begin, which can be at deep or shallow depths. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus and is usually what is used to locate the position of an earthquake. Magnitude measures the strength of energy released during an earthquake using the Richter scale, while intensity measures the damage or effects based on the Mercalli or PEIS scales.
This document provides an overview of earthquake basics, including:
1) It describes the three types of plate boundaries where earthquakes occur - divergent, convergent, and transform - and the types and magnitudes of quakes associated with each.
2) It explains key earthquake concepts like hypocenter, epicenter, P and S waves, and surface waves and how scientists use seismic data to locate quakes.
3) It discusses factors like duration of shaking, near-surface geology, liquefaction, and nonstructural hazards that influence earthquake impacts and risks. Preparedness drills like the Great Alaska ShakeOut are also mentioned.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Heart Touching Romantic Love Shayari In English with ImagesShort Good Quotes
Explore our beautiful collection of Romantic Love Shayari in English to express your love. These heartfelt shayaris are perfect for sharing with your loved one. Get the best words to show your love and care.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
3. EarthquakesEarthquakes
• Shaking of earth due to movement of rocks along a fault.
• Rocks under stress accumulate strain energy over time.
• When stress exceeds strength of rocks, rock breaks.
• Strain energy is released as seismic waves. The longer that energy is stored up and is
maintained without release, the more likely that a strong earthquake will occur.
Types of seismic wavesTypes of seismic waves
1. Body waves -- travel through interior
2. Surface waves -- travel on surface of earth
Specific Body WavesSpecific Body Waves
Primary or "P" Waves: Primary waves Highest velocity
Causes compression and expansion in direction of wave travel.
Secondary or "S" Waves: Secondary or shear waves
Slower than P waves but faster than surface waves.
Causes shearing of rock perpendicular to direction of wave propagation
Cannot travel through liquids
Surface Waves or "Love" (“L”) WavesSurface Waves or "Love" (“L”) Waves
Cause vertical & horizontal shaking
Travel exclusively along surface of earth
9. Determining the location of an earthquakeDetermining the location of an earthquake
First, distance to earthquake is determined.
1. Seismographs record seismic waves
2. From seismograph record called the seismogram, measure time delay
between P & S wave arrival
3. Use travel time curve to determine distance to earthquake as function
of P-S time delay
Now we know distance waves traveled, but we don't know the direction from
which they came.
We must repeat the activity for each of at least three (3) stations to
triangulate a point (epicenter of quake).
Plot a circle around seismograph location; radius of circle is the distance to the
quake.
Quake occurred somewhere along that circle.
Do the same thing for at least 3 seismograph stations; circles intersect at
epicenter. Thus, point is triangulated and epicenter is located.
13. Determining the magnitude of an earthquakeDetermining the magnitude of an earthquake
Magnitude -- measure of energy released during earthquake.
There are several different ways to measure magnitude.
Most common magnitude measure is Richter Magnitude, named for the
renowned seismologist, Charles Richter.
Richter MagnitudeRichter Magnitude
• Measure amplitude of largest S wave on seismograph record.
• Take into account distance between seismograph & epicenter.
Richter ScaleRichter Scale
• Logarithmic numerical (NOT a physical) scale
• Increasing one whole unit on Richter Scale represents 10 times greater
magnitude.
• Going up one whole unit on Richter Scale represents about a 30 times
greater release of energy.
IntensityIntensity
• Intensity refers to the amount of damage done in an earthquake
• Mercalli Scale is used to express damage
14. Hazards associated with QuakesHazards associated with Quakes
• Shaking:
Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves.
High frequency body waves shake low buildings more.
Low frequency surface waves shake high buildings more.
Intensity of shaking also depends on type of subsurface material.
Unconsolidated materials amplify shaking more than rocks do.
Fine-grained, sensitive materials can lose strength when shaken. They lose
strength by liquefaction.
Buildings respond differently to shaking depending on construction styles,
materials
Wood -- more flexible, holds up well
Earthen materials -- very vulnerable to shaking.
