Ancient Egyptian Architecture and the a brief study of Rock cut grave to pyramid and there detailed analysis in terms of pyramid material and the shape with the old kingdome to new kingdome
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
Ancient Egyptian Architecture and the a brief study of Rock cut grave to pyramid and there detailed analysis in terms of pyramid material and the shape with the old kingdome to new kingdome
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
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This presentation is about the seven wonders of Ancient History. Also with beautiful picuters which easily elaborates the view of location on that period of centuries.
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD is a list of seven notable structures present during classical antiquity. The first known list of seven wonders dates back to the 2nd–1st century BC.
THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE EXISTENCE OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT.
MODERN BUILDINGS SHOWS THE CLEAR REFLECTION OF ISLAMIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE.
SOME FAMOUS THINGS OR PLACES WAS MENTION IN THIS PPT SUCH AS THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA.
I HOPE YOU SHOULD LIKE THE PPT AND KNOWS MORE ABOUT TECHNICAL AS WELL AS WONDERING INFORMATION ABOUT EGYPT.
THANK YOU
ER.SHAHA ZIM
AMU ALIGARH.
Ancient artifacts and buildings - mysteries of the past - part 1Kinga Brady
An ongoing collection of artefacts, building of our long-lost past - there are two parts.
This is a personal collection of our ancient history - crazy questions that follow question the official theories
History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
4. GEOLOGY
1. TIMBER- ACASIA FOR BOATS; DATE PALM
FOR ROOFING,
SYCAMORE FOR MUMMYCASE
2. BRICKS - SUNDRIED AND KILN BURNT
3. STONES – LIMESTONE , SANDSTONE,
ALABASTER, BASALT ,PORPHYRY, GRANITE
CLIMATE
1. SPRING AND SUMMER ARE 2 SEASONS
2. RARE OCCURANCE OF RAIN, STORM,
FOG- HELPED IN PRESERVING THE BLDGS.
3. FIERCE SUN
4. FLAT ROOF CLEARSTOREY LIGHTING
AND SLIT OPENINGS.
5. LIGION
LIGION INFLUENCED ARCHITECTURE TO THE MAXIMUM
BELIEF OF AFTER LIFE- PYRAMIDS, MASTABAS,TEMPLES
DWELLING HOUSE REGARDED AS TEMPORARY ABODE AND
TOMBS AS PERMANENT ABODE
TEMPLES WERE MEANT FOR KINGS AND PRIESTS
MYSTERIOUS SPIRITUAL PRACTICES DID NOT ALLOW REST OF THE PEOPLE
NTO TEMPLES. TEMPLES HAD HIGH WALL ENCLOSURES
NITIALLY MONOTHEISTIC AND LATER POLYTHESITIC (TRIAD GODS)
KINGS WERE RANKED AS GODS
10. SOCIAL (AS RECOREDED IN OLD TESTAMENT & RECORDS FROM PAPYRI AND TABLETS)
1. A CUSTOM TO RECORD DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL MATTERS ON TOMBS,
PAPYRU AND ON TABLET
2. SOCIAL SYSTEM – MONARCHY
PHARAOHS (KINGS) duties :
practiced religion, patronised art, protected their country; waged war,
fostered trading enterprise; encouraged industries and handivcrafts.
3. SLAVE LABOURERS( UNPAID LABOUR) EMPLOYED FOR CONSTRUCTION
11.
12. 4. SKILLS WHICH WERE HIGHLY
ESTEEMED:
WEAVING
GLASS BLOWING
POTTERY TURNING
METAL WORKING
MAKING MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
JEWELLERY AND
FURNITURE MAKING
ASTRONOMY,MATHEMATICS,
PHILOSOPHY
16. ECTURAL CHARACTER
LINGS CONSTRUCTED OUT OF
BAKED BRICKS,
LED CLAY AND REEDS
S :
ER- EXTERNAL SLOPE OF WALL FACE .RESISTED EARTHQUAKE
NSELY THK-20-30'
ICITY,SOLIDITY, GRANDUER
WINDOWLESS WALL SURFACES
17. 4. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION
THROUGH CLEARSTOREY AND
SLIT OPENINGS
20. 6. COLUMNS-
-6 TIMES DIA IN HT.
-RESEMBLE PAPYRUS OR
LOTUS STOCK TIED AT
INTERVALS BT BANDS
-CIRCULAR SHAFT
- THICK MOULDED BASE
- CAPITAL – BELL SHAPED
WITH LOTUS OR PAPYRUS
SCULPTED
21.
22.
23.
24. 7. COLUMNAR AND TRABEATED
CONSTRUCTION
8. CLOSE INTERCOLUMNATION
9. TEMPLE ENTRANCE HAD
– PYLONS
- AVENUE OF SPINXES (MYTHICAL
MONSTERS)
25. 10. OBELISK-
MONUMENTAL PILLAR STOOD IN
PAIR FLANKING ENTRANCES
- THEY ARE HUGE MONOLITH
SQUARE ON PLAN AND
TAPERING TO A PYRAMIDICAL
SUMMIT WITH A METAL
CAPPING.