• Ground displacement:
Ground surface may shift during an earthquake (esp. if focus is shallow).
Vertical displacements of surface produce fault scarps.
• Tsunamis (NOT tidal waves)
Tsunamis are huge waves generated by earthquakes undersea or below
coastal areas.
If earthquake displaces sea surface, wave is generated that can grow as it
moves over sea surface.
• Fires
Usually occurs from shifting of subsurface utilities (gas lines)
16. Tsunami Movement:Tsunami Movement: ~600 mph in deep water~600 mph in deep water
~250 mph in medium depth water~250 mph in medium depth water
~35 mph in shallow water~35 mph in shallow water
17. Earthquake Prediction (?)Earthquake Prediction (?)
How can scientists predict an earthquake?
Currently, that is not possible.
Future technology will monitor subsurface seismic waves and
periodic shifting indicative of future slippage.
Tracking organic movement is also a source of future study.
18. Parkfield, CAParkfield, CA
““Earthquake Capital of the World”Earthquake Capital of the World”
Earthquake Hazard Potential MapEarthquake Hazard Potential Map
19. World’s Largest Earthquake: 1964 Anchorage, AlaskaWorld’s Largest Earthquake: 1964 Anchorage, Alaska
Registered 8.6 on Richter ScaleRegistered 8.6 on Richter Scale
21. Pertinent Web SitesPertinent Web Sites
Coastal Storms and Tsunamis Hazard Information (USGS)
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) page on coastal storms and tsunamis hazards features links to several related articles and
sites.
Disaster Finder (NASA)
A complete index to the best disaster Web sites on the Internet.
Earthquake Activity
An online exercise that tracks today's earthquake activity and predicts the location of the next quake.
Earthquake Data Links
An extensive listing of links to earthquake data and information.
Earthquake Exercise (USGS)
This module contains an exercise in which students are asked to examine the frequency and distribution of earthquake epicenters and
compare these epicenters to the distribution of plate boundaries and cities.
Earthquake Hazard Information (USGS)
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) page on earthquake hazards features links to several related articles and sites.
Earthquake Information, Real-Time (USGS)
Near-real-time Earthquake Bulletin provided by the National Earthquake Information Service (NEIS) of the U. S. Geological Survey.
Earthquakes Links
This Central Michigan University site maintained by Dr. Mark Francek lists several good links to websites containing information relative to
topics discussed in the chapter.
Earthquake Links (Houghton Mifflin)
Links to several earthquake sites, including class lecture notes, arranged by topic.
Earthquake Links (NAGT)
An extensive listing of earthquake links arranged by topic from the National Association of Geology Teachers (NAGT).
Earthquake Links (USGS)
Links to numerous earthquake related Internet sites hosted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Earthquake Locator
Earthquake Locator is an interface developed as an illustration of what is possible using the World Wide Web and the Internet.
Earthquake Maps on the Web
A detailed listing of recent earthquake maps available on the Web featuring hyperlinks to maps for most regions.
Earthquakes Activity (Geosphere)
An excellent interactive activity on earthquakes from the University of Montana's Geosphere. With this activity learners study recent
seismograms, create seismograms, and locate earthquakes using Internet resources.
22. Earthquakes: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Frequently asked questions (FAQ) about earthquakes from the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Earthquake Tutorial
Earthquake tutorial from Texas A & M University.
Earthquake Tutorial (UPSeis Home Page)
An earthquake tutorial from Michigan Technical University.
Earthquake Wave Animations
Excellent animations of faults, plate subduction, earthquake wave propagation, and other processes from PBS' Savage Earth program.
Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics
An excellent site to begin exploring Earth's interior and plate tectonics.
Earth's Interior Links (Houghton Mifflin)
Links to several Earth's interior sites, including class lecture notes, arranged by topic.
Earth's Interior Tutorial
An excellent overview of the structure and composition of Earth's interior.