- HEIGHT- 9TO 10 TIMES DIA. OF
BASE
27. 11. ORNAMENTATION - GORGE CORNICE -
BEAD AND ROLL MOULDING OF STONE ON
TOP OF WALLS AND ANGLES
HIEROGLYPHICS WERE BOTH
INSTRUCTIVE AND ORNAMENTAL
CONVENTIONALISED NATURAL OBJECTS-
LOTUS,PALM,PAPYRUS
ALSO SPIRALS , FEATHER DETAILING
28.
29.
30. DWELLINGS
CRUDE BRICKS
1,2 OR 3 STOREYS IN HEIGHT
FLAT OR DOMED ROOF- OF CLAY OR SUNDRIED BRICKS
OUTSIDE STEPS WIND UP TO ANOTHER FLOOR
TELL-EL-AMARNA HOUSE -1400BC
WITH PORCH INNER COURT, GRANARY,BEDROOM,BATHROOM,
GUEST CHAMBERS, KITCHEN, WELL, DOG KENNEL
CLEARSTOREY LIGHTING
31. TEMPLES CONSISTS OF :
1. ENTRANCE PYLONS,
2. COURTS AND HYPOSTYLE HALLS OF UNLIMTED SIZE AND
NUMEROUS CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS.
3. SACRED POND
4. MASSIVE WALL ENCLOSURE(20- 30' THK)
5. AVENUE OF SPINXES,OBELISKS
6. ORNAMENTAL-
- LOTUS BUD ,PAPYRI CAPITAL.
- HIEROGLYPHICS COLOURED IN RED,BLUE AND YELLOW
- SEMIDARKNESS
- LOW RELIEF CARVINGS
45. 1. PYRAMIDS1. PYRAMIDS
2. MASTABAS2. MASTABAS
3. ROCH HEWN TOMBS3. ROCH HEWN TOMBS
TOMBS CONSIDERED AS PERMANENT ABODE
FORM OF THE TOMBS RESIST EARTHQUAKE SHOCKS
46. MASTABAS
1. RECTANGULAR FLAT ROOFED STRUCTURES
WITH SIDES SLOPING 75 DEG TO GL
2. IT CONSISTS OF 3 PARTS
- OUTER CHAMBER- OFFERINGS TO KA ; has false doors
- INNER SECRET CHAMBER “SERDAB” - STATUTE OF DECEASED
- CHAMBER CONTAINING SARCOPHAGUS REACHED BY UNDERGROUNG SHAFT
3. DERIVED FROM HEAPS OF STONES PILED OVER A DUGOUT FOR THE DEAD.
47.
48. EG: PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH (3733 -3566 BC)
PYRAMIDS :
TOMBS FOR KINGS TO SECURE THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY
MOUNDS OF MASONRY
51. EG: GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU) -3733BC
482' HT.; 760' SQUARE PLAN; AREA-13 ACRES
4 SIDES FACE CARDINAL DIRECTIONS
SIDES ARE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES ; MAKE 52DEG. TO GROUND
IT CONSISTS OF ENTRANCE AT 47' ABOVE GL
PASSAGE TO GRAND GALLERY( 7'x 28')
TOMB CHAMBER ( 34'X17' AND19' HT)AT THE HEART OF THE PYRAMID
UPPER PART OF TOMBS HAS ELABORATE STONE LAYERING TO
WITHSTAND THE MASONRYABOVE
STONE PORTCULLIS 50 TONS ,FIT INTO A RECESS
TRIPLE SEATH OF GRANITE SARCOPHAGUS, SYCAMORE COFFIN,
BITUMINOUS MUMMYCLOTHS LAY THE BODY OF THE DEAD PHARAOH
2 AIRSHAFTS 8”X6” LEAD TO OUT FACE OF PYRAMID.
QEENS CHAMBER ,SUBTERRANIAN CHAMBER CONNECTED THRU' PASSAGES
EXTERIOR- LIMESTONE SLAB CASING
55. The great temple,Abu Simble
Rock hewn temple,
Facade- 119' wide and 100' ht
65' ht statues of rameses II
Vestibule has 8 osiris pillars
4 pillared hypostyle hall beyond vestibule
(36'x 25')
Long narrow chamber and
then the sanctuary
Coloured wall relief
56. ETHOD
N OF WOODEN WEDGES WHICH EXPAND AFTER SOAKING
THE GRANITES INTO BLOCKS
TED THRU' BARGES
USED FOR RAISING STONES
PLACED BY HAULING IT UP A CAUSEWAY OF EARTH AND
NG IT INTO POSITION