EarthWaves—Our Changing Planet
EarthWaves is a Web site dedicated to the subject of our planet, and the many changes encompassing it. You'll find topics here ranging
from earthquakes to the ozone layer.
EQNET
A one-stop site for multiple sources of earthquake information including geology, earthquake engineering, seismology, earthquake images,
archives containing information about recent earhquakes, etc.
Geology Labs On-line
An excellent source for on-line, interactive, geology labs.
Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program
In order to mitigate the risk associated to the recurrence of earthquakes, the GSHAP promotes a regionally coordinated, homogeneous
approach to seismic hazard evaluation; the ultimate benefits are improved national and regional assessments of seismic hazards, to
be used by national decision makers and engineers for land use planning and improved building design and construction.
The site includes a great map showing global seismic hazards.
23. IRIS Consortium
The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) is a consortium of United States Universities that have research programs in
seismology. The purpose of IRIS is to develop and operate the infrastructure needed for the acquisition and distribution of high quality
seismic data.
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (USGS)
The modified Mercalli intensity scale.
National Earthquake Information Center (USGS)
The National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC), a part of the Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, has three main
missions. First, the NEIC determines, as rapidly and as accurately as possible, the location and size of all destructive earthquakes that
occur worldwide. Second, the NEIC collects and provides to scientists and to the public an extensive seismic database that serves as
a solid foundation for scientific research, principally through the operation of modern digital national and global seismograph networks
and through cooperative international agreements. The NEIC is the national data center and archive for earthquake information. Third,
the NEIC pursues an active research program to improve its ability to locate earthquakes and to understand the earthquake
mechanism.
National Geophysical Data Center
The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) manages environmental data in the fields of marine geology and geophysics,
paleoclimatology, solar-terrestrial physics, solid earth geophysics, and glaciology (snow and ice).
Planet Earth (Discovery.com)
The Discovery-Planet Earth site features a variety of interesting information, reports, and links on Earth science and related subjects.
Recent Earthquakes and Active Volcanoes (Virtual Times)
Here is a great place to investigate recent earhquakes and volcano events.
Richter Magnitude Scale (USGS)
The Richter magnitude scale from the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
San Andreas Fault and the Bay Area
A virtual field trip along the San Andreas fault.
Seismic Animation Programs
Several great programs, including Seismic Eruption ans Seismic Waves , by Alan Jones.
Seismic Data (CERI)
Seismic data from the Center for Earthquake Research and Information with extensive information on the New Madrid fault zone.
24. Seismicity Reports and Current Seismicity (USGS)
United States Geological Survey (USGS) reports containing detailed information on recent earthquakes in Northern California and other
information on large earthquakes in the U.S. and around the world.
Seismic Wave Animations
Great animations from Michael Wysession at Washington University.
Seismic Waves, Seismographs, Locating Earthquakes
A discussion of seismic waves, recording instruments, and locating an earthquake.
Seismology: Common Terms
Glossary of some common terms in seismology.
SeismoSurfing the Internet
A very comprehensive listing of known worldwide Internet connections where original seismic data or seismic research information is
available.
Seismo-Watch Home Page
A comprehensive site specializing in earthquake reporting.
Southern Arizona Seismic Observatory (SASO)
The Southern Arizona Seismic Observatory (SASO) is an organized research group in the Department of Geosciences at the University of
Arizona.
Southern California Earthquakes
A detailed presentation of southern California earthquakes and faults.
Tsunami
An interactive, online, tsunami-information resource.
Tsunami Information
Tsunami information from the National Earthquake Information Center of the USGS.
University of Nevada at Reno Seismological Laboratory
The Nevada Seismological Laboratory at the University of Nevada, Reno, investigates earthquakes and their effects in Nevada and eastern
California.
Virtual Earthquake
Virtual Earthquake is an interactive computer program designed to introduce you to the concepts of how an earthquake epicenter is located
and how the Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined.